ULS Reinforced Concrete Design

MarcAntonio Liotta
Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures
at the LIMIT STATE
Design and check of srtuctural elements
References
website:

dsg.uniroma1.it/liotta

email:

marcantonio.liotta@uniroma1.it

MarcAntonio Liotta Il progetto agli Stati Limite 2/200 marcantonio.liotta@uniroma1.it
marcantonio.liotta@uniroma1.it 3/248
Contents
Theoretical fundamentals
Probabilistic base
Design at Ultimate Limit State
Simple Flexure
Shear
Design at Exercise Limit State

MarcAntonio Liotta Il progetto agli Stati Limite
Design Objective
Gather an adequate protection for two limit conditions:
Ultimate Limit State
A structural damage preluding collapse
It is preferred that the structrure undergoes to inelastic deformations
Exercise Limit State
Damages occur to non structural emlements
It is preferred that the structrure remains elastic
Instruments
Use of linear or nonlinear analysis methods static or dynamic in
design

Use of capacity design in the structure design and conception

Use of the Ultimate Limit State Method in the structure
verification.
The Limit State method
The fundamental problem of structural reliability:
The safety equation.
Uncertainty of variables
Semistochastic approach
Characteristic and design values
Th epartial (safety) factors.
The Limit State method
Principal characteristics:

It is based on uncertainty of variables (actions, strengths)

Several aspects are considered (exercise, collapse) against
which the risk is differenciated.
The Semi Probabilistic Limit State method

Definitions
Limit State
The structure or its part cant fulfil its design requirements
Ultimate Limit State
Collapse and human life losses can happen
Exercise Limit State
Functionality loss can happen
The fundamental problem
The relation between tho variables is studied
E : Effect of the action: Demand
R : Resistance (strength): Capacity of the section( element
structure)
Force (Effect of loads)
Resistance
E.G.
E (Effect of the Force F): bending moment M
E
(F)
R (corresponding Resisting capacity of the beam): resisting moment
M
R
F
R
ME (F)
MR (F)
E.G.
E : tension o due to M
E
(F)
R : limit tension f (of the material)
F
R
It must be verified that
R E

We have safety if,
R E

We have collapse if
R < E
Graficamente
Il problema fondamentale
S
R
R >S
R < S
F = 5
R = 10
F = 10
R = 5
safety
collapse
Uncertainty: variable distribution exmple
Frequency istograms of wheight and height of
students in the classroom (year 2006-2007)
Uncertainty: variable distribution exmple
Frequency istograms of wheight and height of students in
the classroom (present class)

Uncertainty of demand (actions)
E is a stochastic variable
Characterized (if normal) by a probability density
f
E
(E)
Which is a function of two parameters:
Mean (average) value:
E

scattering: o
E
E
f
E
(E)
E
o
E
Uncertainty of capacity (strengths)
R is a stochastic variable
Characterized (if normal) by a probability density
f
R
(r)
Which is a function of two parameters :
Mean (average) value :
R

scattering : o
R
r
f
R
(r)
R
o
R
Stochastic variables
The Mean Value

The standard deviation o average discrepancy

The Variation Coefficient
1
1
n
i
i
x
n
=
=

( )
2
1
n
i
i
x
x
n
o
=

=

CV
o
=
Aleatoriet: richiami di statistica - Deviazione standard
The standard deviation or average discrepancy

Is a discrepancy index
It measures the variability of a population of variables

It measures the data dispersion around the mean value
(expected value)

It has the same unit of the observed variables

The equation describing a normal distribution is
Equation of the Normal distribution curve
o

2
1
2
1
( )
2
x
f x e
o
o t
| |
|
\ .
=
x

f(x)

Uncertainty
Derives from uncertainies due to:

