Math Formula Sheet AIEEE

1. Quadratic expression : A polynomial of degree two of the form ax called a quadratic expression in x.
QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 4. Conjugate roots : EQUATION & Irrational roots and complex roots occur in conjugate pairs + bx + c, a 0 is i.e. if one root if one root a + i , then other root a+ , then other root ai a
2. Quadratic equation : An equation ax

2
+ bx + c = 0, a
0, a, b, c
R has two and 5. Sum of roots :

-b a
only two roots, given by

-+ - ac bb
2
a=
2a
and
bb ac -
S = a + =
2a
- Coefficient of x Coefficient of x
3. Nature of roots : Nature of the roots of the given equation depends upon the 2 4ac. nature of its discriminant D i.e. b Suppose a, b, c (i) If D > 0 (ii) If D = 0 (iii) If D < 0 Suppose a, b, c & unequal (ii) If D > 0 and D is not a perfect square irrational and unequal. .or a quadratic equation their will exist exactly 2 roots real 2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied for or imaginary. If the equation ax more than 2 distinct values of x, then it will be an identity & will be satisfied by all x. Also in this case a = b = c = 0. roots are R, a 0 then roots are real and distinct (unequal) roots are real and equal (Coincident) roots are imaginary and unequal i.e. Qa 0 then roots are rational
Product of roots : c = a cons t term tan Coefficient of x

2
P = a =
6. .ormation of an equation with given roots : x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 (Sum of roots) x + Product of roots = 0
non real complex numbers. 7. Roots under particular cases : .or the equation ax (i) If b = 0 sign. (ii) If c = 0 (iii) If b = c = 0 (iv) If a = c one root is zero and other is b/a both roots are zero roots are reciprocal to each other.
2
(i) If D > 0 and D is a perfect square
+ bx + c = 0, a
roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (v) If a > 0, c < 0 or a < 0, c > 0 signs (vi) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 or a < 0, b < 0, c < 0 roots are ve (vii) If a > 0, b < 0 , c > 0 or a < 0, b > 0, c < 0 roots are +ve. both (vii) a4 4 =( a2 + 2 ) ( a 2 2 ) = bb )ac b ac -( 2 2 24 a4
2 bac+
roots are of opposite
(vi)
a4 + 4 = ( a2 + 2 )2 2
a2 2
both
={( a + )2 2
a }2 2
a2 2 =
.bac- 2 GI J Ha K
2 2 2
2 c2 a2
8. Symmetric function of the roots : If roots of quadratic equation ax then

2 bac - 4
2
+ bx + c, a
0 ar e
a and
(viii) a2 + a + 2 = (a + )2
a =
a2
2
(i) (
) =
( a+) a
(ix)
22 a + a
( a+) a
(ii)
a2 + 2 = ( a + )2 2
a =
2 bac- 2
a2
(x)
.a JI . JI G+ G = HK HK a
2 2
44 a +
22
[( bac 22 ) 2]222ac
22 ac
(iii)
a2
2 = ( a + )
( a+) a
2 bb ac
4
2
a bb )2 ( ac a3
9. Condition for common roots : The equations a have

1
x2 +b
(iv) (v)
a3 + 3 = ( a + )3 3( a3 3 = ( a =
a + ) a = a ] [a 2 + 2
x+c
= 0 and a
x2 + b
x+c
=0
) [ a2 + 2
2
(i) One common root if a ] (ii) Both roots common if
bc bc 12 2 1
ca 21 ca 12 a1 = a
2
ca ca 12 2 1
ab2 ab 1 21
( a+) a
(bacb ac )2 2 a3
b1 = b
2
c1 c
2
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+ D 2 < k (necessary & sufficient)
a d
(iv) If both the roots are greater than k = 0, a.f(k) > 0,

b a
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK
COMPLEX NUMBER
1. Complex Number : A number of the form z = x + iy (x, y R, i =
- 1 ) is called
*z *z * * *
z = 2i I z = |z|
12
2
(z) = purely imaginary
zz z +++ .... zz 12
z1 + z2
z 2 + .......... +
zn
a complex number, where x is called a real part i.e. x = Re(z) and y is called an imaginary part i.e. y = Im(z). Modulus |z| =
x 2y2 +
= =
z1 z1 z2
1 2
zz
, = tan y . x *
amplitude or amp(z) = arg(z) = (i) Polar representation : x = r cos , y = r sin
.z .z GJ GJ I= H K HK z I z
1 2
12
(provided z
2
0)
* , r = |z| =
x 22 + y
ej = ( z
n
z )n
* * If
ch z z =
a = f(z), then
(ii) Exponential form : z = re

i
, where r = |z|,
= amp.(z)
a = f(
z)
(iii) Vector representation : P(x, y) then its vector representation is z = 2. Integral Power of lota : i=
- 1 , i2 = 1 , i
4 n+ 1 3
Where a = f(z) is a function in a complex variable with real coefficients.

O P
*z + *z =
z = 0 or z = z
z = 0 or z is purely imaginary
z is purely real
= i, i = 1, i
=1 = i, i
4n
4. Modulus of a complex number : or i

4 ( n+ 1 )
Hence i
= i, i
4 n+ 2
4n+3
=1
Magnitude of a complex number z is denoted as |z| and is defined as |z| = (Re( )) (Im(+ zz 22 ))
2
3. Complex conjugate of z : If z = x + iy, then of z * z = x iy is called complex conjugate (i) z (ii) z (iii) |z
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, |z|
=0
z = |z| = z z || z 2
=|
z |2
z is the mirror image of z in the real axis. z| z = 2Re(z) = purely real
* |z| = | *z +
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|2 = |z
|2 + |z
|2 2 Re (z
z2 )
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(iv) |z (v) |z
+z z
| 2 + |z | = |z
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 6. Square root of a complex no. |2 = 2 [|z |2 + |z |2 ]
1 2
| + |z
1 2
| |
2
(vi) |z
1
z | = |z 2
| |z
1
aib +
L|za|+i za| M| + M22 N Lza|+i za|| M| M22 N
O Pfor b > 0 , P Q O P for b < 0 , P Q
5. Argument of a complex number : Argument of a complex number z is the vector with +ve direction of real axis. arg z = = p = = ,z
p ,z
made by its radius
,z ,z
st
quad. 7. De-Moiver's Theorem : It states that if n is rational number, then (cos + isin )n = cos + isin + isin n i sin n , where i sin
i
2 n d quad. 3 4
rd
quad. quad.
th
and (cos
)n = cos n
(i) arg (any real + ve no.) = 0 (ii) arg (any real ve no.) = (iii) arg (z (iv) arg (z
1 2
p p /2
1
8. Euler's formulae as z = re ei = cos + isin

i i
z )=
and e
= cos
i
(v) arg
.z G J= ar g z I HK z
1 2
.z ) = arg z
+ arg z
+2k p 9. n
e +e
= 2cos
and e
= 2 isin
arg z
+2k
th
roots of complex number z
1/ n
(vi) arg (
z ) = arg z = arg = arg z, if z is real
.1 JI G , if z is non real HK z
p, arg z p, arg z
p
=r
1/ n
where m = 0, 1, 2, ......(n 1) (i) Sum of all roots of z (

p , 0]
1 /n
L .22 pI+ J . I J Msin m p K+ G P cos H , N G nim + H n K Q O

is always equal to zero
1 /n
(vii) arg ( z) = arg z + = arg z (viii) arg ( z

n
(ii) Product of all roots of z 10. Cube root of unity : cube roots of unity are 1, = -+ i 13 2 and 1 + + ,
= ( 1)
n 1
(0,
p ]
) = n arg z + 2 k z =0
(ix) arg z + arg
where =1
argument function behaves like log function.

2
= 0,
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 11. Some important result : If z = cos (i) z + + isin 1 z
1 z 1
n +
or
zzzz-
1 2
zzzz-
1 2
=0
= 2cos or = 2 isin or |z z
z -+ zz
12
= z
|| z 12 z 2
(ii) z
| 2 + |z
1
| 2 = |z
2 1
z
2
|2
(iii) z
zn
= 2cosn + i sin & z = cos + isin
Where z , z are end points of diameter and z is any 1 2 point on circle. 13. Some important points : (i) Distance formula PQ = |z (ii) Section formula
2
(iv) If x = cos a + i si n a , y = cos and given x + y + z = 0, then (a) (c) x

1 x
2
1 y
+
2
1 z
= 0 (b) yz + zx + xy = 0
3
+ y 2+z
= 0 (d) x
+y
+z
= 3xyz
.or internal division =
mz mz + 12 21 mm +
12
12. Equation of Circle : * |z z | = r represents a circle with centre z 1 radius r. | < r and |z z exterior of circle |z z
1 1
and
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA P mz mz 12 21 .or external division = mm 12
* |z| = r represents circle with centre at origin. * |z z *z

1
(iii) Equation of straight line. * Parametric form z = tz

1
| > r represents interior and | = r.

1
+ (1
t)z 1 1 1
where t
z +a z + a z + b = 0 represents a general circle where a c and b R.

2
zz * Non parametric form zz 11 zz 22
= 0.
* Let |z| = r be the given circle, then equation of tangent at the point z is z z + z z1 = 2r 1 1 * diametric form of circle :
zz1 1 * Three points z

1
1 1 1 =0
arg
.zzG I J= H K zz1 2
, z , z are collinear if
2 3
zz2 2 zz3 3
p 2
, or slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC.
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (iv) The complex equation if k zzzz1 2
= k represents a circle
(xii) If z , z , z be the vertices of a triangle, then the 1 2 3 triangle is equilateral iff (z z

1 2
)2 + (z
1 and a straight line if k = 1.
)2 + (z
)2 = 0.
(v) The triangle whose vertices are the points represented by complex numbers z , z , z is equilateral if
1 2 3
(xiii) If z , z , z are the vertices of an isosceles triangle, 1 2 3 right angled at z ,

2
then z (xiv) z
1 2
2 1
+z
3 4
2 2
+ z
2 3
= 2z
(z + z
1
).
1 zz 23
+
2 1
1 zz 31
+ +z
2 2 3
1 zz 12
, z , z . z are vertices of a parallelogram then

3 2
=0 z +z
2
z + z =z
1
+z
i.e. if z (vi) |z z |z z
1 1
+z
2 2
=z
z +z
3
z .
3
| = |z | <
| =
, represents an ellipse if
1
, having the points z

2 1
and z
as its foci
and if |z z 1 connecting z (vii) |z

1
| = &z
2
, then z lies on a line segment | = represents a hyperbola if

1
| ~ |z |>
1 1
|z z
, having the points z
and z
as its foci,
and if |z through z
z | = , then z lies on the line passing 2 and z excluding the points between z &z .
2 1 2 1
(viii) If four points z

12 14
, z , z , z are concyclic,
2 3 4
then
.zz .zz G I J G -I Jis purely real. H - KH - K zz zz

34 32
(ix) If three complex numbers are in A.P., then they lie on a straight line in the complex plane. (x) If z , z , z be the vertices of an equilateral triangle 1 2 3 and z be the circumcentre,
0
then z
1
+z
2
+z
3
= 3z
0 n
(xi) If z , z , z ....... z 1 3 3 polygon of n sides & z z2 +z

1 2 2
be the vertices of a regular be its centroid, then

0 2 n
+ ......... + z
= nz
2 0
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PERMUTATION COMBINATION
1. .actorial notation The continuous product of first n natural numbers is called factorial
n or n! = 1. 2. 3........(n 1).n i.e. n! = n(n 1)! = n(n 1)(n 2)! & so on
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK & (iv) If out of n objects, 'a' are alike of one kind, 'b' are alike of second kind and 'c' are alike of third kind and the rest distinct, then the number of ways of permuting the n objects is 4. Restricted Permutations n! (nr)! (i) The number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time, when m particular things always occupy n m definite places = p (ii) The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time, when m particular things are always to be excluded (included) =
n m r m
n! abc !!!
or n (n 1)......... (n r + 1) = Here 0! = 1 and ( n)! = meaningless.
2. .undamental principle of counting (i) Addition rule : If there are two operations such that they can be done independently in m and n ways respectively, then either (any one) of these two operations can be done by (m + n) ways. Addition OR (or) Option (ii) Multiplication rule : Let there are two tasks of an operation and if these two tasks can be performed in m and n different number of ways respectively, then the two tasks together can be done in m n ways. Multiplicatio And (or) Condition n (iii) Bijection Rule : Number of favourable cases = Total number of cases Unfavourable number of cases. 3. Permutations (Arrangement of objects) (i) The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time is
n
P( nm C
r
r m
r!)
5. Circular Permutations When clockwise & anticlockwise orders are treated as different. (i) The number of circular permutations of n different things taken r at a time
n
P r
(ii) The number of circular permutations of n different things taken altogether

n
Pn n
= (n 1)!
When clockwise & anticlockwise orders are treated as same. (i) The number of circular permutations of n different things
n
p =
r
n! ( nr)! taken r at a time
Pr
2r
(ii) The number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken n p = n! all at a time is n (iii) The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time, when repetition of objects is allowed is n
(ii) The number of circular permutations of n different things

n
r
taken all together
Pn
2n
1 (n 1)! 2
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 6. Combination (selection of objects) (iv) Total number of selections of zero or more objects from n identical objects is n + 1. The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time is denoted by
n n
C or C (n, r)
r
C=
r
n! rnr )! !( C
r
P r!
(v) Total number of selections of zero or more objects out of n different objects =
n
C +
0
C +
1
C+
2
C + ....... +
3
C = 2
n
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
n n
C=
r
n n
C C
n r n+1
C +
r
C =
r 1 s
C=
r
r = s or r + s = n
n n 1
(vi) The total number of selections of at least one out of a +a + ...... + a objects where a are alike (of 1 2 n 1 one kind), a are alike (of second kind), ......... a are 2 n alike (of n th kind) is [(a + 1) (a
1 2
n n
C= C=
1 0
n n
C =1 C
n r 1 r
n 1
+ 1) (a
=n C
+ 1) + ...... + (a
+ 1)] 1 are
1
C=
r
r 1
(vii) The number of selections taking atleast one out of a +a +a + ....... + a + k objects when a 1 2 3 n alike (of one kind), a are alike (of second kind), 2 t h kind) and k are distinct is ........ a are alike (of k
n n
(vii)
C=
r
(n r + 1)
C
r 1
[(a + 1) (a
1 2
+ 1) (a
3
+ 1) .......... (a
n
+ 1)] 2
9. Division and distribution 7. Restricted combinations The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time, when k particular objects are always to be (i) included is (ii) excluded is
n k s n k n k
(i) The number of ways in which (m + n + p) different objects can be divided into there groups containing m, n, & p different objects respectively is ( mnp )! ++ mnp !!! ,n ,n ,
1 2 3
r k r
(iii) included and s particular things are to be excluded is C

r k
(ii) The total number of ways in which n different objects are to be divided into r groups of group sizes n ............. n respectively such that size of no two groups
r
8. Total number of combinations in different cases (i) The number of selections of n identical objects, taken at least one = n (ii) The number of selections from n different objects, taken at least one =
n
is same is
n! nn ! !............ ! n
12
.
r
C +
1
C +
2
C + ....... +
3
C = 2n1
n
(iii) The total number of ways in which n different objects are to be divided into groups such that k group size n , k groups have group size n 1 2 k groups have group size n , is given as
r r
groups have and so on,

2
(iii) The number of selections of r objects out of n identical objects is 1.

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n!
k ( nn2(nkk.............( !) ! !............ ! r !) 12!)1k2 k 1 kr r
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (iv) The total number of ways in which n different objects (b) Number of total triangles formed by joining the n are divided into k groups of fixed group size and are points on a plane of which m(< n) are collinear is distributed among k persons (one group to each) is n C m C . given as 3 3 (c) Number of diagonals in a polygon of n sides is (number of ways of group formation) k! n C n.
2
10. Selection of light objects and multinomial theorem (i) The coefficient of x equal to n + r 1 C
n
in the expansion of (1
x +x
) is
(d) If m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a family of other n parallel lines. Then total number of m C n C . parallelogram so formed is
2 2
r 1
(ii) The number of solution of the equation x + x = n, n N under the condition n

r
1 1
=x 1 =n ' 1 ,
+ ..........
(e) Given n points on the circumference of a circle, then number of straight lines number of triangles number of quadrilaterals
n n
C C
n
2
= x 2 = n'
i
, ................ n
2 r
=x
= n'
3 n
where all x'
s are integers is given as

n
L +++ +++ +++ ejeje xx Mxxx x xx x ... ... ... ... N j 11. Derangement Theorem nn1n122 2n nn n +1 1+1 nn + 1 '''
Coefficient of x
is
rrr
O P Q
(f) If n straight lines are drawn in the plane such that no two lines are parallel and no three lines are concurrent. Then the number of part into which these lines divide the plane is = 1 + Sn (g) Number of rectangles of any size in a square of n n
n
(i) If n things are arranged in a row, then the number of ways in which they can be rearranged so that no one of them occupies the place assigned to it is = n!
n2
is
r =1
r 3 and number of squares of any size is

r =1
r .
(ii) If n things are arranged at n places then the number of ways to rearrange exactly r things at right places is =
n! r
L M 1 11 -+-+N 1 ! .... 2!) ! ( +O L 1 M 11 -+-+++N 1 !!!!.... 2 O ( )!
1 3!
1 4! 1 1
P Q P Q
(h) Number of rectangles of any size in a rectangle of n p is np 4 (n + 1) (p + 1) and number of squares

n
of any size is
r =1
(n + 1 r) (p + 1 r).
1 ( 3 )
1 411
nr-
nr
12. Some Important results (a) Number of total different straight lines formed by joining the n points on a plane of which m(<n) are collinear is n C m C + 1.
2 2
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PROBABILIT Y
1. Mathematical definition of probability : Probability of an event = No .of favourable cases to event A Tot al no of cases . = P (A) = 1 (ii) Probability of an impossible event is zero (iii) Probability of a sure event is one. (iv) P(A) + P(Not A) = 1 i.e. P(A) + P( 2. Odds for an event : If P(A) =
m n
(vi) P(AB)
= P(A) P(B)
= P(A + B)
= P(A) + P(B)
(vii) P(Exactly one event) = P(A
B ) + P( A B)
(viii) P( A + B ) = 1 P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) 2P(AB) = P(A + B) P(AB) (ix) P(neither A nor B) = P ( A B ) = 1 P(A + B)
Note : (i) 0
(x) When a coin is tossed n times or n coins are tossed once, the probability of each simple event is A)=1 (xi) When a dice is rolled n times or n dice are rolled once, the probability of each simple event is
1 6n 1 2n
and P(
A)=
nm n
(xii) When n cards are drawn (1 m nm nm m is

52
= n = 52) from well shuffled deck of 52 cards, the probability of each simple event 1 Cn .
Then odds in favour of A =
PA) ( PA) (
PA) ( P(A)
and odds in against of A =
(xiii) If n cards are drawn one after the other with replacement, the probability of each simple event is 1 ( 52 ) .
3. Set theoretical notation of probability and some important results : (i) P(A + B) = 1 P( (ii) P(A/B) = PAB () PB) ( A B) + P(A B ) AB )
(xiv) P(none) = 1 P (atleast one) (xv) Playing cards : (a) Total cards : 52 (26 red, 26 black) (b) .our suits : Heart, diamond, spade, club (13 cards each) (c) Court (face) cards : 12 (4 kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks) (d) Honour cards : 16 (4 Aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4 Jacks)
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(iii) P(A + B) = P(AB) + P( (iv) A (v) P( B P(A) = P(B)
AB ) = P(B) P(AB)
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 5. Conditional (xvi) Probability regarding n letters and their envelopes : probability : P(A/B) = Probability of occurrence of A, given that B has If n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the envelopes at random, then PA) Bn ( already happened = PB) ( (a) Probability that all the letters are in right envelopes = 1 n! P(B/A) = Probability of occurrence of B, given that A has already happened = PA) Bn ( PA) (
(b) Probability that all letters are not in right envelopes = 1

1 n!
Note : If the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely, then P(A/B) = No .. sample pts in A B of No .. pts in B of n .
(c) Probability that no letters are in right envelope =

