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V Th Hng Nhn (vthnhan@vnu.edu.vn) Faculty of Information Technology University of Engineering & Technology VNU, Hanoi
Assess the applicability, strengths, and weakness of these methods in solving particular engineering problems
12/10/2011
Introduction to AI
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Schedule
Week
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Day
Dec. 07 Dec. 14 Dec. 21 Dec. 28 Jan. 4 Jan. 11 Jan. 18 Jan. 25 Feb. 01 Feb. 08 Feb. 15 Feb. 22 Feb. 29 Mar. 01 Mar. 08
Lecture
Introduction to AI Intelligent agents Knowledge representation & Proposition Logic First order logic Rule-based system Rule based Expert System Reasoning with uncertainty Mid-term Fuzzy reasoning Introduction to learning Rule induction & Decision tree Probabilistic learning Neural network Natural language processing Final
Remark
Student seminar
Student seminar
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Introduction to AI
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Introduction to AI
1. What is AI 2. Example systems 3. Approaches to AI 4. A brief history
1. What is AI?
Artificial intelligence
Its difficult to define the term AI simply & robustly The term AI was coined by John McCarthy, 1956
The goal of AI is to develop machines that behave as though they were intelligent
What is intelligence?
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If we take human beings to be intelligent, AI is something that is characterized as humans or something that has behavior like humans
Systems/ Machines behave intelligently as a human Humans dont believe intelligently all the time, AI concerns machines that behave rationally
Thinking intelligently: reasoning intelligently and properly in order to come up with a solution
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Thought/reasoning
Human-like performance
1. What is AI?
Approach to AI
Thought/reasoning Systems that think like humans (Alan Turing test Alan test) Human-like performance Systems that act like human (Cognitive science ) Cognitive Systems that act rationally (Rational agent Rational agent)
1. What is AI?
Turing Test
a computer human
The being inside the room processes the questions & return answers
He need to make out from the answer whether the being inside the room is computer or human
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1. What is AI?
If the interrogator cannot reliably distinguish the human from the computer
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1. What is AI?
Typical AI problem
Intelligent entities (agent) need to be able to do both
Mundane tasks
Planning route, activity Recognizing people, objects (through vision) Communicating (through natural language) Navigating round obstacles on the street
Expert tasks
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1. What is AI?
easier to mechanize many of the high-level tasks which are so-called expert tasks in the history of AI, easier to solve the problem in the domain of expert E.g.,
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1. What is AI?
Its been very hard to mechanize tasks that many animals can do E.g., walking around without running into things Catching prey and avoiding predators
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1. What is AI?
Intelligent behavior
Perception Reasoning Learning Understanding language Solving problems
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2. Example systems
Computer vision Image recognition Robotics Natural language processing Speech processing
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2. Example systems
Practical impact of AI
AI components are embedded in numerous devices
Detecting credit card fraud Configuring products Aiding complex planning tasks Advising physicians
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Immediate translation between people speaking different languages Would be a remarkable achievement of enormous economic and cultural benefit
Autonomous agents
In space exploration, robotic space probes autonomously monitor their surroundings, makes decisions & act to achieve their goals
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2. Example systems
Internet agents
The explosive growth of the internet has also led to growing interest in internet agent
Monitor users tasks Seek needed information Learn which information is most useful
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3. Approaches to AI
Strong AI aims to build machines
that can truly reason & solve problem which is self-aware & whose overall intellectual ability is distinguishable from that of a human being Can be human-like or non-human-like
When AI was first conceived in the 1950s and 1960s there were a huge optimism about AI
A prediction that very soon AI systems will be able to overtake humans Can do anything that humans can & can do much better Even can do the task that humans cannot within a short time
3. Approaches to AI (cont.)
Weak AI: deals with the creation of some form of AI of computer-based artificial intelligence
they cannot truly reason and solve problems, but can act as if they were intelligent
machines that have mental states that think, reason, understand behaviors
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3. Approaches to AI (cont.)
Applied AI
Aims to produce commercially viable smart systems E.g., a security system that is able to recognize the faces of people who are permitted to enter a particular building
Cognitive AI
Computers are used to test theories about how the human mind works E.g., theories about how we recognize faces & other objects, or about how we solve abstract problem
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Intro uction to AI
3. Approaches to AI
AI topics
Core areas
General algorithms
Perception
Applications
Uncertainty
Probabilistic approaches
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3. Approaches to AI
Limits of AI today
Todays successful AI systems
Commonsense knowledge
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4. AI history
The dream of making a computer imitate us began many centuries ago Intellectual roots of AI stretch back thousands of years into the earlier studies of the nature of knowledge & reasoning The concept of intelligent machine is found in Greek mythology
8th century Hephaestus created a huge robot, Talos to guard Crete inland
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4. AI history
Foundations
Psychology Physiology Biology
Economics
Linguistics
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4. The history of AI
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4. The history of AI
McCulloch, Pitts, and Hebb designed the first mathematical models of neural networks
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Nell & Simon introduced a program Logic Theorist, showed that with computers, which actually work with numbers, one can process symbols
McCarthy introduced a programming language with the language LISP, esp. for the processing of symbolic structures
Both of these systems were introduced in 1956 at the Darthmouth conference, which is considered the birthday of AI
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Offers the advantage of allowing direct programming using Horn clauses, a subset of predicate logic
A breakthrough spirit dominated AI, esp. among logicians, thanks to the string of impressive achievements in symbol processing With the 5th Generation Computer System project in Japan & ESPRIT program in Europe, heavy investment into the construction of intelligent computers
For small problems automatic provers & other symbol processing problems, systems sometimes worked very well But, the combinatorial explosion of the search space defined a narrow window for these successes
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4. The history of AI
Mathematically modeled neural networks are capable of learning using training examples to perform tasks which previously required costly programming
Because of the fault-tolerance of such systems & their ability to recognize patterns, considerable successes became possible, esp. in pattern recognition
Attempts to combine neural networks with logical rules or the knowledge of human experts met with great difficulties
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4. The history of AI
The most promising, probabilistic reasoning, works with conditional probabilities for propositional calculus formulas Since then, many diagnostic & expert systems have been built for problems of everyday reasoning using Baysian Networks
as a subdiscipline of AI in the area of statistical data analysis for extraction of knowledge from large databases Bring no new techniques to AI, rather it introduces the requirement of using large DB to gain explicit knowledge
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Summary
Different definitions of AI
Brief history
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Questions
1. 2. 3. Define intelligence What are the different approaches in defining AI? Suppose you design a machine to pass the Turing Test. What are the capabilities such a machine must have? 4. Will building an artificially intelligent computer automatically shed light on the nature of natural intelligence
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