Intensity of actions and from the probability of their coesistency

Geometry of the structure

Resistences of materials

Divergence from calculated effects and those really induced onto the
structure.
Collapse probability
s
r
Safety Region
Collapse region
The events shown
have different
probability to occur
f
R
(r) f
S
(s) dr ds
Which is the
collapse
probability?
Probabilit di collasso
the collapse (failure)
probability is given by:
safety
collapse
( )
( ) ( )
}
<
=
= < =
0
0 Pr
S R
S R
f
ds dr s f r f
S R p
MarcAntonio progetto agli Stati Limite
Nel caso di v.a. normali
The failure probability p
f
is simply calculated as:

Si noti che:
Se o
R
e o
S
diminuiscono, p
f
diminuisce
Se (
R

S
) aumenta, p
f
diminuisce
( )
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
o + o

u = < =
2 2
0 Pr
S R
S R
f
S R p
A semi-probabilistic approach
s
r
safety
collapse
Searching for two
values, R
d
and S
d

for which if we
have:
R
d
> S
d
then:
p
f
< p
f,amm

S
d
R
d
A semi-probabilistic approach
s
r
safety
collapse
Searching for two
values, R
d
and S
d

for which if we
have:
R
d
> S
d
then:
p
f
< p
f,amm

S
d
R
d
The design values
The design valuesR
d
and E
d
allow to transforma a stochastic
problem:
Pr[R E] p
f,amm

in a deterministic problem:
R
d
E
d
That is, if: R
d
S
d
p
f
p
f,amm
The design values
The design values R
d
and E
d
are expressed as a function of
the characteristic values R
k
and E
k

The characteristic values R
k
and E
k
are percentages of 5%
and 95% of the distributions of R and E
The ratios
R
= R
k
/R
d

and

S
= E
d
/E
k
are the partial safety factors
E
d
, E
k
and
E
(in case of
occurrencies)

E
f
E
(S)
E
o
E
E
k
E
d
The characteristic value is :
E
k
=
E
+ 1.64 o
E

Pr[E<E
k
] = 0,95

The Design value is :
E
d
= E
k

E

E
is obtained by calibration
studies

R
d
, R
k
and
R
(in case of
occurrencies)
The characteristic value is:
R
k
=
R
1.64 o
R

Pr[R<R
k
] = 0,05

The Design value is:
R
d
= R
k
/
R

R
is obtained by calibration
studies

r
f
R
(r)
R
o
R
R
k
R
d
The safety equation
It is required that:
R
k
/
R
E
k

E
In a more general form we have that:
R(f
k
/
m
) E(F
k

E
)
The Codes

NORME TECNICHE PER LE COSTRUZIONI (DM 14/01/2008)
CIRCOLARE ESPLICATIVA (2/02/2009)

Vecchie normative ormai superate:
D.M. LL.PP. del 09/01/1996
Norme tecniche per il calcolo, l'esecuzione ed il collaudo delle strutture in cemento armato, normale e
precompresso e per le strutture metalliche
Circolare M. LL.PP. del 15/10/96, n. 252
Istruzioni per l'applicazione del DM 09/01/1996
D.M. LL.PP. del 16/01/1996
Norme tecniche relative ai Criteri generali per la verifica di sicurezza delle costruzioni e dei carichi e
sovraccarichi
Circolare M. LL.PP. del 04/07/96, n. 156
Istruzioni per l'applicazione del DM 16/01/1996
Design Actions
The safety checks must be done for the Ultimate Limit State
and the Exercise Limit State
The actions Combinations are specified in the paragraph
2.5.3.
Design Life Span
2.4.1. Nominal Life Span
Limit States
Ultimate Limit States (ULS [SLU])
Corresponding to the reach of extreme conditions

Exercise Limit States (ELS, [SLE])
Corresponding to ordinary needs of usage and duration.
Ultimate Limit States
Are reguarding:
Safety of the people
Safety of the structure
Safety of the content (in some cases)

The Limit States to check are:
Equilibrium loss of (part of) the structure as a rigid body
Collapse, excessive deformatione, tranformation in
mechanism, stability loss
Fatigue failure.
Exercise Limit States
Are reguarding :
Functionality of the structure
Comfort of the people
Appearence and urability (deformations, ctracking)