1 2! 1 3!
1 4!
.... + ( 1)
1
n
n!
(i) If A and B are independent event, then P(A/B) = P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B) (ii) Multiplication Theorem : P(A n B) = P(A/B). P(B), P(B)
nr-
(d) Probability that exactly r letters are in right 1 r!
envelopes =
L 1 1 M-+++N- 3 ( 2 !!!..... ( O)!
0 0
1 411 )
nr
P Q
P(E
1
or P(A Generalized :
n E2
1
n B) = P(B/A) P(A), P(A)
4. Addition Theorem of Probability : (i) When events are mutually exclusive i.e. n (A P(A n B) = 0 B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A n B) = 0
n E
2 1
n ...............
3 1
n En )
= P(E P(E
1
) P(E /E ) P(E /E
n E3 n .......
n E 2 ) P(E 4 /E 1 n E 2 n E 3 ) ......... n E n ) = P(E
If events are independent, then

n E2
) P(E ) ....... P(E

1 2 n
(ii) When events are not mutually exclusive i.e. P(A n B) 0 P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A n B)
6. Probability of at least one of the n Independent events : If P , P , ....... P are the probabilities of n independent 1 2 n events A, A , .... A then the probability of happening of at 2 n least one of these event is. 1 [(1 P n B) = P(A) P (B) or P(A
1 2 1
or P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB) (iii) When events are independent i.e. P(A P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A) P(B)
) (1 P
)......(1 P )=1 P(
)]
1 2
+ A + ... + A
A ) P ( A ) .... P(
A )
n
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7. Total ProbabilityA , A , ............. A Let : are n mutually exclusive & set of 1 2 n exhaustive events and event A can occur through any one of these events, then probability of occurence of A P(A) = P(A
n
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (a) mean E(x) = np (b) E (x
2
) = npq + n
2
2 2
(c) Variance E(x

n An )
) (E(x))
= npq npq
n A1 ) + P(A
n A 2 ) + ............. + P(A
(d) Standard deviation = 10. Truth of the statement :
=
r =1
P(A ) P(A/A )
r r
8. Baye's Rule : Let A , A , A be any three mutually exclusive & exhaustive 1 2 3 events (i.e. A A A = sample space & A n A2 n A = f ) 1 2 3 1 3 an sample space S and B is any other event on sample space then, P(A /B) =
i
(i) If two persons A and B speaks truth with the probability p & p respectively and if they agree on a state1 2 ment, then the probability that they are speaking truth will be given by pp
12
pp p p+-(-) ( ) 11
12 1 2
PB/ )A ) P ( (
i
(ii) If A and B both assert that an event has occurred, probability of occurrence of which is a then the probability that event has occurred. Given that the probability of A & B speaking truth is p
1
PB/ A( P ( 1/2)2 3 3) A/PAA A Pi ( ) ) 1A PB ( ++ )PB ( )( A i = 1, 2, 3
,p .
2
ap p 12 aa p p p (-)-( 1 ( ) p +- 11 )
12 1 2
9. Probability distribution :a random variable x assumes values x (i) If , x , ......x 1 2 with probabilities , P , ..... P respectively then 1 2 n P P (a) + P + P + ..... + P = 1
1 2 3 n
(iii) If in the second part the probability that their lies

n
(jhuth) coincides is probability be

12 1 2
then from above case required
will .
(b) mean E(x) = (c) Variance =
SPx
i i
i 2
Sx2 P (mean)
= S (x2 ) (E(x))
a p12 p aa p p (-)-( 1 ( ) p p +- 11 )
(ii) Binomial distribution : If an experiment is repeated n times, the successive trials being independent of one another, then the probability of r success is
n
C Pr q
r
n r
atleast r success is
kr=
C Pkq
k
n k
where p is probability of success in a single trial, q = 1 p
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PAGE 26
PROGRESSION SERIES
1. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) :
AND
(iv) If A , A ,...... A are n A.M's between a and b, 1 2 n then A = a + d, A = a + 2d,...... A = a + n d,

1 2 n
(a) General A.P. a, a + d, a + 2d, ...... , a + (n 1) d where a is the first term and d is the common difference (b) General (n
n th
where d =
ban +1 n 2
) term of an A.P.
th
(v) Sum of n A.M's inserted between a and b is term from end (vi) Any term of an A.P. (except first term) is equal to the half of the sum of term equidistant from the term i.e. a
n
(a + b)
T = a + (n 1 )d [n = a + (m n)d (c) Sum of n terms of an A.P. S

n
term from the beginning]

th
If an A.P. having m terms, then n
1 (a + a 2 nr
), r < n
n+ r
n 2
[2a + (n 1 )d] =
n 2
n
[a + T
n
] =S
n n
Note : If sum of n terms i.e. S where S

n 1
is given then T
S
n 1
2. Geometric Progression (G.P.) (a) General G.P. a, ar, ar
, ......
is sum of (n 1) terms.
(d) Supposition of terms in A.P. (i) Three terms as a - d, a, a + d (ii) .our terms as a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d (iii) .ive terms as a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d (e) Arithmetic mean (A.M.) : (i) A.M. of n numbers A as A.M. =
AA A+ + +
12
1
where a is the first term and r is the common ratio th ) term of a G.P. (b) General (n T = ar n 1 n t h term from end = ar If a G.P. having m terms then n (c) Sum of n terms of a G.P. S =
ar 1 () 1 - r ar )n - 1 ( r - 1
n
m n
aTr -
1 - r Tr a n r - 1
,r<1
, A , ................ A
2
is defined
,r>1 a 1-r
......... n
SA n
Sum of numbers n
(d) Sum of an infinite G.P. (e) Supposition of terms in G.P. (i) Three terms as
a r3 a r2
, |r|<1
(ii) .or an A.P., A.M. of the terms taken symmetrically from the beginning and from the end will always be constant and will be equal to middle term or A.M. of middle term. (iii) If A is the A.M. between two given nos. a and b, then A= ab+ 2 i.e. 2A = a + b
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a , a, ar r ,
a r
(ii) .our terms as
, ar, ar
(iii) .ive terms as
a , a, ar, ar r
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (f) Geometric Mean (G.M.) (i) Geometrical mean of n numbers x is defined as G.M. = (x
1
, x , .......... x
1 2 n
(c) (d) (e) (f)
Sn3 = 1
+2
+3
+ .... + n
L) + 1 nn ( MOP N2 Q
2
2
x ............... x
2 n
)1/ n .
Sa = a + a + .... + (n times) = na S(2n 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + .... (2n 1) = n S2n = 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 2n = n (n + 1)
(i) If G is the G.M. between two given numbers a and b, then G2 = ab G=

ab
5. Harmonic Progression (H.P) are n G.M's between a

n
(ii) If G , G , .............. G 1 2 and b, then G = ar, G

1
= ar
,..... G
= ar
, where r =
.b JI G HK a
(a) General H.P. (b) General (n = 1 an+-( ) d 1

th
1 a
1 ad+
1 ad+ 2
n
+......
11 n + /
term) of a H.P. T =
(iii) Product of the n G.M.'s inserted between a & b is (ab) n / 2 3. Arithmetico - Geometric Progression (A.G.P.) : (a) General form a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d) r (b) General (n
th 2
1 nthterm coresponding to A P
..
(c) Harmonic Mean (H.M.) , .............

n 1
(i) If H is the H.M. between a and b, then H = (ii) If H

1
2a b ab+
) term T
n
= [a + (n 1) d] r = a 1 - r
, H ,......,H
2
are n H.M's between a and b, =

n
(c) Sum of n terms of an A.G.P S (d) Sum of infinite terms of an A.G.P.

S8 =
+ r.
dr 1 () (1 - r )
n-1 2
then H
1
ab ( ) + 1 n , ....., H bn a+
ab n ) + 1 ( na b + 1 , then their b
or first find n A.M.'s between a + 1-r dr (1 - r )

2
1 & a
reciprocal will be required H.M's. 6. Relation Between A.M., G.M. and H.M. (i) AH = G
2
4. Sum standard results : (a) Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =

nn ) + 1 ( 2
(ii) A
=G =H
(b)
Sn2 = 1
+2
+3
+ ..... + n
nn )(++ 1 ( n ) 12 6
(iii) If A and G are A.M. and G.M. respectively between two +ve numbers, then these numbers are A
22 AG -
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 3. Properties of Binomial coefficients : BINOMIAL
THEOREM
1. Binomial Theorem for any +ve integral index : (x + a)
n
.or the sake of convenience the coefficients

n
n
C ,
0
1
C ,
1
C x
0
C xn1 a+
1
C x n 2 a 2 + .......
2
C .....
2
r
C .....
r
n
C are usually denoted by C

n
, C ,.....
+ n C x n r a r + .... +
r
C an
n
C .......... C *C +C C
0 1
respectively. +C +C
2
=
r =0
C xn
r
+ ..... + C C
3
=2
(i) General term - T beginning. (ii) (m + 1) ning = T (iii) middle term

th
r+1
C xn
r
ar is the (r + 1)
th
th
term from
*C *C
+ ..... + C
n
=0 +C + .... = 2
n 1
term from the end = (n m + 1)
from begin*
n
+C
+C n
+ ..... = C
+C
n m+ 1
C =
r
n - 1 r -1
(a) If n is even then middle term =
.n IJ G+ Kterm H 21
th
rC
nn - 1 r r- 1
n - 2
r- 2
and so on ...
2n
(b) If n is odd then middle term =
.n +1I J G Kand H2
th
C n r+ =
chc!! nr -+ nr h
n
2n !
* *C *C *C *C *C
C +
r
Cr
- 1
n +1
.n + 3I J G Kterm H2
th
+ 2C 2C + 2C +C C
1 2
+ 3C
3
+ ... + nC
= n.2
n 1
+ 3C
1
......... = 0 + ......+ (n + 1)C + ..... + C C

3
Binomial coefficient of middle term is the greatest binomial coefficient. 2. To determine a particular term in the given expasion : Let the given expansion be T (r + 1)
0 th
+ 3C +C +C
2
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 n
. I1 J G Kif x xx , H
n a
ch! 2n ch = n!
2
= (n + 2)2 C
n 1
2n
occurs in a + ) = m
2 0
+ .....
r +1
term then r is given by n a + ) = 0
ar (
and for x
,n ar (
R | S |ch T1 -
0,
n /2
if n is odd Cifniseven ,
nn /2
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK Note :

21 + n 21 + n
C +
0
21 + n
C + .... +
1
21 + n
C =
n
21 + n
n +1
(ii) (x + y + z)
=
r stn ++=
n! srt ! ! !
2
xrys zt )n
C n + 2 + .....
21 + n
C2 1 + n
=2 C
2n
Generalized (x =
n 21 +1 -
+x
+..... x
n!
*C
2
C1
3
C2 3
+ ..... +
n+1
n +1
n
=
1 n +1
rr rn + = .. 12 + .
rr r! !.... !
12
r1 xxr 2x ..... k 12
rk k
*C
C3 4
.... +
(- 1 )
Cn
n +1
6. Total no. of terms in the expansion (x m+ n 1 C

n 1
+x
+... x
) m is
4. Greatest term : (i) If

( na+ 1 ) xa +
Z (integer) then the expansion has two

th
greatest terms. These are k are +ve real nos. (ii) If

( na+ 1 ) xa +
and (k + 1)
th
where x & a
Z then the expansion has only one great-
est term. This is (k + 1)
th
term k =
{[.] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x} 5. Multinomial Theorem : (i) ( x + a)
n
L 1 P ( na+ ) M Q N+ , xa O
n
n
Cxnr a r,n
r
r =0
n r =0
n! ( nr) r !!-
xn
ar=
rsn= +
n! x sr!!
ar,
where s = n r
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PAGE 34
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
1. Some important results : (i) Arc length AB = r
RATIO
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 3. Trigonometric identities :
AND
(i) sin (ii) cosec (iii) sec
+ c os 2 cot tan
=1 2 =1 =1
Area of circular sector =
1 r2 2
4. Sign convention : y II quadrant I quadrant p n

p
(ii) .or a regular polygon of side a and number of sides n (a) Internal angle of polygon = (n 2) (b) Sum of all internal angles = (n 2) (c) Radius of incircle of this polygon r = (d) Radius of circumcircle of this polygon R =
a 2
sin & cosec All +ve are +ve x' Ox a p cot 2 n III quadrant IV quadrant tan & cot cos & sec are +ve are +ve y' 5. T-ratios of allied angles : The signs of trigonometrical ratio in different quadrant. 0 Allied of ( )90 180 0 270 0 T-ratios sin cos tan cot sec cosec sin cos tan cot sec cosec cos m sin m cot m tan m cosec sec m sin cos tan cot sec m cosec cos sin m cot mtan
cosec
p n
(e) Area of the polygon =
1 4
na
cot
.p JI G HK n
360 0 sin cos tan cot
(f) Area of triangle =
1 a2 cos 4
p n
2
(g) Area of incircle =
.a I p J Gcot K H n 2
p
(h) Area of circumcircle =
.a ec nI Gcos H 2
J K
2
cosec sec sec cosec
6. Sum & differences of angles of t-ratios : (i) sin(A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB (ii) cos(A B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
0
2. Relation between system of measurement of angles : D 90 = G 100 = 2C p & pradian = 180
(iii) tan (A B) =
tan tan AB 1 m tan tan AB

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(iv) cot (A B) =
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 7. .ormulaes for product into sum or difference and vicecot cot AB m1 versa :
cot cot BA
2
(v) sin(A + B) sin(A B) = sin (vi) cos(A + B) cos (A B) = cos (vii) tan(A + B + C) =
tan tan ++- tan tan ABC ABC tan tan 1 -tan tan tan tan tan AB BC CA tan
A sin
2
B = cos
2
B cos
2
A
2
(i) 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A B) (ii) 2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) sin(A B) (iii) 2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A B) (iv) 2sinA sinB = cos(A B) cos(A + B)
A sin
B = cos
B sin
SS 13 1 - S
(v) sinC + sinD = 2sin
.CD+ I J .CD- I J G K G K H2 cos H2 .CD+ I J .CD- I J G K G K H2 cos H2 .CD+ I J .DC- I J G K G K H2 sin H2
Generalized tan (A + B + C + ......... ) = SSSS -+-+

1357
...... ...... =
1
(vi) sinC sinD = 2cos
1 -+-+SSSS
24 68
.CD+ I J .CD- I J G K G K H2 sin H2
Where S
2
S tan A S tan A tan B, S tan A tan B tan C & so on S sin A cos B cos C cos A
p
S = S =
3
(vii) cosC + cosD = 2cos
(viii) sin (A + B + C) = = = (ix) cos (A + B + C) =
sin A
(viii) cosC cosD = 2sin
cos A (Numerator of tan (A + B + C)) S sin A sin B cos C cos A (Denominator of tan (A + B + C)) tan A S sin A cos B cos C S sin A sin B cos C (ix) tanA + tanB =
sin( AB + ) cos cos AB
for a triangle A + B + C = S tan A = S sin A = 1+ (viii) sin75 = cos A = 31+ 22 3122 = cos15
8. T-ratios of multiple and submultiple angles : (i) sin2A = 2sinA cosA = = (sin A + cos A)
0 2
2 tan A 1 + tan
2
A
2
1 = 1 (sin A cos A) 22 / A tan 12+ tan /2 A

2
sinA = 2sinA/2 cosA/2 = = si n15

3 = cot15 3 = tan15
0
(ix) cos75 (x) tan7 5 (xi) cot75
(ii) cos2A = cos = 1 2sin

2
A sin
A = 2cos
2 2
A 1
=2 + = 2
A=
1 - tan 1 + tan
A A
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (iii) tan2A = (iv) sin3 = sin (v) cos3 = cos (vi) tan3A = = tan(60 (vii) sinA/2 =
0
2 tan A 1 - tan
2
A
3
tanA = = 4sin(60
0
22tan /A
2 12- tan / A
(ii) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 4cosA cosB cosC (iii) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cosA/2 cosB/2 cosC/2 ) sin (iv) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4 sinA/2 sinB/2 sinC/2 (v) sin (vi) cos
2 2
= 3 sin (2 cos = 4co s

0
4si n
) sin(60 + 1)
A + sin A + cos
B + sin
2
C = 1 2sinA sinB cosC

2
1) (2 cos
3
B + cos
C = 1 2cosA cosB cosC
3cos ) cos(60
0
(vii) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC + ) cos ) (viii) cotB cotC + cotC cotA + cotA cotB = 1 (ix) (x) (xi) + A)tanA S tan A/2 tan B/2 = 1 S cot A cot B = 1 S cot A/2 = cot A/2 ) (1 + 2 sin
3
= 4cos(60
(1 2 sin 3 tan tan AA 13tan

2
A
0
A) tan(60
1 - cos A 2 1 + cos A 2
11. Some useful series : (i) sin a + si n( a + ) + sin( sin sin + a a + 2 ) + .... + to nterms
(viii) cosA/2 =
L .nn 1IJ M G KP MP O O N H22 Q N Q , L

sin 2
2n p
(ix) tanA/2 =
1 - cos A 1 + cos A
1 - cos A sin A
,A
(2n + 1)
(ii) cos
a + cos(
cos sin a + 9. Maximum and minimum value of the expression : acos + bsin Maximum (greatest) Value = Minimum (Least) value = 10. Conditional trigonometric identities : If A, B, C are angles of triangle i.e. A + B + C = (i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC i.e. S sin 2A = 4 (sin A) p , then
22 ab +
L .O 1 P nn M G IJ Q NH K 22
sin 2
a + ) + cos(
a + 2 ) + .... + to nterms
2n p
22 ab +
(iii) cos
a .cos2 a . cos2
a ....cos(2
n 1
a) =
sin 2 n a 2n sin a
, a
n p
=1 , = 1,
a= 2 k p a = (2k+1) p
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS Thus the equation reduces to form cos( I
p 2
1. General solution of the equations of the form (i) sin (ii) cos (iii) tan (iv) sin (v) cos (vi) sin (vii) cos (viii) sin (ix) cos (x) tan (xi) sin (xii) cos (xiii) tan
2
a)=
c ab +
22
= cos
(say)
=0 =0 =0 =1 =1 = 1 = 1 = si n a = cos = tan = si n
2 2
= n p ,n = (2n + 1) = n p ,n = 2 n p+ = 2 pn =2n p = (2n + 1) = n p+ ( 1) a a a

2
now solve using above formula I 3. Some important points : (i) If while solving an equation, we have to square it, then the roots found after squaring must be checked wheather they satisfy the original equation or not. (ii) If two equations are given then find the common values of between 0 & 2 p and then add 2n common solution (value). pto this
,n I
p 2
p or 2n p + 2 p
n
3p 2
= 2n = n p+ a
p a
= n p a a = n p a = n p a
= cos = tan
2
2. .or general solution of the equation of the form a cos

2 ab2 +
+ bsin
= c, where c
2 ab2 +
, divide both side by
and put
a ab +
22
= cos a ,
b ab +
22
= sin
a.
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INVERSE .UNCTIONS
1. If y = sin x, then x = sin functions.
TRIGONOMETRIC
1
cosec
(cosec
) =
provided
p 2
<0 p 2
y, similarly for other inverse Tor 0 < (ii) sin (sin cos (cos
1
2. Domain and Range of Inverse T-functions : .unction Domain (D) Range (R) sin 1 x 1 cos 1 x 1 tan 1 x cot 1 x sec 1 xx =x =x 8 <x< 8 <x< = 1, x =1 =1 0 8 8 =1 0 0 < = p 2
p 2
x) = x provided
1
1 1
=x =x 8 <x< 8 <x< 8 <x
=1 =1 8 8 =x < =1 =x < 8 8
x) = x provided x) = x provided x) = x provided x) = x provided

1
= = p <
p 2
tan (tan cot (cot sec (sec

1
= p < 2 <
= 1 or 1 8 <x or 1
p 2
cosec (cosec
x) = x provided
p,
p 2 p , 2 0
(iii) sin
( x) =
sin tan
x,
1
cos 1 ( x) = tan 1 ( x) = cot 1 ( x) = cosec

1
p cos
1
x
1
cosec
xx
= 1, x
=1
p cot
x
1
( x) =
cosec
p sec
1
3. Properties of Inverse T-functions : (i) sin

1
sec 1 ( x) = provided provided provided provided 0 <

p 2
(sin
) = ) = ) = ) = ) =
= =
= = p < <
p
p 2
cos 1 (cos tan 1 (tan cot 1 (cot sec1 (sec
(iv) sin p 2
x + cos
x=
p 2
p 2
[ 1, 1]
p < 2
tan 1 x + cot
x=
,
p 2
provided 0
<
p or 2
p < 2
= p
sec 1 x + cosec
x=
8,
1]
[1,
8)
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 4. Value of one inverse function in terms of another 5. .ormulae for sum and difference of inverse trigonometinverse function : ric function : x
1
(i) sin
x = cos
1 - x2 = tan = cosec
1 - x2
1
1
= cot
1 - x2 x
= sec
1
1
1 - x2
, 0
=x
=1
(ii) cos
x = sin 1
1
1 - x2 = tan 1
1 - x2 = cot x , 0 =x =1
x
1
1 - x
= sec
= cosec
1 - x x
1 = cos
1
(iii) tan
x = sin
1 + x2
1 + x2 x2 , x
= cot
1
1
= sec
1 + x2 = cosec
1 + x
=0
(iv) sin
.1 JI G = cosec HK x
1
x,
8 , 1]
[1,
8 )
(v) cos
.1 JI G = sec HK x .1 JI G= HK x
x,
8 , 1]
[1,
8 )
(vi) tan
R cot xfor S |Tp< cot x xfor -+

