Homework #1 How did the voyages of Columbus change the world? page 33 (Portugal)-37; page 40 (Meanwhile)-45 I.

Portugal and the Atlantic, 1400-1500 A. Changes in maritime technology = European exploration 1. Triangular Arab sail 2. Caravel, more maneuverable vessel 3. Compass 4. Astrolabe B. Renaissance helps European's map sense. C. Portugal takes the first step 1. Led by Prince Henry "the navigator" (1394-1460) a. Takes control of African-European gold trade from Moroccans b. Encourages Portuguese sailors to explore i. Master Atlantic currents ii. Search for raid or trade opportunities. 2. First nation to capitalize a. Utilizing maritime technology b. Utilizing Renaissance findings. D. Following Henry's death 1. Portugal exports gold and slaves 2. Opens up trade prospective a. 1488 -Bartolomeu Dias reaches the Cape of Good Hope b. 1458 - Vasco de Gama goes around the Cape of Good Hope --> India II. The "New Slavery" and Racism A. Reasons for slavery 1. Indebtness 2. Captured in raids and wars B. Portuguese slave trade 1. 1482 - builds Elmina, on West Africa's Gold Coast 2. Primarily traded through African-controlled commercial networks 3. Slaves + local products --> trade to other Africans --> receive gold. 4. Effects a. African rulers not only received luxury products, but guns as well b. Conflicts among African communities rose c. South converts to Christianity, North converts to Islam C. Differences between slavery and "new slavery" 1. Caused conflict in West Africa 2. New extremes of dehumanization 3. Africans regarded as property rather than persons of low status D. Racial tension - Europeans justified enslaving blacks as their Christian duty III. To America and Beyond, 1492-1522 A. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) 1. Son of a weaver from Italian port of Genoa 2. Learned geography by himself 3. Thought that Europeans could reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic, rather than around Africa. 4. Religious fervor - wanted to spread Christianity 5. Ambition to win wealth and glory. B. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand allow Columbus's journey, in fear of losing direct trade with Asia. 1. Sailed in search of gold 2. Additional contacts with Tainos in Cuba, Hispaniola, Haiti and Dominican Republic. C. Columbus a poor administrator, cheated of his rightful rewards. D. European interest surges 1. As a result, Isabella and Portgual's King John II sign the Treaty of Tordesillas 2. Treaty of Tordesillas a. Divides future discoveries between Spain and Portugal

b. England attempts to join the race despite the treaty. 3. John Cabot sent by Henry VII of England to explore E. Effect of European interest 1. Knowledge of a landmass that blocked the route to Asia 2. Voyages revealed a coastline from the Caribbean to Brazil 3. Landmass becomes known as America. F. Journey from America --> Asia 1. 1513 - Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean 2. 1519 - Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the world. IV. Spain's Conquistadors, 1492-1536 A. Christopher Columbus' achievements 1. America's first slave trader 2. First Spanish conqueror 3. Started the first American gold rush B. Crown takes direct control over Hispaniola 1. Extends search for gold 2. Results of Discovery a. Puerto Rico (1508) b. Jamaica (1510) c. Cuba (1511) C. Native Americans in Caribbean colonies 1. Great numbers died as a result of diseases 2. Colonists import Africans to replace Indians. D. 1519 - Hernan Cortes vs Aztecs 1. Quest to conquer Aztecs 2. Gained services of Malintzin (Malinche), aka Dona Marina. 3. Ignored Moctezuma II (1502-1520) offer, raiding palace and treasury. 4. Aztecs drive off Spanish, despite emperor's imprisonment. 5. Spanish reinforcements and smallpox epidemic defeat Aztecs 6. 1521 - Cortes overthrows Aztecs, building Mexico City. E. Incan Empire conquered by Francisco Pizarro between 1532-1536 V. The Columbian Exchange A. Introduction of diseases, domestic animals and agriculture. B. Mixing of peoples 1. Metis - both Indian and European descent 2. Mulatto - both European and African descent 3. African + Indian unions C. Sugar plantations and silver 1. Source of wealth for the Spanish. 2. Causes Spanish to want to dominate Europe VI. Spain's Northern Frontier A. Spanish's empire = Aztec + Inca + Indian States B. Spain's success draws conquistadors to Florida and New Mexico 1. Juan Ponce de Leon, founded Puerto Rico and "La Florida" (1513) 2. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca survives attacks by Apalachee Indians 3. De Soto searches for gold 4. Francisco Vasquez (1540-1542) leads expedition for conquering Southwest Mexico. C. Spain's interest turns to north of Mexico and Caribbean 1. 1565 - establishes a fortress at St. Augustine, Florida a. Served as a base for Catholic missions b. Guale, Powhatan and other Indians rebel, forcing missions to close. c. Franciscan missionaries successfully secure allegiance, but half of the converts killed due to illness. 2.. Juan de Onate founded New Mexico. a. Encomiendas - grants awarding Indian labor to wealthy colonists b. Spanish government replaces Onate in 1606 for mismanagement and excessive brutality. VII. France: Colonizing Canada A. France enters the race in 1524

1. King Francis I sends Giovanni de Verrazano to embark on the voyage 2. Jacques Cartier explores coasts of Newfoundland. B. France colonization attempts. 1. First colonizing attempt in 1541. a. Led by Cartier b. Fails due to unfriendly relations, including attacks. 2. France's next attempt of colonization 1562 a. Led by French Huguenots, Calvinists b. Seeking religious freedom c. Attempts to settle in Florida. d. Spanish executes Calvinists, believing them a threat to Protestantism. C. Fur trade 1. French dominates, due to demand by Europeans 2. Pelts --> axes, knives, copper kettles, cloth, and glass beads. ("Indian Trade") D. Samuel de Champlain establishes New France in 1608. 1. Allied with the Montagnais and Algonquians and the Hurons 2. Helps to defeat the Mohawks in exchange for access on the St. Lawrence. 3. Battle at Lake Champlain ended Indian-European relations. 4. French gained access to the Canadian interior a. Provide Indian allies with European goods b. Protected allies from Iroquois attacks.