Chapter 5 evaluation 1.

The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was B) behaviorism. 2. Consciousness is E) our awareness of ourselves and our environment. 3. Which of the following is true of melatonin? C) It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream. 4. Circadian rhythm refers to B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. 5. After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal B) circadian rhythm. 6. Sleeptalking may occur during E) any stage of sleep. 7. The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called C) delta waves. 8. Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with B) REM sleep. 9. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because C) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. 10. The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every. B) 90 minutes 11. Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that A) genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get. 12. Sleep deprivation has been shown to . C) diminish immunity to disease. 13. The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during . C) slow-wave sleep. 14. Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders? C) sleep apnea 15. Sleep apnea is a disorder involving A) the cessation of breathing during sleep. 16. Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content. A) manifest 17. After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in C) threatening dreams. 18. Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through D) REM sleep. 19. One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ________ is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain. D) dreaming 20. REM rebound involves the D) tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. 21. The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided

by the fact that C) most mammals experience REM rebound. 22. Hypnosis involves a state of .B) heightened openness to suggestion. 23. People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they A) strongly expect that they can be hypnotized. 24. Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in A) treating obesity. 25. Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with D) social influence theory. 26. Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because D) hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain. 27. Dissociation refers to A) a state of divided consciousness. 28. When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person is most likely to A) show physiological activation of the sensory cortex. 29. Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs. C) psychoactive 30. The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of D) tolerance. 31. The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called C) withdrawal. 32. Physical pain and intense cravings indicate C) physical dependence. 33. Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of C) addiction. 34. Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that B) individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict. 35. Which of the following is true of alcohol? E) In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant. 36. Research indicates that alcohol B) disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories. 37. Alcohol is considered a(n) C) depressant. 38. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are A) barbiturates. 39. Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill? C) Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death. 40. Morphine and heroin are. B) opiates. 41. Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary

most likely experienced the effects of B) cocaine. 42. What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? D) They excite neural activity and arouse body functions. 43. Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order to A) gain social acceptance. 44. A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces B) sensitivity to pain. 45. When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by B) blocking the reuptake of dopamine. 46. One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy is B) dehydration. 47. The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of . B) Ecstasy. 48. LSD is most likely to produce B) hallucinations. 49. An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of E) LSD. 50. As oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the A) visual cortex. 51. THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. A) marijuana;hallucinogen 52. Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users. C) marijuana 53. The best predictor of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is whether the adolescent A) has close friends who use drugs. 54. Like his father, Martin has been abusing alcohol for many years. Using the biopsychosocial approach in helping him understand his behavior, psychologists would C) examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on his alcohol use. 55. The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by B) fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day. 56. After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal A) circadian rhythm. 57. Alpha waves are associated with E) relaxed but awake state. 58. Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called D) hallucinations. 59. The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of A) Stage 1 sleep. 60. When people are experiencing vivid dreams B) their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids. 61. Research on sleep patterns indicates that

D) sleep patterns may be genetically influenced. 62. Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to A) viral infections. 63. Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time. C) increase; decrease 64. Slow-wave sleep promotes A) effective memory. 65. The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following? D) narcolepsy 66. Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia? D) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime. 67. Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from A) sleep apnea. 68. According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its C) latent content. 69. Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation? C) activation-synthesis theory 70. Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams D) are triggered by random bursts of neural activity. 71. Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called A) age regression. 72. The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of D) social influence. 73. A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called B) dissociation. 74. Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called C) psychoactive drugs. 75. Drug tolerance refers to the D) reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.