- 1 - 1
> 0 0
.x y+I J G Kif x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1 H- xy ; 1 .x y+I J G K x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1 (ii) tan x + tan y = p+ tan H- xy ; if 1 .x y- I J G K xy > 1 (iii) tan x tan y = tan H+ xy ; if 1 .x y- I J G K x > 0, y < 0, xy < 1 (iv) tan x tan y = p+ ta n H+ xy ; if 1 .x y I zxyz G++J (v) tan x + tan y + tan z = tan H-xy yzzx K 1 L M11 P xy (vi) sin x sin y = sin Ny x Q ; if x,y = 0 & x + y = 1O L M11 P xy (vii) sin x sin y = p sin ; Ny x Q O if x,y = 0 & x + y > 1 L Mm 11 P xy (viii) cos x cos y = cos Nx y Q ; O if x,y > 0 & x +y =1 Lxm 11 M P xy (ix) cos x cos y = p cos Ny Q ; O if x,y > 0 & x +y >1
(i) tan
1
x + tan
y = tan
22
22
22
22
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK PROPERTIES 6. Inverse trigonometric ratios of multiple angles
&
SOLUTION
O.
TRIANGLE
(i) 2sin (ii) 2cos
x = sin x = cos
(2x
1
1 - x2 ), if 1
=x =1
Properties of triangle :
(2x 2 1), if 1
=x = 1
(iii) 2tan (iv) 3sin (v) 3cos (vi) 3tan
x = tan x = sin
1
. 2 xI J G Ksin H- x = 1
2
. 2 xI J G Kcos H+ x = 1
2
.1 - x GI J H+ x K 1
2 2
1. A triangle has three sides and three angles. In any ABC, we write BC = a, AB = c, AC = b
A A c b
1 1
(3x 4x
1
x = cos x = tan
(4x 3 3x)
.3 xxGI J H x K 133 2
B B
and 2. In
BAC = ABC :
A,
ABC =
B,
ACB =
(i) A + B + C =
(ii) a + b > c, b +c > a, c + a > b (iii) a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 3. Sine formula :
a sin A
b sin B sinB b
c sin C sinC c
= k(say)
or
sin A a
= k (say)
4. Cosine formula : cos A =

2 22 bca +-
2bc
222 cab+-
cos B =
2 ac
222 abc+-
cos C =
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2ab
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 5. Projection formula : a = b cos C + c cos B b = c cos A + a cos C c = a cos B + b cos A 6. Napier's Analogies : tan
AB 2 BC2 CA 2
( c) tan
A 2
B 2
( sbsc )() ss(a) ( scsa )() ss( b ) ( sbsa )() ss(c) -
tan
abab+ bcbc+ caca+
cot
C 2 A 2 B 2
tan
C 2
tan
cot
8.
, Area of triangle : (i) = =

1 2
tan
cot
ab sin C = ss a ( ) (s)c ()sb -
1 2
bc sin A =
1 2
ca sin B
7. Half angled formula - In any ( a) sin

A 2
ABC :
(ii)
( sbsc )() bc
( scsa ) () ca ( sas) (b ) ab
sin
B = 2
C 2
9. tan
A tan 2 tan B 2 tan
B = 2 C 2 =
scs sa s sbs
sin
where 2s = a + b + c tan
C tan 2
A = 2
(b) cos
A = 2 cos B 2
C 2
ss(a) bc
10. Circumcircle of triangle and its radius : =

ss(b ) ca ss(c) ab
(i) R =
a = 2sin A abc 4
b = 2sin B
c 2sin C
cos
(ii) R =
PAGE 49 #
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Where R is circumradius
PAGE # 50
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 11. Incircle of a triangle and its radius : (iii) r = (iv) r (v) a) tan
A 2 A 2
1
+r
+r 1 r +
2
r = 4R 1 r =
3
1 r +
1
1 r 1 r
2 222 abc++ 2
(iv) r = (s
= (s
B 2
b) tan
C 2
B 2
= (s
c) tan
C 2
(vi)
1 r12 1 bc
1 2
1 r22 1 ca
2 3
1 r32 1 ab
3 1
=
1
(v) r = 4R sin
sin
sin
(vii) r R
2R r
2
(vi) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 +
(viii) r r + r (ix) = 2R
2
r +r
r =s
sin A sin B sin C = 4Rr cos
A 2
cos
B 2
cos
C 2
(vii) r =
a sin sin BC 22 cos A 2
b sin sin AC 22 cos B 2
c sin sin BA 22 cos C 2 (x) r = a BC cos cos 22 cos A 2 , r =

2
b cos cos CA 22 cos B 2
12. The radii of the escribed circles are given by : (i) r = , r =

2
sa -
sb-
, r =
3
sc B 2
r =
3
c cos cos AB 22 cos C 2
(ii) r
1
= s tan
A 2
, r = s tan
2
, r = s tan
3
C 2
(iii) r
= 4R sin
A 2 A 2 A 2
cos
B 2 B 2 B 2
cos
C 2 C 2 C 2
r = 4R cos
2
sin
cos
r = 4R cos
3
cos
sin
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PAGE # 52
HEIGHT DISTANCE
1. Angle of elevation and depression : If an observer is at O and object is at P then called angle of elevation of P as seen from O.
AND
(ii) d = h (cot
a cot
XOP is a d
If an observer is at P and object is at O, then called angle of depression of O as seen from P. 2. Some useful result : (i) In any triangle ABC if AD : DB = m : n ACD = a , then (m + n) cot BCD = & = m cot C BDC = a ncot
QPO is
A A mn D
B B
= ncotA mcotB [m n Theorem]
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (C) .or circumcentre of a triangle : POIN Circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from vertices T 1. Distance formula : i.e. PA = PB = Distance between two points P(x , y ) and Q(x , y ) is PC. P is circumcentre and PA is radius. 1 1 2 2 Here given by d(P, Q) = PQ (i) Circumcentre of an acute angled triangle is inside the triangle. 2 2 = ( xx ) -y y 21 21 ( ) +(ii) Circumcentre of a right triangle is mid point of 22 the hypotenuse. = () Difference of x coordinate Difference of y + () coordinate (iii) Circumcentre of an obtuse angled triangle is Note : (i) d(P, Q) =0 outside the triangle. (ii) d(P, Q) = 0 P=Q (iii) d(P, Q) = d(Q, P) (iv) Distance of a point (x, y) from origin (0, 0) = 2. Use of Distance .ormula : (a) In Triangle : Calculate AB, BC, CA (i) If AB = BC = CA, then (ii) If any two sides are equal then x22 + y 3. Section formula : (i) Internally : AP BP = m n = , Here >0
mn
is equilateral. is isosceles.
.mx I + G Hmn + nx
21 21
A(x , y )
11
B(x , y )
22
my + , ny mn +
J K
m n P A (x, y)
11
(iii) If sum of square of any two sides is equal to the third, then is right triangle. (iv) Sum of any two equal to left third they do not form a triangle i.e. AB = BC + CA or BC = AC + AB or AC = AB + BC. Here points are collinear. (b) In Parallelogram : Calculate AB, BC, CD and AD. (i) If AB = CD, AD = BC, then ABCD is a parallelogram. (ii) If AB = CD, AD = BC and AC = BD, then ABCD is a rectangle. (iii) If AB = BC = CD = AD, then ABCD is a rhombus. (iv) If AB = BC = CD = AD and AC = BD, then ABCD is a square.
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(ii) Externally :
AP BP m n
=
my , ny mn -
B(x, y)
22
.mx I G Hmn nx
21 21
J K .xxy++ y GI H 22
1 212
(iii) Coordinates of mid point of PQ are
J K
(iv) The line ax + by + c = 0 divides the line joining the points (x , y ) & (x , y ) in the ratio =
1 1 2 2
( ax 1 ++ ) by c (ax by++ ) c
22
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 5. Area of Polygon : (v) .or parallelogram midpoint of diagonal AC = mid point Area of polygon having vertices (x of diagonal BD ........ (x , y ) is given by area (vi) Coordinates of centroid G (vii) Coordinates of incentre I
.xxxyI ++ G ++ y H 33 y
1 231 23
, y ), (x , y ), (x , y )
1 2 2 3 3
J K
xy
11
.ax I++ G bx H ab++ cx c

1231 23
xy
by ++ abc + +
ay , cy
J K
=
1 2
22
xy
33
(viii) Coordinates of orthocentre are obtained by solving the equation of any two altitudes. 4. Area of Triangle : The area of triangle ABC with vertices A(x and C(x , y ).
3 3
MM xy
nn
. Points must be taken in order.
xy
11
1
, y ), B(x , y )
1 2 2
x1y 1
1 1 1
6. Rotational Transformation : If coordinates of any point P(x, y) with reference to new axis will be (x', y') then x
1 2
x 2y2 x 3y3
(Determinant method)
x' y'
cos sin
sin cos
x1y 1 = 1 2 x2y 2 x3y 3 xy

11
1 2
[x y + x y + x y x
1 2 2 3 3 1
y x
1
yx
2
y]
3
[Stair method] Note : (i) Three points A, B, C are collinear if area of triangle is zero. (ii) If in a triangle point arrange in anticlockwise then value of be +ve and if in clockwise then will be ve.
7. Some important points : (i) Three pts. A, B, C are collinear, if area of triangle is zero (ii) Centroid G of ABC divides the median AD or BE or C. in the ratio 2 : 1 (iii) I n an equilateral triangle, orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre, incentre coincide. (iv) Orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are always collinear and centroid divides the line joining orthocentre and circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1 (v) Area of triangle formed by coordinate axes & the line ax + by + c = 0 is
c2 2 ab
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (ix) Intercept form : Equation of a line making intercepts a STRAIGHT
LINE
1. Slope of a Line : The tangent of the angle that a line makes with +ve direction of the x-axis in the anticlockwise sense is called slope or gradient of the line and is generally denoted by m. Thus m = tan . (i) Slope of line || to x-axis is m = 0 (ii) Slope of line || to y-axis is m = 8 (not defined) (iii) Slope of th e line equ ally inclined with the axes is 1 or 1 (iv) Slope of the line through the points A(x , y ) and
1 1
and b respectively on x-axis and y-axis is (x) Parametric or distance or symmetrical form of the line : Equation of a line passing through (x
x a
y b
= 1.
, y ) and
1 1
making an angle
, 0
= p,
p 2
with the
+ve direction of x-axis is

xxcos
1
yy sin
=r
B(x , y ) is
2 2
yy21
xx 21
. 0 is lines then m m = 1.
2
(v) Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0, b (vi) Slope of two parallel lines are equal. (vii) If m & m are slopes of two
1 2
a b
x = x + r cos , y = y + r sin 1 1 Where r is the distance of any point P(x, y) on the line from the point (x , y ) 1 1 (xi) Normal or perpendicular form : Equation of a line such that the length of the perpendicular from the origin on it is p and the angle which the perpendicular makes with the +ve direction of x-axis is x cos a + y sin a = p. 3. Angle between two lines : (i) Two lines a x+b
1
a , is
2. Standard form of the equation of a line : (i) Equation of x-axis is y = 0 (ii) Equation of y-axis is x = 0 (iii) Equation of a straight line || to x-axis at a distance b from it is y = b (iv) Equation of a straight line || to y-axis at a distance a from it is x = a (v) Slope form : Equation of a line through the origin and having slope m is y = mx. (vi) Slope Intercept form : Equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on the y-axis is y = mx + c. (vii) Point slope form : Equation of a line with slope m and passing through the point (x , y ) is 1 1 y y = m(x x ) 1 1 (viii) Two point form : Equation of a line passing through the points (x , y ) & (x , y ) is
1 1 2 2
y+c
=0& a
x+b
y+c
= 0 ar e
(a) Parallel if
a1 a =
2
b1 b
2
1
c1 c
2
(b) Perpendicular if a (c) Identical or coincident if
a +b
2
b =0
2
a1 a =
2
b1 b =
2
c1 c
2
(d) If not above three, then
= tan
ab ab 1
2 1 12
aa bb 12 12 x + c ar e
2
(ii) Two lines y = m x + c and y = m 1 (a) Parallel if m =m 1 2 (b) Perpendicular if m m = 1

1 2
yy yy21
xxxx 21
(c) If not above two, then
= tan
mm 12 1 + mm
12
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 4. Position of a point with respect to a straight 12. Homogeneous equation : If y = m line : The line L(x , y ) i = 1, 2 will be of same sign or of opposite two equations i i 2 + 2hxy + by sign according to the point A(x , y ) & B (x , y ) lie on same represented by ax 1 1 2 2 side or on opposite side of L (x, y) respectively. and m m = a /b
1 2
x and y = m +m
x be the = 2h/b
= 0 , then m
5. Equation of a line parallel (or perpendicular) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + c' = 0 (or bx ay + 6. Equation of st. lines through (x with y = mx + c is y y =
m tan a 1 m m tan a
1 1
= 0) a
13. General equation of second degree : 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represent a pair of ax 2 + 2hxy + by ahg straight line if If y = m
1
,y ) making an angle
(x x
) , y ) on ax + by + c = 0
1
hb f g fc
2
=0 x + c represents two straight lines
7. length of perpendicular from (x

|| ax by ++ 11 is c 22 ab +
x+c&y=m +m = - 2h b
then m
,m m =
1 2
a b
8. Distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c i = 1, 2 is

|| cc 2 1
22 ab +
= 0,
14. Angle between pair of straight lines : The angle between the lines represented by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 or ax ax 2 + 2hxy + by
2 2 hab( ab+ )
+ 2hxy + by
=0
9. Condition of concurrency for three straight lines L =a x + b y + c = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 is

i i i i
is tan
abc abc abc
111 222 333
=0
10. Equation of bisectors of angles between two lines :

ax11 by ++ 1 c 2 ab +
1
2 1
ax 2 by ++ 22 c 2 ab +
2
2 2
2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 ar e (i) The two lines given by ax 2 ab = 0 (a) Parallel and coincident iff h (b) Perpendicular iff a + b = 0 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c (ii) The two line given by ax = 0 are 2 = bg 2 (a) Parallel if h 2 ab = 0 & af (b) Perpendicular iff a + b = 0 2 ac = 0 (c) Coincident iff g
11. .amily of straight lines : The general equation of family of straight line will be written in one parameter The equation of straight line which passes through point of intersection of two given lines L and L can be taken as 1 2 L+ L =0
1 2
13. Combined equation of angle bisector of the angle between 2 = 0 is the lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by
x 2y2 ab-
xy h
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1. General equation of a circle : x where g, f and c are constants (i) Centre of the cirle is ( g, f) i.e. (ii) Radius is
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 5. Concentric circles : Two circles having same centre C(h, k) CIRCLE but different radii r & r respectively are called concentric 1 2 circles. 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 6. Position of a point w.r.t. a circle : A point (x outside, on or inside a circle ,y
1 1
) lies
. 1I G coeff of., x. coeff of1 -H2 y 2

g fc+22
J K
S = x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 according as S = x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c is +ve, zero or ve

1 1 1 1 1
7. Chord length (length of intercept) = 2 2. Central (Centre radius) form of a circle :

2 + (y (i) (x h) k) r is the radius. 2
22 rp -
= r 2 , where (h, k) is circle centre and
8. Intercepts made on coordinate axes by the circle : (i) x axis = 2 (ii) y axis = 2
g 2c 2 fc -
(ii) x
2 + y 2 = r the radius.
, where (0, 0) origin is circle centre and r is
3. Diameter form : If (x , y ) and (x 1 1 diameter of a circle, then its equation is (x x

1
, y ) are end pts. of a

2
) (x x
) + (y y
) (y y
)=0
9. Length of tangent =
S1
4. Parametric equations : (i) The parametric equations of the circle x x = rcos , y = r sin , where point
2 2
+ y
=r
are
10. Length of the intercept made by line : y = mx + c with the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is 2

222 amc) +(1 1 + m2
=(r cos
2 2
, r sin
) , y = k + rsin
(ii) The parametric equations of the circle (x h) + (y k) = r are x = h + r cos (iii) The parametric equations of the circle x2 + y
2
or (1 + m
) |x x
1 2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are

2 g 2fc +2
where |x
1
x
2
| = difference of roots i.e.
D a +y =a will the touch
x= g+ (iv) .or circle x xcos

12
cos , y = f +
2
2 g 2fc+-
sin
1
+y 2 =a +
, equation of chord joining

12
&
is
11. Condition of Tangency : Circle x line y = mx + c if c = a 1 + m2
+ 2
y sin
+ 2
rcos
12
.
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 12. Equation of tangent, T = 0 : 15. The point of intersection of tangents drawn to the circle x + y 2 = r 2 at point & is given as (i) Equation of tangent to the circle 1 2 x2 + y
1 2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x + g(x + x

1 1
, y ) is
1
xx + yy point (x
) + f(y + y
1 2
) + c = 0 +y
2
(ii) Equation of tangent to the circle x

1
=a
at any
. G rrcos G G H cos
12
+ 2 ,
sin cos
12
+ 2 2
12
12
I J J J K
, y ) is xx
1
+ yy
=a
(iii) In slope form : .rom the condition of tangency for every value of m. The line y = mx a x2 + y
2
16. Equation of the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from point P outside the circle is T = 0 17. Equation of a chord whose middle pt. is given by T = S
2 + y 18. Director circle : Equation of director circle for x x2 + y 2 = 2a 2 . Director circle is a concentric circle whose 2
1 + m 2 is a tangent to the circle

1
=a
and its point of contact is

a +m
. am GI H m 11+
circle x
2
,
22
J K
, a sin + y sin ) to the = a.
2
=a
is
radius is (iv) Equation of tangent at (a cos +y

2
2 times the radius of the given circle.
=a
is x cos
19. Equation of polar of point (x
, y ) w.r.t. the circle S = 0 is T = 0

1
13. Equation of normal : (i) Equation of normal to the circle x2 + y

2
20. Coordinates of pole : Coordinates of pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the circle x +y =a are
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point P(x

1
, y ) is
1
.al G I, H n
22
am n
J K
y y
1
yf+
1
x1g +
(x x
1
)
2
21. .amily of Circles : (i) S + +y

2
(ii) Equation of normal to the circle x point (x , y ) is xy x y=0

1 1 1 1
=a
at any (ii) S +
S' = 0 represents a family of circles passing through the pts. of intersection of S = 0 & S' = 0 if 1 L = 0 represent a family of circles passing through the point of intersection of S = 0 & L = 0
14. Equation of pair of tangents SS

1
=T
(iii) Equation of circle which touches the given straight line L = 0 at the given point (x , y ) is given as (x x
1
)2 + (y y
)2 +
L = 0.
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PAGE 66
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (iv) Equation of circle passing through two points A(x ,y ) 25. Equation of tangent at point of contact of circle is 1 1 & B(x , y ) is given as S S =0 2 2
1 2
xy
1 1 1
26. Radical axis and radical centre : = 0. (i) Equation of radical axis is S S (ii) The point of concurrency of the three radical axis of three circles taken in pairs is called radical centre of three circles. 27. Orthogonality condition : If two circles S =x 2 + y
2 1
(x x
) (x x
) + (y y
) (y y )+
2
xy
11
=0
x 2y2
22. Equation of Common Chord is S S
= 0.
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
23. The angle of intersection of two circles with centres C & C and radii r & r is given by
2 1 2
and S' = x 2 + y 2 + 2g'x + 2f'y + c' = 0 intersect each other orthogonally, then 2gg' + 2ff' = c + c'.
cos =
2 22 rrd +- 1 1
2 rr 12
, where d = C
1
C
2
24. Position of two circles : Let two circles with centres C and radii r ,r .
1 2
,C
1 2
Then following cases arise as (i) C

1
C > r
2 1
+r
2
do not intersect or one outside the Circles touch externally, 3 common +r

1 2
other, 4 common tangents. (ii) C (iii) |r

1
C = r 1 2 tangents. r
2
+r
|<C
1
C <r
2
Intersection at two real
points, 2 common tangents. (iv) C

1
C = |r
2 1 1
r
2 1
|
2
internal touch, 1 common tangent. | one inside the other, no tangent.
(v) C
C < |r
2
+r
Note : Point of contact divides C internally or externally as the case may be
C in the ratio 2 r
: r
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PARABOLA
1. Standard Parabola :
2 = Imp. Terms 4ax y y Vertex (v) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) .ocus (f) (a, 0) ( a, 0) (0, a) (0, a) Directrix (D) x = a x = a y = a y = a Axis y = 0 y = 0 x = 0 x = 0 2
= 4ax x
= 4ay x
= 4ay
L.R. 4a 4a 4a 4a .ocal x + a a x y + a a y distanc e 2 , 2at) ( at 2 , 2at) (2at, at 2 ) (2at, Parametric at (at Coordinate s 2 Parametric x = x = at 2 x = 2at x = 2at at 2 Equations y = 2at y = 2at y = y = at 2at
y2 = 4ax
x2 = 4ay
= 4ax
x
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= 4ay
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 2. Special .orm of Parabola * Parabola which has vertex at (h, k), latus rectum and axis parallel to x-axis is (y k) 2 = l (x h) axis is y = k and focus at * Parabola which has vertex at (h, k), latus rectum axis parallel to y-axis is (x h) 2 = l (y k) axis is x = h and focus at * Equation of the form ax parabola. i.e. y 4 ac b4a
2 2
2
4. Equations of tangent in different forms : l (i) Point .orm / Parametric form Equations of tangent of all other standard parabolas at (x , y ) / at t (parameter)
1 1
. I J Gl K hk+ H 4,
l and
Equation Tangent at Parametric Tangent of 't' of parabola (x2 y =4ax yy y = 4ax yy