The Limit States to check are :
Excessive deformations
Premature or excessive crackings
Decay, corrosion
Excessive vibrations.
Limit State design
Based on the use of models
Of hte structures
Of loads

No Limit state is overtaken when are used adequate
values of:
Actions
Material properties
Geometry
Fulfilment of Requirements
The requrements are fulfilled by means of the use of the partial
safety factor

The method foresees
The introduction ofcharacteristic values
The transformation of characteristic bvalues in design values introducing th
epartial factors
m
or
f
The partial factors
The design capacities of materials are obtained dividing the
characteristic values of materials by cefficients
m
(>1)

The design actions are obtained multiplying the characteristic
values of the actions by
f

>1 or 1 depending from the fact that they increase or
decrease safety
Basic variables
Actions
Classification
Characteristic values
Other representative values
Material and products propreties
Geometric data
Actions (F) and their Effects (E)
Action F
Each cause (dead loads, live loads, impressed deformations,
chemical physical agents...) able to induce limit states onto
the structure
Effect E (internal force)
Eache internal force (Normal force, bending moment, shear
force, etc.) thato is caused in the structure by the actions
In general, E can also be a deformation or a crack
opening, etc.
Actions: NTC 2008

marcantonio.liotta@uniroma1.it 57/248 MarcAntonio Liotta Il progetto agli Stati Limite
2.5.1 Action classification:
based on the way to esplicitate (chap. 2.5.1.1)
a. Direct
a. Concentrated Forced, fixed or mobile loads
b. Indirect
a. Imposed dispacements, temperature and humidity variations,
shrinking, prestressing, restraints failure,
c. Decay
a. Due to the material: natural alteration of the material in time;
b. Due to external factors: alteration delle caratteristiche dei materiali
costituenti lopera strutturale, a seguito di agenti esterni.
based on the structural response (2.5.1.2)
Actions:

a. static: not producing significant accelerations of the
structure;

b. pseudo static: dynamic actions producing significant
accelerations that may be translated as static equivalent
ones;

c. dinamiche: dynamic actions producing significant
accelerations
based on their variation in time (2.5.1.3)

Based ontheir variation in time, actions are defined:
Permanent (G)
G1: structural loads
G2: non structural (dead loads)
Variable (Q)
Loads on floors, wind, snow
Exceptional (A)
Hurricanes, vehicle crashes, explosions
Seismic (E)
Deriving by earthquakes
2.5.2 Action classification
(refferring to their distribution)

2.5.3 Action combination
For the ULS:

k3 03 Q3 k2 02 Q2 k1 Q1 P 2 G2 1 G1
Q Q Q P G G + + + + +

where:
G
1,
G
2
are the permanent actions
P is the prestressing acion
Q
ik
are the characteristic values of the n independent live loads
i
= partial safety factors
+
0i
= contemporaneity factor.
2.5.3 Action combination

2.5.3 Action combination coefficients (tab. 2.5.I)

marcantonio.liotta@uniroma1.it MarcAntonio Liotta Il progetto agli Stati Limite
2.6 Actions ULS check

65/248
2.6 Actions:
Partial safety factors

3.1 live loads (1 of 2)
(chap 3.1)
3.1 Live loads (2 of 2)
(NTC2008, chap 3.1)
3.1.3.1 Internal partitions
3.1.3.1 Internal partitions

4. Design strength of materials
In general, the design strength is given by:
k
d
m
f
f
=
where:
X
k
characteristic value of the material or product
q Scale or environmental factor
m
partial safety factor
ULS and ELS check
ULS it must be checked that:
73/248 marcantonio.liotta@uniroma1.it
d d
R E s
where:
E
d
design value of the effect of the action
R
d
the corresponding capacity design value
C
d
the limit value of the exercise criterion
ELS it must be checked that:
d d
C E s
Load analysis
Basic elements

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