2 1
, y
) 1 coordinates't' =2a(x+x ) (at

1
, 2at) ty=x+at
2
= 2a(x+x =2a(y+y = 2a(y+y

1
) ( at
, 2at) ty= x+at

2
x =4ay xx
2
) (2at, at ) (2at, at
1
) tx=y + at
2
. I lJ G + K hk , H 4
x 2 = 4ay xx
1
) tx = y+at
(ii) Slope form Equations of tangent of all other parabolas in slope form
Equation Point of Equations Condition of o f contact in of tangent Tangency parabolas terms of in terms of s lope(m) slope (m) y2 = 4ax
+ bx + c = y represents
=a
. I J G K vertex x b+ H 2 a ,with
2
. b 4 ac b G I, -H a 4 a Jand axes parallel to y-axis K 2

Note : Parametric equation of parabola (y k) 2 , y = k + 2at = 4a(x h) are x = h + at 3. Position of a point (x , y ) and a line w.r.t. parabola 1 1 y2 = 4ax. * The point (x , y ) lies outside, on or inside the 1 1 parabola y 2 = 4ax 2 4ax according as y >, = or < 0 1 1 * The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches, 2 = 4ax according as intersect a parabola y c > = < a/m Note : Condition of tangency for parabola y have c = a/m and for other parabolas check disc. D = 0.
2 2
.a I2 a J G, K H m m
2 2
y = mx +
a m
c =
a m
y2 = 4ax x2 = 4ay (2am, am x =

2
. aI 2a J G , K y = mx H m m
2
a m
2
a
c = c = am c = am
2
m
2
) y = mx
2
am
4ay ( 2am, am
) y = mx + am
5. Point of intersection of tangents at any two points

2 , 2at P(at 2 , 2at ) and Q(at ) on the parabola y 1 1 2 2 2 , a(2A.M.)) is (at t , a(t + t )) i.e. (a(G.M.) 1 2 1 2 2
= 4ax
= 4ax, we
6. Combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from a 2 , where S = y point to a parabola is SS' = T S' = y
2 1
4ax,
4ax
and T = yy
2a(x + x
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK Note : 7. Equations of normal in different forms (i) In circle normal is radius itself. (i) Point .orm / Parametric form (ii) Sum of ordinates (y coordinate) of foot of normals through a point is Equations of normals of all other standard parabolas zero. (iii) The centroid of the triangle formed by taking the foot at (x , y ) / at t (parameter) 1 1 of normals as a vertices of concurrent normals of Eq . of Normal Point Normals y2 = 4ax lies on x-axis.
n
parabola at (x
, y ) 't' at 't'
1
y 2 = 4ax y y
-y
2a y1 2a
(x x
)(at
, 2at) y+tx = 2at+at
8. Condition for three normals from a point (h, 0) on x-axis to parabola y 2 = 4ax (i) We get 3 normals if h > 2a (ii) We get one normal if h = 2a. (iii) I f point lies on x-axis, then one normal will be x-axis itself.
y 2 = 4ax y y
1
(x x
1
) ( at
, 2at) y tx = 2at+at
2a
x 2 = 4ay y y
1
x1 2a
(x x
) (2at, at
) x+ty = 2at+at
9. (i) If normal of y at t then t
= 4ax at t
meet the parabola again
= t
x 2 = 4ay y y
1
x1
(x x
1
) (2at, at
) x ty = 2at+at
2 t1
1
2 = 4ax at t (ii) The normals to y other at the same parabola at t t t = 2 and t = t t 1 2 3 1 2
and t intersect each 2 , then

3
(ii) Slope form Equations of normal, point of contact, and condition of normality in terms of slope (m)
Eq n . of Point of Equations Condition of parabola contact of normal Normality y2 = 4ax 2 , 2am) y = mx 2am am (am y 2 = 4ax ( am 2 , 2am) y = mx+2am+am x 2 = 4ay
10. (i) Equation of focal chord of parabola y y =

2 t1 t
2 1
= 4ax at t
is
- 1
(x
2
a) = 4ax cut (intersect) at t must not be zero)

1
c = 2am am c am+am c = 2a+ = a m2

3
If focal chord of y t then t t = 1 (t

2 1 2
and
(ii) Angle formed by focal chord at vertex of parabola is tan = 2 |t 3 t

2 1
. 2 aI a J G , K Hm m
2 2
y = mx+2a+
a m2
| and t
1 2
x 2 = 4ay
.2 a I a J G , - K y = mx 2a H m m
a m
2
c = 2a
a m2
(iii) Intersecting point of normals at t parabola y 2 = 4ax is 2 (2a + a(t + t 2 +t

1 2 1
on the +t
1 2
t ),
2
at
1
t (t
2
))
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 11. Equation of chord of parabola y at (x , y ) is given by T = S
1 1 2
= 4ax which is bisected
12. The locus of the mid point of a system of parallel chords of a parabola is called its diameter. Its equation is y =
2a m
(v) Angle included between focal radius of a point and perpendicular from a point to directrix will be bisected of tangent at that point also the external angle will be bisected by normal. . (vi) Intercepted portion of a tangent between the point of tangency and directrix will make right angle at focus. (vii) Circle drawn on any focal radius as diameter will touch tangent at vertex. (viii) Circle drawn on any focal chord as diameter will touch directrix.
13. Equation of polar at the point (x , y ) with respect to 1 1 parabola y 2 = 4ax is same as chord of contact and is given by T = 0 i.e. yy
1
= 2a(x + x
Coordinates of pole of the line parabola y = 4ax is
.na -I2 G, H m l
l
l x + my + n = 0 w.r.t. the
J K
14. Diameter : It is locus of mid point of set of parallel chords and equation is given by T = S
1
15. Important results for Tangent : (i) Angle made by focal radius of a point will be twice the angle made by tangent of the point with axis of parabola (ii) The locus of foot of perpendicular drop from focus to any tangent will be tangent at vertex. (iii) If tangents drawn at ends point of a focal chord are mutually perpendicular then their point of intersection will lie on directrix. (iv) Any light ray travelling parallel to axis of the parabola will pass through focus after reflection through parabola.
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK Note : If P is any point on ellipse and length of perpendiculars ELLIPS from to minor axis and major axis are p & p , then |x E 1. Standard Ellipse (e < 1) Ellipse = p , |y
1 p
| = p
R y |S x += |TU b a
2 2
2 2
| 1 V | W
p2 a
1 2
p2
2
b2
=1
Imp. terms
.or a > b .or b > a
Centre (0, 0) (0, 0) Vertices (a, 0) (0, b) Length of major axis 2a 2 b Length of minor axis 2b 2 a .oci (ae, 0) (0, be) Equation of directrices x = a/e y = b/e 2 = a 2 (1 e Relation in a, b and e b 2 /a Length of latus rectum 2b 2a Ends of rectum Parametric cos latus
a>b
2
) a
=b
2
(1 e
/b
2
. Gb ae , HI
J K
cos
.a G I, Hb be
(a
J K
f )
p
coordinates (a
f , b sin f )
f , b sin
0 = f <2
.ocal ex
radii SP = a S'P = a + ex
SP = b ey
1
Sum of focal radii SP + S'P = 2 a 2 b n foci Distance 2ae bt 2be n directrices Distance 2a/e bt 2b/e Tangents at the vertices x = a, x = a y = b, y = b
S'P = b + ey
b>a
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PAGE 78
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 2. Special form of ellipse : If the centre of an ellipse is at point (h, k) and the directions of the axes are parallel to the coordinate axes, then its equation is (ii) Slope form : If the line y = mx + c touches the ellipse
x2 a
2
ch xha2
y2 b2
= 1, then c
=a
m2 + b
. Hence, the
(y k ) b2
= 1.
straight line y = mx the tangents to the ellipse. Point of contact : Line y = mx

22 am2b +
22 am2b +
always represents
3. Auxillary Circle : The circle described by taking centre of an ellipse as centre and major axis as a diameter is called an auxillary circle of the ellipse. If
x2 a2
touches the ellipse

2
+
2
y2 b2
= 1 is an ellipse then its auxillary circle is

2
x2 a2
y2 b2
= 1 at
. am GI H + am
22 2
b 2
22 am2 b
J . K
x2 + y
=a
Note : Ellipse is locus of a point which moves in such a way that it divides the normal of a point on diameter of a point of circle in fixed ratio. 4. Position of a point and a line w.r.t. an ellipse : The point lies outside, on or inside the ellipse if * S =
1
(iii) Parametric form : The equation of tangent at any point (a cos

x a
f , b sin f +
y b
f ) is sin f = 1.
cos
6. Equation of pair of tangents from (x

x2 a
1 2
y2 b
1 2
, y ) to an ellipse
1
1 > , = or < 0
x a
* The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches, intersect, the ellipse if a2 m2 + b 2 < = > c
2
b2
= 1 is given by SS
=T
7. Equation of normal in different forms : (i) Point form : The equation of the normal at (x to the ellipse
1 1
5. Equation of tangent in different forms : (i) Point form : The equation of the tangent to the ellipse xx a2
x a
2
, y )
1
a2
b2
= 1 is
b2
= 1 at the point (x
, y ) is
1
2 ax
2 bx
yy b2
= 1.
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E DUC AT IO NS
x1
y1
=a
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (ii) Parametric form : The equation of the normal to the ellipse ax sec
x2 a
2
y2 b2
= 1 at (a cos f =a
2
f , b sin b
2
f ) is
(v) Sum of square of intercept made by auxillary circle on any two perpendicular tangents of an ellipse will be constant. (vi) If a light ray originates from one of focii, then it will pass through the other focus after reflection from ellipse.
f by cosec
(iii) Slope form : If m is the slope of the normal to the ellipse

x2 a
2
y2 b2
= 1, then the equation of normal
9. Equation of chord of contact of the tangents drawn from the external point (x , y ) to an ellipse is given by
1 1
is y = mx
ma( )22 b 2 ab22 + m
xx 1 a
2
yy 1 b2
= 0 i.e. T = 0.
The co-ordinates of the point of contact are
. a GI H + abm
2 22
mb 2
222 + abm
J. K
x2 a
2
10. The equation of a chord of an ellipse mid point is (x , y ) is T = S

1
x2 a
1
y2 b2
= 1 whose
Note : In general three normals can be drawn from a point (x

1
, y ) to an ellipse
1
y2 b2
= 1.
11. Equation of chord joining the points (a cos (a cos f , b sin f ) on the ellipse
x2 a
2
, b sin +
y2 b2
) and
= 1 is
8. Properties of tangents & normals : (i) Product of length of perpendicular from either focii to any tangent to the ellipse will be equal to square of semi minor axis. (ii) The locus of foot of perpendicular drawn from either focii to any tangent lies on auxillary circle. (iii) The circle drawn on any focal radius as diameter will touch auxillary circle. (iv) The protion of the tangent intercepted between the point and directrix makes right angle at corresponding focus.
E DUC AT IO NS
x a
cos
f + 2
y b
sin
f + 2
= cos
f 2
(i) Relation between eccentric angles of focal chord tan

1
, tan
1e p.
p .
(ii) Sum of feet of eccentric angles is odd i.e.

1
= (2n + 1)
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 12. Equation of polar of the point (x
1
, y ) w.r.t. the ellipse

1
(c) If CP, CQ be two conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse

x2 a2
x2 a2
y2 b2
= 1 is given by
xx a2
yy b2
= 0 i.e. T = 0.
y2 b2
= 1 and S, S' be two foci

2
The pole of the line

x2 a2
y2 b2
= 1 is
.a l , GI H n
22
l x + my + n = 0 w.r.t. the ellipse bn n
of the ellipse, then SP.S'P = CQ
J . K
. b IJ G K H . ae
= 1 is
(d) The tangents at the ends of a pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse form a parallelogram. 15. The area of the parallelogram formed by the tangents at the ends of conjugate diameters of an ellipse is constant and is equal to the product of the axis i.e. 4ab. 16. Length of subtangent and subnormal at p(x ellipse
x2 a2
13. Eccentric angles of the extremities of latus rectum of the ellipse x2 a2 + y2 b2 = 1 are tan
1
14. (i) Equation of the diameter bisecting the chords of slope in the ellipse
b
2
, y ) to the
1
x2 a
2
y2 b2
y2 b2
= 1 is
a2 x x1
& (1
) x
y =
2 am
x x,
1
(ii) Conjugate Diameters : The straight lines y = m y = m x are conjugate diameters of the ellipse
2
a2
y2 b2
= 1 if m
m =
2
b2 a2
(iii) Properties of conjugate diameters : (a) If CP and CQ be two conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse CP2 + CQ (b) If
2
x2 a
2
+
2
y2 b2
= 1, then
=a
+b
and f are the eccentric angles of the extremities of two conjugate diameters, then f =
p 2
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HYPERBOL A
1. Standard Hyperbola : Hyperbola

x2 a2 y2 b2
=1
x2 a2 x2 a
2
y2 b2 y2 b2
=1
Imp. terms Centre (0, 0) (0, 0) Length of transverse axis 2a 2b Length of conjugate axis 2b 2a .oci (ae, 0) (0, be) Equation of directrices x = a/e y = b/e Eccentricity e = Length of L.R. 2b Parametric co-ordinates (a sec f , b tan 0 = f <2 .ocal radii SP = ex S'P = ex S'P SP 2a 2b Tangents at the vertices x = a, x = a y = Equation of the y = 0 x = 0 transverse axis Equation of the x = 0 y = 0 conjugate axis
1 1 2
or
= 1
Hyperbola
.ab + GI J Ha K
22 2
e =
2
.ab + GI J Hb K
22 2
/a 2a
/b f , a tan
p
f ) (b sec
f )
0 = f <2 b
1 1
a SP = ey + a S'P = ey
+b
b, y = b
Conjugate Hyperbola
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 2. Special form of hyperbola : If the centre of hyperbola is (h, k) and axes are parallel to the co-ordinate axes, then its equation is
( xh) a2
2
(b) Parametric form : The equation of tangent to the hyperbola

x2 y2 b2
( y k) b2
= 1.
= 1 at (a sec y b
f , b tan
f ) is
x 3. Parametric equations of hyperbola : The equations x = a sec f and y = b tan f are known x2 a2 y2 b2 =1 a
sec
tan
f = 1.
(c) Slope form : The equations of tangents of slope m to the hyperbola x2 a

2
as the parametric equations of hyperbola
y2 b2
= 1 are y = mx
22 am2b -
and the
co-ordinates of points of contacts are 4. Position of a point and a line w.r.t. a hyperbola : The point (x , y ) lies inside, on or outside the hyperbola
1 1
x2 a
2
y2 b
2
. am GI H am 2 22 2
, am b
22 2
b2 -
J. K
1
=1
6. Equation of pair of tangents from (x according as

x2
1
, y ) to the hyperbola
1 2
y2 b
1 2
a2
1 is +ve, zero or ve.
x a
b2
= 1 is given by SS
=T
The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches, intersect the hyperbola according as c
2
<, =, > a
m2 b
7. Equations of normals in different forms : (a) Point form : The equation of normal to the hyperbola
x2 a2 y2 b2
5. Equations of tangents in different forms : (a) Point form : The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola
x2 a
2
= 1 at (x
1
, y ) is
1
2 ax x
b2y =a y
1
+b
y2 b2
=1 yy b2
(b) Parametric form : The equation of normal at (a sec

1
, b tan
y2 b2
) to the hyperbola + by cot =a + b2
at (x , y ) is
1 1
xx a2
= 1.
x2 a
2
= 1 is ax cos
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (c) Slope form : The equation of the normal to the hyperbola
x2 a2 y2 b2
11. Equation of chord joining the points P(a sec and Q(a sec x cos f , b tan
f , b tan
1
f )
1
= 1 in terms of the slope m of

ma( ) + b 222 ab m
22
the normal is y = mx
.ff -I J G K H2
12
f ) is
2
y b
sin
.ff +I J G Kcos H2 =
12
1 1
.ff +I J G K H2 .
12
(d) Condition for normality : If y = mx + c is the normal of

x
2
12. Equation of polar of the point (x is given by T = 0. The pole of the line
, y ) w.r.t. the hyperbola l x + my + n = 0 w.r.t.
a2
b2
= 1,
ma( ) 22 + b 222 ab m
then c =
or c
ma( b222 + ) ( amb )

222 -
x2
y2 b
2
, which
= 1 is
. a l, GI Hn
22
bm n
J K
is condition of normality.
(e) Points of contact : Co-ordinates of points of contact are
. a GI H ab
222
13. The equation of a diameter of the hyperbola

x2 a2 y2 b2
,m
mb
222 ab m
J. K
= 1 is y =
b2
2 am
x.
8. The equation of director circle of hyperbola

x2 a2 y2 b2
14. The diameters y = m . m m =

1 2
x and y = m
x are conjugate if
= 1 is x
+y
= a2 b
b2 a2
9. Equation of chord of contact of the tangents drawn from the external point (x , y ) to the hyperbola is given by
1 1
15. Asymptotes of a hyperbola : * The equations of asymptotes of the hyperbola

x2 a
2
xx a2
yy b2
= 1.
y2 b2
= 1 are y =
b a
x.
10. The equation of chord of the hyperbola whose mid point is (x

1
x2 a2 .
1
y2 b2
Asymptote to a curve touches the curve at infinity. =1 * The asymptote of a hyperbola passes through the centre of the hyperbola.
, y ) is T = S
1
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK * The combined equation of the asymptotes of the * Equation of tangent at (x hyperbola x
2
, y ) to xy
1
a2
b2
= 1 is
a2
b2
= 0.
= c 2 is
x x +
1
y y = 2.
1
2
* The angle between the asymptotes of Equation of tangent at t is x + yt x2 a2 y2 b2 = 1 is 2 tan y2

1
= 2ct
2
b2
or 2 sec
e.
* Equation of normal at (x xx yy
1 1
, y ) to xy = c
1
is
* A hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola have the same asymptotes. * The bisector of the angles between the asymptotes are the coordinate axes. * Equation of hyperbola Equation of asymptotes = Equation of asymptotes Equation of conjugate hyperbola = constant. 16. Rectangular or Equilateral Hyperbola : * A hyperbola for which a = b is said to be rectangular 2 y 2 = a hyperbola, its equation is x
=x
2 1
2 1
* Equation of normal at t on xy = c xt 3 yt ct
4
is
+ c = 0.
(This results shows that four normal can be drawn 2 ) from a point to the hyperbola xy = c * If a triangle is inscribed in a rectangular hyperbola then its orthocentre lies on the hyperbola. * Equation of chord of the hyperbola xy = c middle point is given is T = S
1
whose
2 represents a rectangular hyperbola with *xy = c asymptotes x = 0, y = 0.
* Point of intersection of tangents at t hyperbola xy = c is
* Eccentricity of rectangular hyperbola is between asymptotes of rectangular hyperbola is 90. * Parametric equation of the hyperbola xy = c c , where t is a parameter. t , t on xy = c
1 2 2
2 and angle
.22ct t GI H ++ tt
12 12 12
&t
1 2
to the
c tt
J K
are
x = ct, y =
* Equation of chord joining t x + y t

1
is
t = c(t
2
+t
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MEASURES TENDENCY
1. Arithmetic mean :
O.
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 3. Geometric Mean : CENTRAL
AND DISPERSION
x =
(i) .or ungrouped data G.M. = (x or G.M. = antilog (ii) .or grouped data
1
x x .....x
2 3
(i) .or ungrouped data (individual series) xx x + ...... ++ 12 nno )of terms (.
n n
.1 G Ilog J H K nx
n
)1 / n
i= 1
Sx
i= 1
(ii) .or grouped data (continuous series)

n
G.M. =
ejx xx
ff 12 12
....
fnN n
, where N =
i=1
(a) Direct method
x=
i= 1
S fx i
i n i= 1
, where x
Sf i
i
, i = 1 .... n = antilog
be n observations and f frequencies (b) short cut method :
be their corresponding
. G fxlog G G G f H
n i i =1 n i i= 1
I J J J J K
x =A+
i
Sfd i i Sf ,
i
4. Harmonic Mean - Harmonic Mean is reciprocal of arithmetic mean of reciprocals. (i) .or ungrouped data H.M. = n
n
where A = assumed mean, d for each term 2. Properties of A.M.
= x A = deviation
i
i= 1
1 xi
(i) In a statistical data, the sum of the deviation of items from A.M. is always zero. (ii) If each of the n given observation be doubled, then their mean is doubled (iii) I f , x , ...... x . The mean of ax x is the mean of x 1 2 n .....ax is a x where a is any number different from zero.
n 1
(ii) .or grouped data H.M. = , ax
i =1 n
i =1
2
.f J GK HI x
i i
fi
5. Relation between A.M., G.M and H.M. A.M. = G.M. = H.M. Equality holds only when all the observations in the series are same.
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(iv) Arithmetic mean is independent of origin i.e. it is x effected by any change in origin.
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6. Median : (a) Individual series (ungrouped data) : If data is raw, arrange in ascending or descending order and n be the no. of observations.
th
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (ii) .or series in descending order
If n is odd, Median = Value of
.n + I J G 1 Kobservation H2
1 2
Median = u -
.N C I J G- K H 2
f
where u = upper limit of median class. 7. Mode : (i) .or individual series : In the case of individual series, the value which is repeated maximum number of times is the mode of the series. (ii) .or discrete frequency distribution series : In the case of discrete frequency distribution, mode is the value of the variate corresponding to the maximum frequency. (iii) .or continuous frequency distribution : first find the model class i.e. the class which has maximum frequency. .or continuous series Mode = Where l +
1
If n is even, Median =
[Value of
.n JI G + value of HK 2
th th
.n I J G+ K] observation. H 21
(b) Discrete series : .irst find cumulative frequencies of the variables arranged in ascending or descending order and Median = frequency. (c) Continuous distribution (grouped data) (i) .or series in ascending order
.n + 1 J G I Kobservation, where n is cumulative H2

th
l 1 = Lower limit of the model class. f = .requency of the model class.

1
L ff M N 2 fff O
10 10 2
Pi Q
Median = Where
l +
.N CI J G- K H 2
f
f = .requency of the class preceding model class. class.

0
f = .requency of the class succeeding model

2
l = Lower limit of the median class. f = .requency of the median class. N = Sum of all frequencies. i = The width of the median class C = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding to median class.
i = Size of the model class. 8. Relation between Mean, Mode & Median : (i) In symmetrical distribution : Mean = Mode = Median (ii) In Moderately symmetrical distribution : Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK Measure of Dispersion : The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is called variation or dispersion. Popular methods of measure of dispersion. 1. Mean deviation : The arithmetic average of deviations from the mean, median or mode is known as mean deviation. (a) Individual series (ungrouped data) Mean deviation =
S || xSn
f = .requency of the corresponding x

i
N =
S f = Total frequency
(ii) Short cut method

SSd 2 2 f N -
s=
. fd IJ G K or H N
s=
SS 2 2 d N
.dI GJ HK N
Where d = x A = Derivation from assumed mean A f = .requency of item (term) N = Sf = Total frequency. Variance Square of standard direction
Where n = number of terms, S = deviation of variate from mean mode, median. (b) Continuous series (grouped data). Mean deviation = Sfx |s | Sf = Sfx |s | N
2 = ( i.e. variance = (S.D.) s )2 Coefficient of variance = Coefficient of S.D. 100
s x
100
Note : Mean deviation is the least when measured from the median. 2. Standard Deviation : S.D. ( s ) is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations of the terms from their A.M. (a) .or individual series (ungrouped data) s= S ( xx) N
2
where
x = Arithmetic mean of
the series N = Total frequency (b) .or continuous series (grouped data) (i) Direct method Where s= Sfx(x ) i i N
2
x = Arithmetic mean of series x = Mid value of the class

i
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MATRICES DETERMINANTS
MATRICES :
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 4. Trace of a matrix : Sum of the elements in the principal AND diagonal is called the trace of a matrix. trace (A B) = trace A trace B trace kA = k trace A trace A = trace A trace I trace O trace AB
n T
1. Matrix - A system or set of elements arranged in a rectangular form of array is called a matrix. 2. Order of matrix : If a matrix A has m rows & n columns then A is of order m n. The number of rows is written first and then number of columns. Horizontal line is row & vertical line is column 3. Types of matrices : A matrix A = (a A matrix A = (a said to be Name Properties A row matrix if m = 1 A column matrix if n = 1 A rectangular matrix if m A square matrix if m = n A null or zero matrix if a A diagonal matrix if m = n and a A scalar matrix if m = n and a i.e. a =a
ij ij ij ij
= n when I
n
is identity matrix. is null matrix.
=OO
trace A trace B.
ij
mn
mx n
over the field of complex numbers is
5. Addition & subtraction of matrices : If A and B are two matrices each of order same, then A + B (or A B) is defined and is obtained by adding (or subtracting) each element of B from corresponding element of A
6. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar : n =0 i j. It is denoted by O. = 0 for i = 0 for i j = k for i = j

11 22
KA = K (a Properties :
ij
mn
= (Ka)
mn
where K is constant.
(i) K(A + B) = KA + KB j. (ii) (K (iii) (K

1 1
K ) A = K (K A) = K
2 1 2 2 1 2
(K A)
1
+ K )A = K A + K A
....... = a
ij
nn
= k (cons.) j 7. Multiplication of Matrices : Two matrices A & B can be multiplied only if the number of columns in A is same as the number of rows in B. Properties : (i) In general matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e. AB BA. (ii) A(BC) = (AB)C [Associative law]
Identity or unit matrix if m = n and a Upper Triangular matrix if m = n and a Lower Triangular matrix if m = n and a Symmetric matrix if m = n and a Skew symmetric matrix if m = n and a
ij
= 0 for i = 1 for i = j
ij ij
= 0 for i > j = 0 for i < j
= a for all i, j ij ji or A T = A = a
ji
i, j
or A T = A
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (iii) A.(B + C) = AB + AC [Distributive law] (iv) If AB = AC / B=C DETERMINANT : 1. Minor & cofactor : If A = (a
ij
33
, then minor of a
11
is
(v) If AB = 0, then it is not necessary A = 0 or B = 0 ( vi ) AI = A = IA (vii) Matrix multiplication is commutative for +ve integral i.e. A m + 1 = A m A = AA m cofactor of an element a to ( 1) i+ j M
ij
M =
11
aa 2 2 3 2 aa 2 3 3 3
and s o. or . and is equal
ij
is denoted by C , if i = j
ij
ij
or C 8. Transpose of a matrix : A' or A T is obtained by interchanging rows into columns or columns into rows Properties : (i) (A
T ij
=M
ij
= M Note : |A| = a and a

11 11
ij
, if i
12
j +a
13 13
11
+a
12
12
13
21
+a
22
+a
23
=0
)T = A
T
2. Determinant : if A is a square matrix then determinant of matrix is denoted by det A or |A|. =A TB

T
(ii) (A B) (iii) (AB) (iv) (KA) (v) I

T T
expansion of determinant of order 3 3 abc1 11 abc2 22 abc3 33 =a

1
= B T AT = K AT bc bc
22 33
ac b
1
= I
22 33
ab +c
1
22 33
ac
ab
9. Some special cases of square matrices : A square matrix is called (i) Orthogonal matrix : if AA (ii) Idempotent matrix : if A (iii) In volutory matrix : if A (iv) Nilpotent matrix : if (v) Hermitian matrix : if A
2 2 T
bc or = a Properties :
2
11
ac +b
2
11
=I
=A T A
bc 33
ac3 3
ab1 1 ab
33
=A
1
= I or A
=A
p
(i) |A =0
| = |A|
N such that A =
ij
(ii) By interchanging two rows (or columns), value of determinant differ by ve sign. (iii) If two rows (or columns) are identical then |A| = 0 (iv) |KA| = K
n
= A i.e. a
a
ji
(vi) Skew - Hermitian matrix : if A = A
det A, A is matrix of order n n
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK Properties : (v) If same multiple of elements of any row (or column) of a determinant are added to the corresponding elements of any other row (or column), then the value of the new determinant remain unchanged. (vi) Determinant of : (a) A nilpotent matrix is 0. (b) An orthogonal matrix is 1 or 1 (i) A(adj A) = (adjA) A = |A|I
n
(ii) |adj A| = |A|
n 1
(iii) (adjAB) = (adjB) (adjA) (iii) (adj A

T
) = (adjA)
(iv) adj(adjA) = |A| (v) (adj KA) = K

n 1
n 2
(c) A unitary matrix is of modulus unity. (d) A Hermitian matrix is purely real. (e) An identity matrix is one i.e. |I unit matrix of order n. (f) A zero matrix is zero i.e. |0 matrix of order n
n n
(adj A)
| = 1, where I
is a
2. Inverse of a matrix : (i) A

1
exists if A is non singular i.e. |A| adjA , |A| | |A

1
| = 0, where 0
is a zero
(ii) A (iii) A (iv) (A (v) (A
(g) A diagonal matrix = product of its diagonal elements. (h) Skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
A=I =AA
n T
)1 = (A )1 = A
)T
3. Multiplication of two determinants : Multiplication of two second order determinants is defined as follows. ab 11 ab 22 l 11 m l 22 m abambm2 ll ++ 1112111 abambm ll ++
21222122
(vi) |A
| = |A|
1 || A
(vii) If A & B are invertible square matrices then (AB) 1 = B

1
A1
If order is different then for their multiplication, express them firstly in the same order.
3. Rank of a matrix : A non zero matrix A is said to have rank r, if (i) Every square sub matrix of order (r + 1) or more is singular (ii) There exists at least one square submatrix of order r which is non singular.
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS : 1. Adjoint of a matrix : adj A = (C

ij
)T , where C
ij
is cofactor of a
ij
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 4. Homogeneous & non homogeneous system of linear equations : A system of equations Ax = B is called a homogeneous system if B = 0. If B 0, then it is called non homogeneous system equations. 5. (a) Solution of non homogeneous system of linear equations : (i) Cramer's rule : Determinant method The non homogeneous system Ax = B, B equations in n variables is Consistent (with unique solution) if |A| for each i = 1, 2, ........ n, x=
i
(b) Solution of homogeneous system of linear equations : The homogeneous system Ax = B, B = 0 of n equations in n variables is (i) Consistent (with unique solution) if |A| for each i = 1, 2, ......... n x = 0 is called trivial i solution. (ii) Consistent (with infinitely many solution), 0 of n 0 and if |A| = 0 (a) |A| = |A
i
0 and
| = 0 (for determinant method)
(b) |A| = 0, (adj A) B = 0 (for matrix method) NOTE : A homogeneous system of equations is never inconsistent.
det A
det A
, where A
i th
is the matrix obtained column with B.
from A by replacing i
Inconsistent (with no solution) if |A| = 0 and at least one of the det (A ) is non zero.
i
Consistent (With infinite many solution), if |A| = 0 and all det (A (ii) Matrix method : The non homogeneous system Ax = B, B n equations in n variables is Consistent (with unique solution) if |A| 1 if A is non singular, x = A B. Inconsistent (with no solution), if |A| = 0 and (adj A) B is a non null matrix. Consistent (with infinitely many solutions), if |A| = 0 and (adj A) B is a null matrix. 0 of 0 i.e.
i
) are zero.
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK Properties : .UNCTION 1. Modulus function : (i) log 1 =0
a a
|x| = Properties : (i) |x| (ii) |xy| = |x||y| (iii)

x y
R >0 |S, xx -< , |Txx = 0 00 x ,

x
(ii) log (iii)
a= 1
b
a l og a
=b
b l og b
a 2
if k > 0, k = (iv) log

a
b + log
1
b + ...... + log
|| x || y = |x| + |y| = |x| |y| or = |x| + |y| = |a b| for equality a.b x= a no solution x < a or x > a a =x =a No solution. x R = 0.
(v) log
.b JI G = log HK c
log b c log a
c
b = log
n
(b b ........b
1 2
b log
(iv) |x + y| (v) |x y| (vi) ||a| |b|| (vii) If a > 0 |x| = a |x| = a |x| > a |x| =a |x| < a |x| > a 2. Logarithmic .unction : (i) log (ii) log
a b
(vi) Base change formulae log b =

a
or log
a
b=
1 log a
b
(vii)
log
am
bn =
n m
log
(viii) log
a
.1 JI G = log HK b .b JI G = log HK c
c
a
b = log
a 1/ a
(ix) log a to be defined a > 0, b > 0, b b=c

a
1 /a
.c JI G HK b
(x)
b=a ,a>1 ,0<a<1
a l og b
= c l og b
(iii) log
b>c b>a
c
3. Greatest Integer function : f(x) = [x], where [.]denotes greatest integer function equal or less than x. i.e., defined as [4.2] = 4, [ 4.2] = 5 Period of [x] = 1
PAGE 107 #
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or b < a (iv) log

a
b > lo g
b > c, if a > 1 or b < c, if 0 < a < 1

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Properties : (i) x 1 < [x]
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 6. Definition : Let A and B be two given sets and if each element a A is associated with a unique element b B under a rule f, then this relation (mapping) is called a function. I = 1, x I [I, I + 1) Graphically - no vertical line should intersect the graph of the function more than once. Here set A is called domain and set of all f images of the elements of A is called range. i.e., Domain = All possible values of x for which f(x) exists. 8 ) Range = .or all values of x, all possible values of f(x). Table : Domain and Range of some standard functions .unctions Domain Range Polynomial function R R Identity function x R R Constant function K R (K) Reciprocal function I I x3 , x|x| R R Signum function , xR , x =
+ -
=x (ii) [x + I] = [x] + I [x + y] [x] + [y] (iii) [x] + [ x] = 0, x
(iv) [x] = I, where I is an integer x (v) [x] [I, 8 ) = I, x (vi) [x] = I, x (vii) [x] > I, [x] (viii) [x] < I, [x] ( 8 , I + 1] I+1,x [I + 1, = = I 1, x ( 8 , I)
4. .ractional part function : f(x) = {x} = difference between number & its integral part = x [x]. Properties : (i) {x}, x [0, 1) (ii) {x + I} = {x} {x + y} {x} + {y} (iii) {x} + { x} = 0, x = 1, x
1 x
R
0
R
0 +
x2 , |x| (modulus function) R R
{x}
(iv) [{x}] = 0, {{x}} = {x}, {[x]} = 0 5. Signum function :
||x x
f(x) = sgn (x) =
R ||- 1 S |00 |T 1
|| x ,x x = 0, x = 0
R {-1, 0, 1}
+
x +|x| R R x -|x| R R [x] (greatest integer function) R 1 x - {x} R [0, 1]
{x} {x}
, xR
or f(x) =
x ax (exponential function) R R log x (logarithmic function) R
[0,
8 )[0,
+
8] R
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Trigonometric Domain Range .unctions sin x R [-1, 1] cos x R [-1, 1] tan x Rcot x R- {0,
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 7. Kinds of functions : (i) One-one (injection) function - f : A f(a) = f(b) or a b f(a) f(b), a, b A a=b B is one-one if
Rpp 3 SU T2 , ,... 2 Rpp 3 SU T2 , ,... 2
V W V W
Graphically-no horizontal line intersects with the graph of the function more than once. (ii) Onto function (surjection) - f : A R (f) = B i.e. if to each y B A s.t. x y x B is onto if A s.t. f(x) = y
p , 2 p ,...} R
sec x R cos ec x R- {0,
R - (-1,1)
(iii) Many one function : f : A if there exist x, y but f(x) = f(y)
B is a many one function
p , 2 p } R - (-1,1)
Graphically - atleast one horizontal line intersects with the graph of the function more than once. (iv) Into function : f is said to be into function if R(f) < B (v) One-one-onto function (Bijective) - A function which is both one-one and onto is called bijective function. 8. Inverse function : f f1 : B 9. Transformation of curves : (i) Replacing x by (x a) entire graph will be shifted parallel to x-axis with |a| units. If a is +ve it moves towards right. a is ve it moves toward left. Similarly if y is replace by (y a), the graph will be shifted parallel to y-axis, upward if a is +ve downward if a is ve. exists iff f is one-one & onto both A, f
1
Inverse Domain Range Trigo .unctions sin x (-1, 1]
-1
cos - 1 x [-1,1] [0, tan - 1 x R cot - 1 x R (0, sec - 1 x R -(-1,1) [0,
Lpp M, P N Q 22 O
p]
.- ppI J G, K H 22
p)
(b) = a
f(a) = b
cosec
-1
x R - (-1,1)
R p SV TW 2 Lpp U M , OP{0} N Q 22
p ]PAGE 111 #
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (ii) Replacing x by x, take reflection of entire curve is y(g) Zero function i.e. f(x) = 0 is the only function which axis. is even and odd both. Similarly if y is replaced by y then take reflection of entire curve in x-axis. (iii) Replacing x by |x|, remove the portion of the curve corresponding to ve x (on left hand side of y-axis) and take reflection of right hand side on LHS. (iv) Replace f(x) by |f(x)|, if on L.H.S. y is present and mode is taken on R.H.S. then portion of the curve below x-axis will be reflected above x-axis. (v) Replace x by ax (a > 0), then divide all the value on xaxis by a. Similarly if y is replaced by ay (a > 0) then divide all the values of y-axis by a. (h) If f(x) is odd (even) function then f'(x) is even (odd) function provided f(x) is differentiable on R. (i) A given function can be expressed as sum of even & odd function. i.e. f(x) =
1 2
[f(x) + f( x)] +
1 2
[f(x)
f( x)]
= even function + odd function. 12. Increasing function : A function f(x) is an increasing function in the domain D if the value of the function does not decrease by increasing the value of x. 13. Decreasing function : A function f(x) is a decreasing function in the domain D if the value of function does not increase by increasing the value of x. 14. Periodic function: .unction f(x) will be periodic if a +ve real number T exist such that f(x + T) = f(x), x Domain. There may be infinitely many such T which satisfy the above equality. Such a least +ve no. T is called period of f(x). (i) If a function f(x) has period T, then Period of f(xn + a) = T/n and Period of (x/n + a) = nT (ii) If the period of f(x) is T & g(x) has T 1 of f(x) g(x) will be L.C.M. of T satisfies definition of periodic function. then the period 2 & T provided it
2
10. Even and odd function : A function is said to be (i) Even function if f( x) = f(x) and (ii) Odd function if f( x) = f(x).
11. Properties of even & odd function : (a) The graph of an even function is always symmetric about y-axis. (b) The graph of an odd function is always symmetric about origin. (c) Product of two even or odd function is an even function. (d) Sum & difference of two even (odd) function is an even (odd) function. (e) Product of an even or odd function is an odd function. (f) Sum of even and odd function is neither even nor odd function.
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK .unction Period sin x, cos x 2 sec x, cosec x tan x, cot x sin (x/3) 6 tan 4x cos 2 p x1 |cos x| sin 4 x + cos 2 cos
4
15. Composite function : If f : X p Y and g : Y x fog X Z are two function, then the Z will be defined as composite function of f and g, gof : X gof(x) = g(f(x)), p p p /4 In general gof
If both f and g are bijective function, then so is gof.
.x - I J GpK H3
3
p /2 6p p /3 p 2p
sin3 x + cos sin 3 x + cos

sin x sin 5 x
4
x2 x2
tan 2 x x [x] 1
cot
[x] 1
NON PERIODIC .UNCTIONS : x , x2 , x 3 , 5 cos x

2
x + sin x x cos x cos x

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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 5. Limit of the greatest integer function : LIMI Let c be any real number 1. Limit of a function :
li xm a
f(x) = l (finite quantity)
Case I : If c is not an integer, then Case II: If c is an integer, then

li m
xc
li m
[x] = [c]
li m
2. Existence of limit :
li xa m
f(x) exists iff
li xm a
f(x) =
li xm a
f(x) = l and 6. Methods of evaluation of limits : (i) .actorisation method : If
xc
[x] = c 1,
xc
[x] = c
xc
lim [x] = does not exist
3. Indeterminate forms :
0 0
8 8
, 8
8 , 8 0,
8 0 , 08 , 1 8
lim
xa
fx ) ( is of g(x)
0 0 0 0
form
4. Theorems on limits : (i) (ii) (iii)

xa
then factorize num. & devo. separately and cancel the

xa
li m
(k f(x)) = k
li m
f(x), k is a constant. lim f(x) Lim g(x)

xa
common factor which is participating in making
form.
xa
lim (f(x) g(x)) = lim f(x).g(x) =
xa
xa
xa
lim f(x). Lim g(x)

xa
(ii) Rationalization method : If we have fractional powers on the expression in num, deno or in both, we rationalize the factor and simplify. (iii) When x : Divide num. & deno. by the highest power 8 of x present in the expression and then after removing 0 (iv) the indeterminate form, replace lim
xa nn xa -
(iv)
li xa m
fx ) ( g(x)
lim (fx ) =
xa
lim (g) x
xa
, provided
li xa m
g(x)
1 1 , 2 ,.. by 0. x x
(v)
xa
lim f(g(x)) = f
. lim g H Ix K , provided value of ()

xa
xa -
= na
n 1
(v) By using standard results (limits) : (a) (b) (c) (d) lim
x 0
g(x) function f(x) is continuous. (vi)

li xa m
sinx x
[f(x) + k] =
li xa m
f(x) + k
=1= =1=
lim
x 0
x sin x
(vii)
xa
lim log(f(x)) = log
. I K H fx lim
xa
li m
tanx x
li m
x tan x
()
(viii)
li xa m
(f(x))
g( x)
L (fx P M) Q lim N O
xa
lim sinx = 0
0
l im (gx )
xa
li m
cosx =
li m
1
0
cos x
= 1
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(e)
(f)
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (vi) By 0 p substitution :x lim sinx (a) If a, then we can substitute = x 0 180 x x=a+t t=x a If x a, t 0. -1 x x lim sin lim = 1= (b) When x - 1 8 substitute x = t x 0 x 0
x sin x
t 1 x t 0
+
(g)
lim
x 0
tan
- 1
x ax - 1 x
=1=
lim
x 0
x tan
-1
8 substitute = (vii) By using some expansion : ex = 1 + x + ex = 1 x + log(1 + x) = x

x2 2! x2 2! x2 2 x2 2
(c) When x
(h)
lim
x 0
= log
x3 3! x3 3!
+ ..... + .....
x3 3 x3 3
(i)
lim
x 0
ex - 1 x
=1
(j)
lim
x 0
log( ) + x 1 =1 x
log 1 + x a () x (11+- x ) x sinx x
n
...... .....
2 e
(k)
lim
x 0
1 loga
log(1 x) = x ex ln a = a x = 1 + xl og
(l)
lim
x 0
=n lim
x 8
a+ )
( xa log
2!
+ )
( xa log
3 e
3!
+ ......
(m)
lim
x 8
cos x x
sinx = x =0 cosx = 1
x3 3! x2 2! x3 3
+ + +
x5 5!
.......
x4 4! 2
...... x 5 + .....
sin 1
(n)
lim
x 8
1 x
= 1
tanx = x +
15
(o)
li m
(1 + x)
1/x
= e=
(p)
lim (1 + ax)
0
1/x
=e
. IJ G K li 11 + Hx m . aI J G 1+ = lim H K x
x x8 x x 8
nn ) - 1 ( x2 + ..... 2! 7. Sandwich Theorem : In the neighbour hood of x = a f(x) < g(x) < h(x) (1 + x)
n
=1+nx+
xa
lim f(x) =
xa
lim h(x) = l, then g(x) < l.
xa
lim g(x) = l.
l < li
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xa
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DI..ERENTIATIO N
2. .UNDAMENTAL RULES .OR DI..ERENTIATION : (i) d f(x) = 0 if and only if f(x) = constant dx d dx
d dx
1. SOME STANDARD DI..ERENTIATION :

.unction Derivative Derivative A cons. (k) 0 x lo g ax x 1 xalo g
e
.unction
n
nx n 1 x ex
(ii)
ch) cf (x ch(x) fx )g (
=c
d dx
f(x), where c is a constant.
lo g ae
(iii)
d dx
f(x)
d dx
g(x)
ax lo g sin x cos x cos x sin x
(iv)
2
d (uv) = u dx
dv +v dx
du , where u & v are functions dx
2 x cot x cosec tan x sec cosec x cosec x cot x sec x sec x tan x
of x. (Product rule) or
d dx
(uvw) = vw
du dx
+ uw
dv dx
+ uv
dw dx
sin 1 x
1 1 - x2
, 1<x<1 cos
1 - x2
, 1<x<1
(v) If
sec 1 x
1 || xx 1 2
d f(x) = dx =a f (ax + b)
f (x), then
d f (ax + b) dx
,|x|>1
cosec
x
|| xx
1 1 2
, 1|x|>|
tan
1 1 + x2
, x
R cot
1 1 + x2
,x
(vi)
d dx
.u JI G= HK v
v du dx u dv dx v2
(quotient rule)
[x] 0, x
I |x|
x || x
,x
(vii) If y = f(u), u = g(x) [chain rule or differential coefficient of a function of a function] then
dy dx
dy du
du dx
NOTE :
d dx
[x] does not exist at any integral Point.
llly If y = f(u), u = g(v), v = h(x), then
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dy = dx i.e if y = u
dy du
dy
n
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (xii) Differentiation of implicit function : If f (x, du dv differentiate w.r.t. x and collect the terms containing dv dx = nu OR
du
n 1
y) = 0,
dy dx
at one side and find
dy dx
dx
dx
[The relation f(x, y) = 0 in which y is not expressible explicitly in terms of x are called implicit functions]
(viii) Differentiation of composite functions Suppose a function is given in form of fog(x) or f[g(x)], then differentiate applying chain rule
(xiii) Differentiation of parametric functions : If x = f(t) i.e.,

d dx
f[g(x)] = f'g(x) . g'(x) -1 u u ||u

2
and y = g(t), where t is a parameter, then dy dt = dx dt
(ix)
d dx
.1 JI G= HK u
du dx
, u
dy = dx
g '( ) t ft'( )
(x)
d |u| = dx
du ,u dx
0 (xiv) Differentiation of a function is in the We first take log on of y w.r.t. z is dy = dz dy dx / dz dx / fx ) '( g'( ) x w.r.t. another function : Let y = f(x) and z = g(x), then differentiation
(xi) Logarithmic Differentiation : If a function form (f(x))

g (x )
fxf ) ( ).... ( 12 or g x ( )x( ).... x g

12
both sides and then differentiate. (a) log

e
(mn) = log
e
m + log
e
n n
(b) log
e
m = logm n (m) n = nlog xm =

m n
e
log
e
(xv) Differentiation of inverse Trigonometric functions using Trigonometrical Transformation : To solve

n
(c) log (e) log
m (d) log
m log =x
n = 1
the problems involving inverse trigonometric functions first try for a suitable substitution to simplify it and differentiate. If no such substitution is found then then differentiate directly by using trigonometrical formula frequently.
an
log
x(f)a
lo ga x
(g) log
e = 1 (h) log
m=
log m
e
log e n
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 3. Important Trigonometrical .ormula :
2 tan x 1 + tan
2
(xvi) sin
x
sin (x) = x, for
p 2 =x
p 2
=x
= = p
p 2
(i) sin2x = 2sinx. cosx =
cos 1 (cos x) = x, for 0 x
(ii) cos2x =
1 - tan 1 + tan
2 2
x x
= 2 cos
x 1 = 1 2 sin
tan
(tan x) = x, for
1
<x< ( x) = tan
p 2
1
(viii) tan2x = (iii) sin3x = 3sinx (vi) cos3x = 4cos
2 tan x 1 - tan 4sin

3
(xvii) s in 1 ( x) = sin x
3
x, tan
1
x,
cos 1 ( x) = x
1 (xviii) s i n
p cos
3cosx
3 2
.1 JI G = cosec HK x .1 JI G = cot HK x .1 JI G = cos HK x

1
x, cos
.1 JI G = sec HK x .1 JI G = tan HK x
1
x,
(ix) tan3x = (x) sin (xi) sec (xii) tan
3 tan xxtan 13- tan
x p /2
tan
x, cot
x,
x + cos
x =
1
x + cosec x + cot
1
x =
p /2
sec
x, cosec
.1 JI G = sin HK x
p 2
x =
p /2
(xiii) tan
x tan
y = tan
.x yI J G K H xy 1m . x y yI x H11 22
(xix) s in
(cos
) = sin
. .p I J GI - K sin H H G J= K 2
(xiv) sin
x sin
y = sin
K
cos 1 (sin
22
(xv) cos
x cos
y = cos
. Hxm 11 xy I y
) = cos
. .p I J G IG- K cos H H J= K 2 . .p G IG- I JJ tan H H K K = 2
p 2
K
tan
1
(cot
) = tan
p 2
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4. Some Useful Substitutions : Part A
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK Part B Expression Substitution a2 + x 2 3sin 4cos 3 4sin 3cos
3
Expression Substitution .ormula Result 3x 4x

3
x = a tan
axax+
or x = a cot
x = sin
sin3 cos3
ax+ ax-
or
x = a tan
4x 3 3x x = cos
a2 x
3 xx133
x = a sin
or x = a cos
x2
x = tan
3 tan tan 13-
tan
2
tan3
ax+ ax-
or
axax+
x = a cos
2x 1+x
2
x = tan
2 tan 1 + tan 2
sin2
x2 a
22 ax +
x = a sec
22 ax 22 ax +
or x=acosec
2x 1 - x2 1 2x
2
x = tan
2 tan 1 - tan 1 2sin

2
tan2
22 ax -
or
x2 = a
cos
x = sin
cos2 5. Successive differentiations or higher order derivatives : cos 2

dy dx
2x 2 1 x = cos 1 x
2
2cos 2 x = sin x = cos 1 1 sec 2 x = cosec cosec

2
1 cos2
2
sin cos
(a) If y = f(x) then tive of y w.r.t. x

d 2y d dx
= f'(x) is called the first deriva-
sin 2
2
x2 1 x = sec
1 tan 1 cot
2
dx
.dy J GK H I= dx
d dx
ch fx ) '(
1 + x
x = tan x = cot
1 + tan 1 + cot
sec
is called the second derivative of y w.r.t. x

2
cosec
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK d3y dx 3 d2 dx 2
llly
ch fx ) '(
etc......
(f) If y = sin (ax + b), then y
=a
sin
. I G ++ ax Hb n . I G ++ ax Hb n
p 2
J K J K
Thus, This process can be continued and we can obtain derivatives of higher order Note : To obtain higher order derivative of parametric functions we use chain rule i.e. if x = 2t, y = t dy =t dx
2
If y = cos (ax + b), then y

n
= a
cos
p 2
6.n
th
Derivatives of Some .unctions :

dn dx
n
(i)
ej = n! x
n
d 2y dx 2
d dx
.dy I GJ HK = dx
m
(ii)
d dx
dn dx
n
chx sin
= sin
(t) = 1.
dt dx
1 t
. Ip J G K x n+ H 2
(b) If y = (ax + b)
n
I, then
m n
(iii) .a n (iv)
dn dx
n
(cos x) = cos
. Ip J G K x n+ H 2
em x
y = m(m 1) (m 2) ..... (m n+1) (ax + b) (c) If m y

m
I, then = m! a
m
dn dx
n
(e m x ) = m
and y
m+1
= 0 (-1 n n )! ( ax b ) +
n +1
(d) If y =
1 ax b+
, then y
n
an
(v)
dn dx
n
(log x) = ( 1)
n 1
(n 1)! x
NOTE : If u = g(x) is such that g'(x) = K (constant) (e) If y = log (ax + b), then y
n
( 1 )! )( n 1 ( ax b+ )
n -1
an then
dn dx n
ch g(x)
=K
L d MOP M () P Nfu Q du
n n
ugx ( = )
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 7. Differentiation of Infinite Series : method is illustrated with the help of example if y =
xx
x 8
9. Differentiation of Determinant : R 1 R 2 = |C R
3
then function becomes y = x
now taking log
on both sides i.e logy = y log x, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x 1 y dy =y dx 1 + logx x dy dx
C
1 2
C
3
we get
' =
R' 1 R + 2 R
3
R 1 R' + 2 R
3
R 1 R 2 R' C'
dy dx
.1 I J G- log K H yx
=
y x
y2 x (y log 1 x)
= |C'
| + |C
| + |C
C'
8. L-hospital rule : if as x
li m fx ) ( g (x)
a f(x) & g(x) either both =

li m fx '( g )x ' ()
0 or both
8,
then
xa
xa
(a) it can be applied only on 0/0 or
8 / 8 form
(b) Numerator & denominator are differentiated separately not

u v
formulae. 8, then
(c) If R.H.S. exist or d'not exist because value L.H rule can be applied. But if value fluctuate on R.H.S. then L.H. rule can't be applied. If it is applied continuously then at each step 0/0 or 8 / 8 should be checked.
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APPLICATION DERIVATIVES
TANGENT AND NORMAL :
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 7. Length of intercepts made on axes by the tangent : O.
1. Geometrically f'(a) represents the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (a, f(a)) 2. If the tangent makes an angle then (say) with +ve x direction
x intercept = x
R | | y S | .dy I |G J H Tdx K
1 (,) xy
11
U | | V | | W
f'(x) =
.dy I GJ HK dx
( x)y , 11
= tan
= slope of the tangent. =0
y intercept = y
1
x
1
.dy J GK HI dx
( xy ,)
11
3. If the tangent is parallel to x-axis,
.dy J GK HI dx
( x)y1 ,1
8. Length of perpendicular from origin to the tangent : = 0. y xdy

11
4. If the tangent is perpendicular to x-axis,
p 2
.dy J GK HI dx
( ,x)11 y
.dy J 1 + G I HK dx
2 (,)1 1 xy
. J GK HI dx
( ,)11 xy
8 1 Slopeof the gent tan
5. If the tangent line makes equal angle with the axes, then
.dy J GK HI dx
( x)y , 11
1 1
9. Slope of the normal =
= 1. = 10. If normal makes an angle of (x x

1
6. Equation of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at a point (x , y ) is
.dx I GJ HK dy
(,xy )
11
.dy J GK HI dx
( ,x 11 )y
f with +ve direction of x-axis, f.
then
dy dx
cot
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 17. Angle of intersection of the two curves : dy 11. If the normal is parallel to x-axis = 0. dx
. J GK HI
( x)y1 ,1
12. If the normal is perpendicular to x-axis 13. If normal is equally inclined from both the axes or cuts equal intercept then
.dy J GK HI dx
( x)y1 ,1
= 0.
tan =
.dy I .dy I G J- G J HKHK dx dx .dy J G J where . 1 - G KH K H I dy I

12
.dy I G Jis the slope of first HK dx

1
dx
12
dx
.dy I G J= 1. HK dx
curve &
.dy J G K second. If both curves intersect orthogoH I of dx

2
14. The equation of the normal to the curve y = f(x) at a point (x , y ) is

1 1
nally then
.dy I .dy I G J G J= H KH K dx dx
1 2
.dy J GK HI dx
( , )y1 x1
(x
) 18. Length of tangent, normal, subtangent & subnormal :
15. Length of intercept made on axes by the normal : x intercept = x +y
.dy I GJ HK dx
(,x 11 )y
y dy + 1 Length of tangent =
. I GJ HK dx
2
dy dx
y intercept = y
1
+x
1
.dx I GJ HK dy
(,xy1 ) 1
Length of normal = y 16. Length of perpendicular from origin to normal :
1 +
.dy I GJ HK dx
2
x y+ dy
11
. J GK HI dx .dy I GJ 1 + H K dx
(,) 11 xy 2
Length of sub-tangent =
y dy dx / dy dx
Length of sub-normal = y
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MONOTONICITY, MAXIMA & MINIMA : (ii) Sufficient condition : 1. A function is said to be monotonic function in a domain if it is (a) The value of the function f(x) at x = a is either monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing in that maximum if f'(a) = 0 and f"(a) < 0. domain (b) The value of the function f(x) at x = a is minimum if f'(a) = 0 and f"(a) > 0. 2. At a point function f(x) is monotonic increasing if f'(a) > 0 At a point function f(x) is monotonic decreasing if f'(a) < 0 3. In an interval [a, b], a function f(x) is Monotonic increasing if f'(x) Monotonic decreasing if f'(x) constant if f'(x) = 0 Strictly increasing if f'(x) > 0 Strictly decreasing if f'(x) < 0 4. Maximum & Minimum Points : Maxima : A function f(x) is said to be maximum at x = a, if there exists a very small +ve number h, such that f(x) < f(a), x (a h, a + h), x a. Minima : A function f(x) is said to be minimum at x = b, if there exists a very small +ve number h, such that f(x) > f(b), Remark : (a) The maximum & minimum points are also known as extreme points. (b) A function may have more than one maximum & minimum points. 5. Conditions for Maxima & Minima of a function : (i) Necessary condition : A point x = a is an extreme point of a function f(x) if f'(a) = 0, provided f'(a) exists. x (b h, b + h), x b. x =0 =0 (a, b) 6. Working rule for finding local maxima & Local Minima : (i) .ind the differential coefficient of f(x) w.r.to x, i.e. f'(x) and equate it to zero. (ii) Solve the equation f'(x) = 0 and let its real roots (critical points) be a, b, c ...... (iii) Now differentiate f'(x) w.r.to x and substitute the critical points in it and get the sign of f"(x) for each critical (iv) If point. < 0, then the value of f(x) is maximum at f"(a) x = 0 and if f"(a) > 0, then the value of f(x) is minimum at x = a. Similarly by getting the sign of f"(x) for other critical points (b, c, ......) we can find the points of maxima and minima. 7. Absolute (Greatest and Least) values of a function in a given interval : (i) A minimum value of a function f(x) in an interval [a, b] is not necessarily its greatest value in that interval. Similarly a minimum value may not be the least value of the function. (ii) If a function f(x) is defined in an interval [a, b], then greatest or least values of this function occurs either at x = a or x = b or at those values of x for which f'(x) = 0. Thus greatest value of f(x) in interval [a, b] = max [f(a), f(b), f(c), f(d)] Least value of f(x) in interval [a, b] = min. [f(a), f(b), f(c), f(d)] Where x = c, x = d are those points for which f'(x) = 0.
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8. Some Geometrical Results : In Usual Notations Results Area of equilateral and its perimeter 3 (side) Area of square (side) Perimeter 4(side) Area of rectangle l b Perimeter 2(l b) Area of trapezium
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK ROLLE'S THEOREM & LAGRANGES THEOREM: 1. Rolle's Theorem : If f(x) is such that (a) It is continuous on [a, b] 3 (side) 4
2
(b) It is differentiable on (a, b) and (c) f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one point c (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0. 2. Mean value theorem [Lagrange's theorem] : (i) If f(x) is such that (a) It is continuous on [a, b] (b) It is differentiable on (a, b), then there exists at least one c (a, b) such that
1 2
(sum of parallel sides)
fb )( fa ) ( ba-
= f'(c)
(distance between them) Area of circle Perimeter 2 Volume of sphere Surface area of sphere Volume of cone Surface area of cone Volume of cylinder Curved surface area 2 Total surface area 2 Volume of cuboid l b h Surface area of cuboid 2(lb + bh + hl) Area of four walls 2(l b) h Volume of cube l Surface area of cube 6l Area of four walls of cube 4l
3 2
p r2 pr
4 3
(ii) If for c in lagrange's theorem (a < c < b) we can say that c = a + h where 0 < < 1 and h = b the theorem can be written as f(a + h) = f(a) + h f'(a + h), 0 <
< 1, h = b a
pr
4pr2
1 3
pr2 h
prl pr2 h prh p r(h + r)
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1. (i) If
d dx
INDE.INITE INTEGRATION
.(x) = f(x), then
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK .unction Integration
Here
z m
fxdx
z ch
zx cos
= .(x) + c
integrand, c is any real no. (integrating constant) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) d dx fxdx fxdx '
( fx g xdx )
zch
ch
kfxdx
z z ch zch
r ch = f(x)
dx is the notation of integration, f(x) is the
= f(x) + c, c =k
f(x) dx
fx dx g xdx
z z ch
ch
1
2. .UNDAMENTAL .ORMULAE : .unction Integration
z z z z z z z z z z z
sec
dx sin x + c x dx tan x + c dx cot x + c sec x + c dx cosec x + c
cosec x 2 sec tan xxdx cos cot x x ec
tan x dx log|cos x| + c = log|sec x| + c
cotx dx log|sin x| + c = log|cosec x| + c sec x dx log|sec x + tan x|+c = log tan
.p Ix J G+ K H +c 42
x 2
cosec x dx
dx log|cosec x
cot x|+c = log tan
+c
n xdx
n +1
z ch z z z z
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n +1
n
+ c, n
n +1
1 - x2 dx
sin 1
x + c = cos
x a
x + c x + c a x + c
x
ax + b
dx
1 a
ch ax b+
n+1
+ c, n
22 ax -
sin 1
+ c = cos
1 z dx log|x| + c x
dx
1 + x2
tan 1 x + c = cot
1 a x a
ax b+
dx
1 a
x
dx
(log|ax + b|) + c +c
x
ax +
22
e x dx e a x dx sin x dx cos x + c
a +c log a
e
||xx
z z
tan 1
+c=
-1
cot 1 a + c a
1
dx
2
- 1
sec 1 x + c = cosec
1 x a -1 a
x + c
x
1
dx
22
||xx a
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sec 1
+c=
cosec
+ c
PAGE 142
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK SOME RECOMMENDED SUBSTITUTION : 3. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION : By suitable substitution, the variable x in fxdx
z ch
is changed
.unction Substitution
22 ax -
into another variable t so that the integrand f(x) is changed into .(t) which is some standard integral. Some following suggestions will prove useful. .unction Integration fax b dx + Substitution
1
2 ax2 -
, a2x
x = a sin
or a cos
1
22 xa +
22 xa +
, x2 + a
x = a tan
or x = a sinh
fx f xdx '
fxff xdx
z ch z ch ch zch dich zch ch

fx ' fx dx
1
22 xa -
2 xa2 -
, x2 a
x = a sec or x = a cosh
ax + b = t
1 .(ax + b) + c a
f(x) = t
ch dic fx
2
x ax+ +
xa x
ax+ x
, 1
f (x) = t
ftdt
z ch
n +1
ch +
,
. xa x + axx ,
ch
, 1
x = a tan
x axxa x
f(x) = t log|f(x)| + c
ch ,
xa x xax
ch
, 1
x = a sin
z dich ch
fx f xdx'
n
f(x) = t
ch fx ) (
x xa+ c, n 1 xx a -
n+1
zch ch
fx ' fx
ch
,
xa x ax+ ax-
ch
x = a sec
dx f(x) = t 2[f(x)]
1/ 2
+c
axax+
x - a - x
x = a cos 2
chc xxa h
,( >
a )x =
a cos
sin
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK IMPORTANT RESULTS USING STANDARD SUBSTITUTIONS : INTEGRATION O. .UNCTIONS USING ABOVE STANDARD RESULTS : .unction Integration .unction Method xa1 1 log +c 1 2 xa+ 2 + bx + c = xa2 or Express : ax 2a ax 2 ++dx bx c
z
z z z
=
1 1 2a
-1 a
coth ax+ ax-
x
1
+ c when x > a
z z z z
2
dx or
2 ax2 -
dx
log
1 a
+c x a + c, when x < a
2 ax bx++ c
L . M+ I K 4 ac b G ax M O J + b H N 2a 4a
22
P P Q
( ax 2 ++ ) bx c px q+
= dx
tanh
dx then use appropriate formula
2 xa2 -
log{|x +
22 xa -
|} + c
ax bx++dx c px q+
or Express : px + q
= cosh
.x JI G+c HK a
22 xa +
dx
dx
z
|} + c
2 ax bx++ c
or =
d dx
(ax 2 + bx + c) +
2 xa2 +
log{|x +
(px( q ax bx c 2 ) +++ )
dx evaluate
&
by equat
= sinh
.x JI G+ c HK a
+
1 2 1 2
ing coefficient of x and constant, the integral reduces to known form
z z z
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ax 22
dx
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 x ax2 -
a2 sin 1
.x JI G+c HK a
2 xa 2 -
z
2
Px ) (
ax bx++ c dx
, Apply division rule and express it Rx
ch
22 xa -
dx
2 x xa 2 -
a2 log {|x +
|} + c
where P(x) is a in form Q(x) + polynomial of degree The integral reduces to known
ax 2 ++ bx c
22 xa +
dx
2 x xa 2 +
1 2
a2 log {|x +
22 xa +
|} + c
2 or more form
PAGE 145
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PAGE 146
axb xcdx ++ sin 2 2 cos
or
dx axb xcdx sin cos ++
z z ch z
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 1 Divide numerator & denominator by cos
1
2
2
x2
x,
4 24 xkx ++ a
dx
Divide numerator & denominator by 2 and then add & sub. a Thus the form reduces as above. Divide num & deno. by 2a
2 2
dx
axb cos + sin x
then put tanx = t & solve. 22 /x tan 12+ tan /2 x
z
422
dx
xkxa + + ,
and
Replace sin x =
2 . Thus the form then add & sub x reduces to the known form.
cos x =
12- tan /2 x 12+ tan /2 x x/2 = sec x/2 4. INTEGRATION BY PARTS : when integrand involves more than one type of functions the formula of integration by parts is used to integrate the product of the functions i.e. udx .
then put tan x/2 = t and
replace 1 + tan Express : num. =

d dx
axb cos+ sin x sin cos+ cxd xdx
(deno.) + (i) & . Thus or
= u.
(deno.) Evaluate
z
z
integral reduces to known form. Express : Num. = (deno.) +
z chc
h
L z z .Hz K M I P N Q
dx
du
dx dx
dx
12t fun nd . dx s .. fun
axb xc ++ sin cos p x q xrdx sin cos ++
d (deno.) + Evaluate , , . dx Thus integral reduces to known form.

22 xa
= (1st fun)
2nd fu n . dx
L z.G I M H N
d
12 .. dx st fun nd fun dx dx
z Jej K
P Q
4 24 xkx ++ a
dx
Divide numerator & denominator
(ii) Rule to choose the first function : first fun. should be choosen in the following order of preference (ILATE). [The fun. on the left is normally chosen as first function] I A T E Inverse trigonometric function Algebraic function Trigonometric function Exponential function
PAGE 148 #
by x 2 and put
. G I J= t, the xa H xK
2
L Logarithmic function
integral becomes one of standard forms.

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(iii) (a)
x efx fx dx+ '
(b)
mx emfxfxdx
(c)
mx efxfx
(iv)
z ch
ax ebxdx sin
z ch z chch ch z Lch M M N
ch
+
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 5. INTEGRATION O. RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC .UNCTIONS = e x f(x) + c USING PARTIAL .RACTION : =e f(x) + c Every Rational fun. may be represented in the form where P(x), Q(x) are polynomials. If degree of numerator is less than that of denominator, the rational fun. is said to be proper other wise it is improper. If deg (num.) =deg(deno.) apply division rule i.e.
+ '
mx
P x Qx
ch , ch
'
O P= Q m dx P
efm x x m
ch
+ c.
ch NOTE : Breaking (iii) & (iv) integral into two integrals.

Integrate one integral by parts and keeping other integral as it is by doing so we get the result (integral).
xf 'x f x + dx
ch = ch q(x) + gx
fx
ch , chfor integrating gx
rx
ch , chresolve the gx
rx
= x f(x) + c.
fraction into partial factors. The following table illustrate the method. Types of proper Types of partial rational functions fractions px q+ chch xaxb
2 px qxr++
(v)
z
e
ax
and
ax ebxcdx sin
ch+
, a
b
A xa -
A xa -
+
B xb-
B xb-
e ax
2 ab2 +
(a sin bx
b cos bx) + k and
chchc xaxbx c a, b, c are distinct h

1
C xc -
ab +
22
[a sin (bx + c)
b cos(bx + c)] + k
(vi)
ax ebxdx cos
and
ax cos ebxcdx
ch+
, a chc xa xb h px qxr++ che xax bxc -++ xj+ bx + c can

2 2 2
2
2 px qxr ++
A xa A xa -
ch xaxbxc ++
2
C xb-
, where
Bx C+
not be factorised =
eax ab +
22
ch sin abxbb cos

x
+k
ejej ++ x axbx cxd ++

22
2 +++ px 3qxrxs
Ax B + xaxb + +
2
Cx D + xcxd ++
2
and
ch cos sin ababxcbbxc + ++ + ch

ea x
22
+k
1
where x 2 + ax + b, x2 + cx + d can not be factorised

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PAGE # 150
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 6. INTEGRATION O. IRRATIONAL ALGEBRAIC .UNCTIONS : (i) If integrand is a function of x & (ax + b) (ax + b) = t n (ii) If integrand is a function of x, (ax + b) (ax + b)
1/m 1/n
then put and
(viii) To evaluate
dx or
linear dx
quad quad .
quad quad .
1 /n
and if the quadratic not under the square root can be resolved into real linear factors, then resolve 1 quadratic or
then put (ax + b) = t
where p = (L.C.M. of m & n). (iii) To evaluate
z z
z
. linear J G I K partial fractions and H into quadratic
dx
split the integral into two, each of which is of the put linear = t form : put linear = t
linear linear dx
dx
linear quad.
(iv) To evaluate
quad linear . dx
7. INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES : (A) To evaluate trigonometric functions transform the function into standard integrals using trigonometric identities as (i) sin
2
(v) To evaluate
linear quadratic .
put linear = 1/t
or
ch quadratic linear .
2
dx
mx =
12- cos mx 2 12+ cos mx 2 mx 2
or
z ch
(ii) cos
mx =
xdx (iii) sin mx = 2sin dx put
2 linear quadratic .
cos
mx 2
(vi) To evaluate =t
z z
(iv) sin
mx =
pure quad pure quad .
33sin sin mx mx 4 33cos cos + mx mx 4
pure quad
(v) cos (vi) tan (vii) cot
mx =
2 2
dx put x =
pure quad
(vii) To evaluate
1 t
pure quad pure quad .
and
mx = sec 2 mx 1 mx = cosec 2 mx 1 B)
(viii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A (ix) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B) (x) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
then is the resulting integral, put
=u
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(B)
sin mm xxdx cos
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK .
(i) if m is odd put cos x = t (ii) if m is even put sin x = t (iii) if m & n both odd put sin x or cos x as t (iv) if m & n both even use the formula of sin (v) if m & n rational no. & put tan x = t 8. INTEGRATION BY SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION (REDUCTION .ORMULA) : .unction Integration
nax xe dx
2
sec
x & cos 2 x
n cos ec x dx
mn+2
is ve integer
sin cos xdx x
z z z
xdx
n- 2 sec tan xx n -1
n - 2 n - 1
n 2
cos cot x- x ec n 2 n- 1
n m11 -+ cos sin xxnI
n - 2 n - 1
n 2
mn
ch mn+
n +1
+-
ch1
mn,
- 2
sin
m 1
x cos
x + (m
1) I
m 2 ,n
z z z z z z
, n
1 x a
ax
n I a =
where I
nax 1 xedx
z
n 1
NOTE : These formulae are specifically useful when m & n are both even nos.
n 1
n xxdx sin
x n cos x + nx sin n - 1 cos n

n- 1 cos sin xx n
n 1
sin x
n - 1 n n - 1 n
n(n
1) I
n 2
sin n xdx
I
n 2
cos
xdx
n 2
tan
xdx
ch tanx
chx cot
n -1
n- 1
n- 1
n 2
cot n xdx
n- 1
n 2
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DE.INITE INTEGRATION
1. Definite Integration : If fx dx = .(x) + c, then
II.
a
fx dx
z ch z ch z ch
=
b
fx dx
z ch
b
fx dx
a
z ch z ch
III.
a
fx dx
=
a
zch
fx dx
+
c
fx dx
z ch
a
where a < c < b
= .x c +
ch
b a
= .(b) .(a) is called definite integral
This property is mainly used for modulus function, greatest integer function & breakable function
a a
of f(x) w.r.t. x from x = a to x = b Here a is called lower limit and b is called upper limit. Remarks : * To evaluate definite integral of f(x). .irst obtain the indefinite integral of f(x) and then apply the upper and lower limit. * .or integration by parts in definite integral we use following rule.
b
IV.
b
fx dx
=
b
fa b +-dx x
z ch
h
or
0
fx dx
z ch
=
0
fa x -dx
z ch
V.
- a
z ch
fx dx
a 0
=
0
z ch
fx f x+-
c dx
uvdx
a
{}z
uvdx.
b a
. z Iz G H
du .. dx vdx dx
J K
VI.
Rz |2 fxch ch dx , S isanevenfunction iffx | T 0 , if f ch is x

function
an odd
* When we use method of substitution. We note that while changing the independent variable in a definite integral, the limits of integration must also we changed accordingly. PROPERTIES O. DE.INITE INTEGRAL :
b
2 a
fx dx
0
z ch z ch
R |22 fxchiff a c, h -= S fx dx x || ch T 02 , if f achc x fx h =a 0 T
VII. If f(x) is a p eriodic function with period T, Then
I.
a
fx dx
z ch
=
a
ft dt
z ch
nT
fx dx
0
=n
0
fx dx
z ch
R
and further if a
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, then
PAGE # 156
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a nT +
fx dx
nT
z ch z ch
=
0
fx dx
z ch z ch z ch

nT
,
mT
fxdx
z ch
= (n
m)
0
fxdx
z ch
(ii) If the function f (x) and and differentiable at a point x is continuous, then,
(x) are defined on [a, b] (a, b), and f(x, t)
b nT +
fx dx
+ anT
=
a
fxdx
(x)) VIII. If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function f(x) on an interval [a, b], then 3. Reduction .ormulae : < M(b a) (i)
a p /2 b
L M( , ) M dx fx t N dt Rf ( ) V dx S W Tdx f(x, U
d
()x f ()x p /2 n
O P = P Q
f (x)).
(x )
fxt,dt ( )
f (x )
R () V dx S W Tdx f(x, U
m(b
a) <
a
fx dx
cos
IX.
a
fx dx
z ch
<
a
| fx dx |
z ch
b
xdx =
0
sin n xdx
z z
X. If f(x) < g(x) on [a, b], then

a
fx dx g xdx =
zz ch
ch
=
b
R 13 n | n . ..... . , 2 S n n if n2is odd3 1 |n 13. ......-. , 1 p | n n if- n2is even22 T n

p /2
(ii) .or integration

0
sin mn xxdx cos
follow the following
2. Differentiation Under Integral Sign : Leibnitz's Rule : (i) If f(x) is continuous and u(x), v(x) are differentiable
vx ) (
steps
functions in the interval [a, b], then,
d () dx ft dt
ux ) (
(a) If m is odd put cos x = t (b) If n is odd put sin x = t = (c) If m and n are even use sin or cos
p /2
2
x = 1 cos
f{v(x)}
d {v(x)} f{u(x)} dx
d {u(x)}. dx
sin n xdx or
0 0
x = 1
sin
p /2
cos
z
2
x and then use
xdx
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PAGE # 158
(iii)
0
- ax ebx cos
z z z
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK dx = a

22 ab + b
4. Summation of series by Definite integral or limit as a sum :
(i) = b
22 ab + a
fx dx
z ch
lim h[f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) +.....

0
(iv)
0
- ax sin ebxdx
+f(a + (n 1)h] where nh = b a.

1
(v)
0
- ax exdxn
n! an + 1 (ii)
li nm 8
p/2
(vi)
0
sin nm xxdx cos [i.e. exp. the given series in the form
1 n nfr
r =1
. JI G= HK n
fx dx
0
z ch
1 nfr n
. JI G HK
L - 13 m m 2 1 M . ..... mn 3 1 M+ ; mn +-n+if+m 2i s o d d a nd n m a y b e e v en o r o d d M- 13 mn m 1 n 13 n 2 M . ... . . . . . M+ .. mn +- + 2 2 mn n n if mis enen and n is odd - 2 3 ; n M- 1 3 m m 1 n 13 n 1 p M . .. .. . . ... . N+ . ;m n+n- + 2 2 mn n n if m i s e v22 a n d n i s e ve n - 2 en
O P P P P P P P Q
replace
r n
1
by x and
1 n
by dx and the limit of the
sum is
0
fx dx
z ch
These formulae can be expressed as a single formula :

p/2
sin mn xxdx cos

0
5. Key Results :
p /2
* = [( mmnn [( ) ( ) .....] ) ( )....] 13 -13 (mnmn ) ( -+) ....

p 2
0
logsin xdx =
p /2
logcos xdx =
0
-p log 22
2
p /2
to be multiplied by integers.
when m and n are both even
*
0
ch zchch
fx sin fxf x cos + sin
p /2
dx =
0
ch zchch
fx cos fxf x cos + sin
dx
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PAGE 160

p /2
=
0
ch zchch
fx tan fxfxdx + tan cot
p /2
=
0
zchc ch
fx sec fxfecxdx + sec cos
*
0
zchcch
sin sin nx dx mx
p/2
*
0
fec cos x fecxf sec cos x
p /2
dx=
ch zchch
fxcot fxfxdx + tan cot
ej + ax
2 23
xdx
/2
1
dx =
2 a2
= p/4.
*
0
2 2 xa2xdx -
z z
2
p /2
=
0
cos .mx nx dx cos
pa 4 16
*
0
x ax axdx +
22
=a
.p I2 J G- K a > 0 H 3 if 4
R if m ,int are different ve + 0 |S egers n p |T if m n= 2
2 a
*
0
2 ax x-dx2
p a2 2
*
0
z z z z
22 axdx
p 4
a2
* If n
N, then
0
z ej
22 axdx
246. ...... . 2 357. ..... . 2 1
ch n ch n a+
21+ n
* If a < b then 1 dx = p 2 (i)

a b
*
0
22 ax -
z
xabx
dx
=p
*
0
dx = a (ii)
22 ax -
z
a
xa-
axdx +
0
p ba2
ch
a2
*
0
dx =
22 ax -
22 p aa + 6
3 8 (iii)
z chch
xabx
dx =
p 2
ch ba-
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PAGE 162
(iv)
a
z chc
dx xxabx
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK * If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] then there exists a = p ab
2
ab > 0
* If a > 0 then
a
(i)
0
point c
(a, b) s.t
fxdx
a
z ch
= f(c) [b
a]. The no.
ax+
axdx -
a 22
ch p+
f(c) =
1 bafxdx -
z ch
is called the mean value of the
(ii)
0
z
a
fun. f(x) on the interval [a, b]. The above result is called the first mean value theorem for integrals.
2k
axax+
dx =
22
ch p-
*
0
z di
fx
xxdx -
= k, where k
I,
(iii)
0
(iv)
0
z z
ax+
ax-
dx =
10 aa 3
Q x [x] is a periodic function with period 1. * If f(x) is a periodic fun. with period T, then
aT +
ax+ ax-
dx =
.p I J G+ K H a 21
*
p /4
* If a > 0, n
8
(i)
0
z
xe
- r edxx
N, then
p 2a a
log tan + 1
0
z ch z ch
dx is independent of a.
xdx
log 82
- ax
dx =
a>0
(ii)
0
22
p 2r
(r > 0)
(iii)
0
ee ax bx -
x dx
= log
(b/a) (a, b > 0)
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DI..ERENTIAL EQUATIONS
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (B) Variable Separable .orm : Differential equation of the form
dy dx
1. Order of a differential equation : The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in it. 2. Degree of a differential equation : The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative occurring in it when the derivatives are made free from the radical sign. Eg. (i)
dy dx
2 2
= f(x) g(y)
This can be integrated as dy g(y) =
f(x) dx + c
(C) Homogeneous Equations : It is a differential equation of the form , where f(x, y) and g(x, dx y) are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same degree. A function f(x, y) is said to be homogeneous of degree n if it can be written as x
n
dy
fx ,y) ( g(x, y )
dy + 5y = 0 dx
dy dx
2
(ii) y = x
.dy J 1 + G I HK dx
2 2
.y JI G or y HK x
.x JI G. HK y
(iii)
.d y G IJ + .1 + I J + 5y = 0 H dx H K G dy K dx
3 3
Such an equation can be solved by putting y = vx or x = vy. After substituting y = vx or x = vy. The given equation will have variables separable in v and x. (D) Equations Reducible to Homogeneous form and variable separable form * .orm dy dx where a = ax by c ++ Ax By C ++ b ........... (1)
order of (i) 2 (ii) 1 & (iii) 3, degree of (i) 1 (ii) 2 & (iii) 2 3. SOLUTIONS O. DI..ERENTIAL EQUATIONS O. THE .IRST ORDER AND .IRST DEGREE : (A) Differential equation of the form
dy dx dy dx
= f(x) or
A B This is non Homogeneous Put x = X + h and y = Y + k in (1)

dy dx
= f(y)
dY dX
Put ah + bk + c = 0, Ah + Bk + C = 0,
Integrate both sides i.e.
or
dy
f(y)
dy =
find h, k Then
dY dX
fx ) dx (
aX + bY BY AX +
. This is homogeneous.
dx to get solution.
its
PAGE # 165
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Solve it and then put X = x h, Y = y k we shall get the solution.

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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK * .orm dy = dx where
dy dx
ax by c ++ Ax By C ++ b B = k say
..... (1),
* In x :
dx dy
+ Rx = S, where R, S are functions of y
a A =
alone or constant. its x

dy dx dz dx
kBy c )++ (Ax Ax By C ++ A + B

kz c+ zc +
solution
Rdy
z
Se .
R .dy
dy + c
where
Put Ax + By = z
dz dx
Rdy .
is called the integrating factor (I...) of
the equation.
=A+B
(.) Equation reducible to linear form : * Differential equation of the form

dy dx
This is variable separable form and can be solved. * .orm

dy dx
= f(ax + by + c)
dy dx dz dx
+ Py = Qy
Put ax + by = z dz dx
a + b
where P and Q are functions of x or constant is called Bernoulli's equation. On dividing through out by y get yn Put y dy dx + py
n + 1
, we
= a + b f(z)
n + 1
=Q
This is variable separable form and can be solved. (E) Linear equation : * In y : dy dx + Py = Q, where P, Q are function of x
=z
The given equation will be linear in z and can be
solved in the usual manner. Note : In general solution of differential equation we can 1 take integrating constant c as tan c, e according to our convenience.
c
, log c etc.
alone or constant. its solution where

e
ye
Pd x
Qe
Pd x
dx + c
Pd x
is called the integrating factor (I...) of
the equation.
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 4. Vectors in terms of position vectors of end points -
VECTORS
1. Types of vectors : (a) Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude is zero is called zero or null vector. r a Vector a $ (b) Unit vector : a= = || a Magnitude of a (c) Equal vector : Two vectors a and b are said to be equal if |a| = |b| and they have the same direction.
OA = Position vector of B position vector of A i.e. any v ector = p.v. of terminal pt p.v. of initial pt. OB 5. Multiplication of a vector by a scalar : If a is a vector and m is a scalar, then m magnitude of m and if then m
r a =a
1
AB =
r a = m| a|
r a is a vector and
$+a i
$ j +a
$ k
r a = (m a
) $ + ( ma i
$j ) + (m a
2 3
$ )k
2. Triangle law of addition : c=
AB + BC =
AC
6. Distance between two points : Distance between points A(x

1
a+
b
C
, y , z ) and B(x
1 1
,y ,z )
2 2
= Magnitude of = ( xx )-+-+- 2 ) ( y(y)zz

21
AB
2 21 21 2
7. Position vector of a dividing point :

A a B
(i) If A( a ) & B( b ) be two distinct pts, the p.v. c of the point C dividing [AB] in ratio m : m is given by
OB = OC
3. Parallelogram law of addition : a+

b =
B
OA +
c
C
r c=
rr mb2ma + 1 mm +
12
(ii) p.v. of the mid point of [AB] is (iii) If poin t C d ivides AB in the ratio m then p.v. of C is c= mb ma 12
1 2
[p.v. of A + p.v . of B]
1
:m
externally,
where OC is a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC
mm 12
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK 10. Coplanar and non coplanar vector : (iv) p.v. of centriod of triangle formed by the points A( a ), (i) If a , b , c be three non coplanar non zero vector r r abc + + B( b ) and C ( c ) is then x a + y b + z c = 0 3 (v) p.v. of the incentre of the triangle formed by the points r r r A( a ), B( ) and C( ) is abc ++ a abc+ + x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 (ii) If a , b , c be three coplanar vectors, then a vector c can be expressed uniquely as linear combination of where a = |BC|, b = |CA|, c = |AB| remaining two vectors i.e. (iii) Any vector c= a+ b a,
r can be expressed uniquely as inner comc i.e. r = x a +y b +z c
bination of three non coplanar & non zero vectors 8. Some results : (i) If D, E, . are the mid points of sides BC, CA & AB respectively, then (ii) If G is the centriod of (iii) If O is the circumcentre of a
OC = 3 O = G H is orthocentre of ABC. OA + OB + O H b and
AD +
BE +
C. =
0 0
11. Products of vectors : (I) Scalar or dot product of two vectors : (i) a.
b = |a| |b| cos
ABC, then
GA + GB + GC =
ABC, then where G is centriod and
(ii) Projection of
a in the direction of
b =
ab . || b
ab . || a
(iv) If H is orthocentre of HA + HB + 9. Collinearity of three points :
ABC, then OH & Projection of b in the direction of a=
HC = 3 HG =
(iii) Component of
AB = AC for
(i) Three points A, B and C are collinear if some non zero scalar with p.v. . (ii) The necessary and sufficient condition for three points
r on
a=
.ra. G IJa H K || a
2
Component of $. $= i i $. $= i j $j $j . = $j $ .k =
to
a=
a , b , c to be collinear is that there exist three scalars l, m, n all non zero such that la+m
b +n
.ra. G IJa H K || a
2
(iv) (v)
$ $ k .k = 1 $ $ k. i =0
c = 0,l+m+n=0
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PAGE 172
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (vi) If a and If a and (vii) a , b are b are like vectors, then b are unlike vectors, then a .b = 0 a. b = | a || b | and a || b | (vii) (viii) (ix) a ( a( $ i $ j b
b +
c )= ( c )= ( $j $ j=
a a $ k $= i $ j
b )
b )+(
c a 0 , $ i c) $ j= $ k,
a.b = |
$= i $ k=
$ k=
(viii) ( a . b ). b is not defined (ix) ( (x) | (xi) | (xii) | a b )2 = a a+ a+ a+ b |=|

b | 2 = |a| b |=|
2
2 a. b +b b |
2
$ $, k i (x) Area of triangle : a || a a

b
a |+|
2
b
b
(a) (b) If
+ |b|
b |
1 2
AB AC a , b , c are p.v. of v ertices of ABC, c )+( c a )|
(xiii) work done by the force : work done = is displacement vector. (II) Vector or cross product of two vectors : (i) (ii) if (iii) (iv) a
b = |a| |b| sin $ n
then = . is force vector and d
1 2
|(
b )+(
. . d , where
(xi) Area of parallelogram : (a) If a& b are two adjacent sides of a paralleloa
b |
gram, then area = | (b) If a

b = 0
a and then area =
b are two diagonals of a parallelogram,
a , b are parallel a
$ n =
1 2
| a
b = ( ab | |ab
a) (xii) Moment of .orce :
b |
Moment of the force . acting at a point A about O is Moment of force =

2
OA . = a
. aa ab .. ab bb ..
(v) let
a=a
$+ a i
$j +a
$ k &
b =b
$+ b i
$ j +b
$ k , then
(xiii) Lagrange's identity : |
b |2 =
$$$ ijk a b = aaa

12 3 12 3
(III) Scalar triple product : (i) If

r a =a r c =c
1 1
bbb
$+ a i
2
$+ a j
3
r $ k , b =b
$+ b i
$j+ b
$ k and
(vi)
a=0
$+ c i
$+ c j
$ k then
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PAGE 174
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK aaa 12 3 bb 3 b 12 ccc 12 3 (d) If r b
r a + r c
r r a, b , r c,
r c are coplanar, then so are r c r a and r r c , c + r a and r a
r a
r b ,
r (a
r r b ). c = [
r r a b rc ] =
r r and [ a b rc ] = volume of the parallelopiped whose r r r coterminus edges are formed by a, b , c
r a are also coplanar.
r r b, b+
r r b, b
r c,
r r r r r r r r r a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ], r r r r r r r but [ a b c ] = [ b a rc ] = [ a rc b ] etc. r r (iii) [ a b rc ] = 0 if any two of the three vectors r c are collinear or equal. (ii) [ (iv) ( (v) [ ( vi ) If (vii) [ a + (viii) r r a , b,
r r a r r b ). c = r r a .( b r c ) etc.
(IV) Vector triple Product : r r r If a , b , c be any three vectors, then (

r r r
r a
r b )
r c
r r a , b,
and a ( b c ) are known as vector triple product and is defined as r r r r r r r r r (a b ) c =( a .c )b ( b .c)a r r r r r r r r r and a ( b c ) = ( a . c )b ( a.b)c Clearly in general r r r (a b) c= & c are collinear 12. Application of Vector in Geometry : (i) Direction cosines of r raibj ck $ =++$$ are a b rrr ||, | |, | |r r c . r
r r a (
$ $ $] = 1 i j k
is a scalar, then [
r d r b r c ] = [
r r r r [ a b rc ] a b rc ] = r r r r a b r c ] + [ d b rc ] r r r [ a b c ] = 0 1 6
r a (
r b
r b
r r r c ) ( a b ) r c ) if and only if
r c but
r r a, b
r c are coplanar
(ix) Volume of tetrahedron ABCD is
| AB
AC .
AD |
r r r r (x) .our points with p.v. a , b , c , d will be coplanar if r r r r r r r r r [ d b r c ] + [ d c ra ] + [ d a b ] = [ a b rc ]
(ii) Incentre formula : The position vector of the incentre rrr aa bb cc ++ of ABC is . abc+ + (iii) Orthocentre formula : The position vector of the rrr aAbBcC tan tan tan ++ orthocentre of tan tan tan ++
(xi) .our points A, B, C, D are coplanar if [ AB (xii) (a) [ AC r a

r
] = 0 r b+ r b r
c r c
] = 2[
a] = 0
r a
r r
c r
and parallel to a
(c) [
a ] = [
c
PAGE # 175
given vector
=+
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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK (viii) The equation of the plane passing through a point (v) The vector equation of a line passing through two r r r r having position vector a and parallel to b and points with position a and b is rr r r rrr rrr vectors rr r r or [ rbc ] = [ abc ], where and ra =+ + bc ra =+ ba . scalars. (ix) Vector equation of a plane passing through a point (vi) Shortest distance between two parallel lines : Let l 1 rrr r rrr and l be two lines whose equations are l : rstasbtc + =-- 1 + abc is 2 1 rr r rr r r r rrrrr and l : ra =+ b ra =+ b respectively. rrr 2 11 22 . aab or rb c c++ = [ ab c ].
r c is
ej
are
ch
ej
Then, shortest distance
(x) The equation of any plane through the intersection bb a a

1221
PQ =
chch . bb aa || ch | bb| = 1221 12
of planes
rr rn .n
12
bb
12
ch +
rr rn .
=d +
1
and
2
rr rn .
=d
is
=d
d , where
is an arbitrary
shortest distance between two parallel lines : The shortest distance between the parallel lines rr r ra =+ b rr r | |aa b
2
rr r ra =+ b
ch
21
and
is given by d = rr r ra =+ b rr r ra =+ b
r | |b
constant. (xi) The perpendicular distance of a point having position r rr vector a from the plane rn = d is given by . rr | an d .| r p = . |n | (xii) An angle
rr rn .d
22 2
between the planes is given by cos

rr rn . 11
rr rn .d
111
and
If the lines
11
and
22
intersect,
nn .
12
then the shortest distance between them is zero. Therefore, [ [ rrrr ch aabb 2112
| nn || |
12
bb a a ch 12 2 1
(xiii) The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the planes =d
1
] = 0 rr rr che aa bb j
21 12
]=0
= 0.
r n and
and
rr rn . 22
=d
are
(vii) Vector equation of a plane normal to unit vector at a distance d from the origin is
r rn . $ = d.
(xiv) The plane rr | .an d | r if |n |
rr rn = d touches the sphere | . = R.

r a and r 2 r |
rr |. rn d - = | 11 r || n1
rr |. rn d |
22 r ||n 2
rr ra -
| = R,
r If n is not a unit vector, then to reduce the equation rr rn. = d to normal form we divide both sides by | to obtain rr r n | |r = . n d r or ||n rr rn.d | = $ | n .
PAGE 177
(xv) If the position vectors of the extremities of a diamr n| eter of a sphere are ( rr ra
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r b , then its equation is
r ).( rbr-
) = 0 or |
rr r r r ra b ab .. -+
ej
= 0.
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PAGE 178
THREE GEOMETRY
1. Points in Space : (i) Origin is (0, 0, 0)
DIMENSIONAL
* Coordinates of the centroid of a triangle are
.xxxy++y ++zz G I y ++ H 333 z

1 2 31 2 3123
,,
J K
I J K
= 1 1 and so. 1 xx 12 xx 23 2 22 xyz
(ii) Equation of x-axis is y = 0, z = 0 (iii) Equation of y-axis is z = 0, x = 0 (iv) Equation of z-axis is x = 0, y = 0 (v) Equation of YOZ plane is x = 0 (vi) Equation of ZOX plane is y = 0 (vii) Equation of XOY plane is z = 0 2. Distance formula : (i) Distance between two points A(x y , z ) is given by
2 2
* Coordinates of centroid of a tetrahedron
.xxxxyyyyzz +++ G +++ +++ H 444 zz

12 3 41 2 3 41234
,,
Note : * Area of triangle is given by y1 z 1 1 yz 22 2 yz 33

++
, y , z ) and B(x
1 1 1 2
Where
x
AB =
(ii) Distance between origin (0, 0, 0) & point (x, y, z) = x2y z + 2 + 1 1

2 1
( xx (y ) y ) -+21 ( zz +)
2 21
2 21
* Condition of collinearity
yy12 yy23
zz 12 zz 23
(iii) Distance of a point p(x, y, z) from coordinate axes OX, OY, OZ is given by
22 yz +
* Volume of tetrahedron =
1 6
x1 y z 11 xyz
2 22
1 1 1 1
x3y z 33 x 444z y
22 zx +
and
22 xy +
3. Section formula : The coordinates of a point which divides the join of (x y , z ) and (x , y , z ) in the ratio m:n
1 1 2 2 1
4. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line : , * If

a , ,
are the angles which a directed line l = cos

a , m = cos
* Internally are
* Externally are
.mx I + G Hmn + nx .mx I G Hmn nx

2
segment makes with the +ve direction of the coordinate
21 21 21
my + ,, ny mn + my ,, ny mn -
mz + nz mn + mz nz mn -
J K J K
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axes, then + cos

a , ,
2
, n = cos
2 2
are
a + cos
2
called direction cosines of the line and cos = 1 i.e. = p l2 + m

2
+n
= 1, where 0
2 1 21 21
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PAGE 179
PAGE 180
* If
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK xxyy zzl , m, n are direction cosines of a line and a, b, 1 1 1 = = xx yyzz c are proportional to l , m, n respectively, then a, b, 21 21 21 c are called direction ratios of the line and * The angle between the lines whose d.c.'s are l a = m b = n c =
l 222 ++mn
222 ab c++
1 =
222 abc++
m , n and .
1 1
l 2 , m 2 , n 2 is given by l1 l2 +m
1
l1,
cos
m +n
2
n .
2
* Direction cosines of x-axis are 1, 0, 0, similarly direction cosines of y-axis and z-axis are respectively 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1. * If l , m, n are d.c.s of a line OP and (x, y, z) are coordinates of P then x = l r, y = mr and z = nr where r = OP. * Direction cosines of PQ = r, where P is (x , y , z ) and 1 1 1 Q(x , y , z ) are
2 2 2
The lines are || if The lines are * The angle c and a

1 2
l1 = l
2
m1 = m
2
1 2
n1 and n
2
1
if
l1 l2 + m
m +n
n =0
2 1
between the lines whose d.r.s are a , b , c is given by

2 2
,b ,
1
cos
aa2bb1c c ++ 1 12 2 ab c++ 2 abc ++

2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
xx 21
yy 21
z 21 z r
* If a, b, c are direction no. of a line, then a2 + b 2 + c 2 need not to be equal to 1. Note : Direction cosines of a line are unique but the direction ratios of line are not unique. If P(x , y , z ) & Q(x , y , z ) be two points and L be a 1 1 1 2 2 2 line with d.c.'s l , m, n, then projection of [PQ] on L = l (x x
2 1
The lines are || if The lines are l , m, n if a
a 1 = a
2
b 1 = b
2
c 1 and c
2
a +b
1 2 1
b +c
2 1
c =0
2
* Length of the projection of PQ upon AB with d.c., = (x x ) l + (y y )m + (z 2 1 2 1 p(x , y , z ) and Q(x , y , z ).

1 1 1 2 2 2
)n, where
) + m(y
) + n(z
5. Straight line in space : * Equation of a straight line passing through a fixed point and having d.r.'s a, b, c is
xxa
1
* Two straight lines in space (not in same plane) which are neither parallel nor intersecting are called skew lines. * Shortest distance between two skew lines, xxl
1 1
y yb
z z c
(is the symmetrical
yy m
1 1
zzn
1 1
and
form) * Equation of a line passing through two points is
xxl
2 2
y ym
2 2
zzn
2 2
is given
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PAGE 182
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK xxy- zz y

2 12 121
* Normal form of the equation of plane is mn mn

12 1 2
l x + my +
l s.d. =
1221
111 222
nz = p, where
l , m, n are the d.c.'s of the normal
(mn ) ( )-+-+- m 2 ) ( mn n n m
ll l l
2 12 12
to the plane and p is the length of perpendicular from the origin. * ax + by + cz + k = 0 represents a plane || to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
x a
* Two straight lines are coplanar if they are intersecting or parallel xxy -zz y
212121
to the line
y b
z c
condition
l l
111 222
mn mn
=0
* Equation of plane through three non collinear points is xyz xyz

11 1 22 2 33 3
6. Plane : A plane is a surface such that if two points are taken in it, straight line joining them lies wholly in the surface. * Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 represents a plane whose normal has d.c.s proportional to A, B, C. * Equation of plane through origin is given by Ax + By + Cz = 0. * Equation of plane passing through a point (x is A(x x ) + B(y y ) + C(z z 1 1 B, C are d.r.'s of a normal to the plane.
1 1
1 1 1 =0 1
xyz xyz
xx- y111 y zz ,y ,z ) ) = 0, where A,

1 1
or
xxy -zz y 2 12 121 xxy -zz y 3 13 131
=0
* The angle between the two planes is given by aa bb c c ++ cos Q = 0. where plane are plane are || if =
1 2 1 2 12 1
* Equation of plane through the intersection of two planes P =a Q =a

1
x + b x + b
y + c z + d
1
= 0 and = 0 is P +
abcab c2 ++ ++
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
y + c
z + d
is the angle between the normals. if a

1
* Equation of plane which cuts off intercepts a, b, c respectively on the axes x, y and z is
x a
a +b
2
b +c
2
c =0
2
y b
z c
= 1.
a2
b2
c2
= 0.
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PAGE 184
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK * If AP be the from A to the given plane, then it 7. Line and Plane : If ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane and xxl )
1
is || to the normal, so that its equation is

x a a
y - b
z c
= r (say)
a , br +
yy m
zzn
represents a straight line, then

a l b m c n
Any point P on it is (ar + * Length of the from P(x
, cr +
* The line is
to the plane if
, y , z ) to a plane
1 1
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by
ax 111 +++ by cz d 222 ab c++
* The line is || to the plane if a * The line lies in the plane if a l + bm + cn = 0 and ax * The angle by
l + bm + cn = 0. + by
1 1
+ cz
1
+d=0
p =
between the line and the plane is given
* Distance between two parallel planes (ax + by + cz + d

dd 1
= 0, ax + by + cz + d
= 0) is
abmcn l ++ sin = abc ++ + + mn

2222 22
given by
21
* General equation of the plane containing the line

xx2
222 abc ++
* Two points A(x , y , z ) and B(x 1 1 1 same or different sides of the plane ax + by + cz + d and ax 1 1 1 same or different sign. a x + b
1 1
, y , z ) lie on the
2 2
=
1
y ym
= y
1
z z n
is z
1
A(x + d are of
) + B(y
) + C(z
) = 0. where , y ,z )
1 1
ax + by + cz + d = 0, according as the expression

2
A l + Bm + Cn = 0. * Length of the perpendicular from a point (x to the line p2 = (x x -a l

a )2 + (y
1
+ by
+ cz
* Bisector of the angles between the planes y + c

1 2
y - = m
1
z n
1
is given by )2 [ ) + n(z l (x1

1
z + d
1
=0 z + d = 0 are
2
and a
2
x + b
y + c
2
)2 + (z
a )
+ m(y
1
)] 2
ax by+++d cz
1111 2 abc++ 2 1 1 2 1
ax by+++d cz =
2 222 2 ++ ab c 2 2 2 2 2
if a a + b b + c c is ve then origin lies in the acute 1 2 1 2 1 2 angle between the planes provided d and d 1 same sign.
are of
PAGE # 185
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1. Quadratic expression : A polynomial of degree two of the form ax called a quadratic expression in x.

2. Quadratic equation : An equation ax

R has two and 5. Sum of roots :

only two roots, given by

Product of roots : c = a cons t term tan Coefficient of x

6. .ormation of an equation with given roots : x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 (Sum of roots) x + Product of roots = 0

(i) If D > 0 and D is a perfect square

roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

roots are of opposite

8. Symmetric function of the roots : If roots of quadratic equation ax then

9. Condition for common roots : The equations a have

(i) One common root if a ] (ii) Both roots common if

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510 PAGE # 4

+ D 2 < k (necessary & sufficient)

(iv) If both the roots are greater than k = 0, a.f(k) > 0,

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

(z) = purely imaginary

amplitude or amp(z) = arg(z) = (i) Polar representation : x = r cos , y = r sin

(ii) Exponential form : z = re

Where a = f(z) is a function in a complex variable with real coefficients.

4. Modulus of a complex number : or i

z is the mirror image of z in the real axis. z| z = 2Re(z) = purely real

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

L|za|+i za| M| + M22 N Lza|+i za|| M| M22 N

O Pfor b > 0 , P Q O P for b < 0 , P Q

made by its radius

8. Euler's formulae as z = re ei = cos + isin

roots of complex number z

z ) = arg z = arg = arg z, if z is real

where m = 0, 1, 2, ......(n 1) (i) Sum of all roots of z (

L .22 pI+ J . I J Msin m p K+ G P cos H , N G nim + H n K Q O

(vii) arg ( z) = arg z + = arg z (viii) arg ( z

(ix) arg z + arg

argument function behaves like log function.

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

= 2cosn + i sin & z = cos + isin

(iv) If x = cos a + i si n a , y = cos and given x + y + z = 0, then (a) (c) x

.or internal division =

MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA P mz mz 12 21 .or external division = mm 12

* |z| = r represents circle with centre at origin. * |z z *z

(iii) Equation of straight line. * Parametric form z = tz

| > r represents interior and | = r.

z +a z + a z + b = 0 represents a general circle where a c and b R.

zz * Non parametric form zz 11 zz 22

zz1 1 * Three points z

, or slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC.

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

(xii) If z , z , z be the vertices of a triangle, then the 1 2 3 triangle is equilateral iff (z z

1 and a straight line if k = 1.

(xiii) If z , z , z are the vertices of an isosceles triangle, 1 2 3 right angled at z ,

, z , z . z are vertices of a parallelogram then

, having the points z

and if |z z 1 connecting z (vii) |z

, then z lies on a line segment | = represents a hyperbola if

, having the points z

(viii) If four points z

.zz .zz G I J G -I Jis purely real. H - KH - K zz zz