Experiment 2

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)
Laboratory Module
EXPERIMENT 4
THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Objective:
To analyze a basic Wheatstone bridge by determined the percentage error of Ig in an
unbalanced condition using Thevenins theorem.
Equipment:
1 dc power supply
1 galvanometer
1 digital multimeter
3 resistors, 2.2k 5%
1 resistor, 2.7k 5%
1 potentiometer 10k
Introduction:
When the Wheatstone bridge is in an unbalanced condition, current flows through the
galvanometer, causing a deflection of its pointer. The amount of deflection is a function of the
sensitivity of the galvanometer. A more sensitive galvanometer will deflects by a greater
amount for the same current.
To determine the amount of deflection that would result for particular degree of
unbalance, the Thevenins theorem is applied. Since we are interested in determining the
current through the galvanometer or meter movement, the Thevenins equivalent is finding as
seen by the galvanometer.
The Thevenins equivalent voltage is found by disconnecting the galvanometer from
the bridge circuit, as shown in Fig.4.1, and determining the open-circuit voltage between
terminals a and b.
R2
R1
a
R3
b
R4
Figure 4.1 Open-circuit Wheatstone bridge

Applying the voltage divider equation, the voltage at point a and b can be determined.
Therefore, the voltage between a and b is the difference between Va and Vb which represents
Thevenins equivalent voltage.
Vth = Vb Va = Va Vb
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Laboratory Module
Thevenins equivalent resistance can be determined by replacing the voltage source, V

with short-circuited the terminal a-b, then finding the resistance looking into terminals a and b.
Procedure:
1. Measure the actual value of the resistors R1, R2, R3, and R4 and record in the Table 4.4
2. Construct the circuit as shown in Fig. 4.2 below.
R3 = 2.2k
R1 = 2.2k
a
4V
R2 = 2.2k
R 4 = 2.7k
Figure 4.2: Basic Wheatstone bridge

3. Apply 4V to the circuit and record the galvanometer current as Ig3.
4. Disconnect the galvanometer from the circuit of Fig. 4.2 and calculate Thevenins
equivalent circuit as looking back into the terminal a and b. Use the measured value for
the resistor R1, R2, R3, and R4. Show the step of calculation. Record Vth1, and Rth1 in
the table.
5. Construct the Thevenins equivalent circuit as calculated in previous step. Connect the
galvanometer to the output terminals of a and b as in Fig.4.3 below. Measure the
galvanometer current and record in the table as Ig1.
a
Rth1
Vth1
Ig1
G
Figure 4.3: Thevenins equivalent circuit

6. Apply and calculate the following approximations of Thevenins equivalent voltage and
resistance to your original circuit of Fig.4.2.
r
R R(R + r )
Vth 2 = V
and R th 2 = +
2
2R + r
4R + 2r
Laboratory Module
where,
R = 2.2k
r = R 4 R
Show the step of calculation and record the value in table 4.4.
7. Next determine deflection current in the galvanometer, Ig2 using following formula.
Vth2
Ig 2 =
; which, Rg = internal resistance of galvanometer = 2.3k
R th2 + R g
8. Calculate and record the percentage of error between the Ig2 and Ig3, and between Ig1
and Ig2.
Laboratory Module
EET 204
LABORATORY REPORT
EXPERIMENT 4: THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
NAME
MATRIX NO.
COURSE
TOTAL MARKS
* Laboratory report must be submitted at the end of lab session. All delayed/pending report will be penalised.
Laboratory Module
Name:______________________________ Matrix no.:_____________ Date:_________

RESULT
Table 4.4
Resistor
Values
R (k)
Galvanometer
Current
Ig (A)
Thevenins
Equivalent Circuit
Approximate
Thevenins
Equivalent Circuit
R1 =
Ig1 =
Vth1 =
Vth2 =
R2 =
Ig2 =
Rth1 =
Rth2 =
R3 =
Ig3 =
r =
R4 =
Table 4.5
Percent of Error, e%
Ig2 and Ig3

Ig1 and Ig2
Instructor Approval: .
Date:
Laboratory Module

CALCULATION
Date:
Laboratory Module

CALCULATION
Date:
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DISCUSSION:
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CONCLUSION:
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Date:
Laboratory Module

PROBLEMS
1. Referring to figure below, P = 3.5k, Q = 7k and galvanometer null is obtained

when S = 5.51k. While P and Q have accuracies of 0.05%, and S has an
accuracy of 0.1%. Determine
a) the value of R
b) the resistance measurement range for the bridge if S can be adjustable from
1k 8k
c) the accuracy of the measured resistance of R and its upper and lower limits
for the P,Q, and S values stated.
P
E
Date:

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Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

Figure 4.1 Open-circuit Wheatstone bridge

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

Thevenins equivalent resistance can be determined by replacing the voltage source, V

Figure 4.2: Basic Wheatstone bridge

Figure 4.3: Thevenins equivalent circuit

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Exp.4

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Exp.4

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

EXPERIMENT 4: THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Exp.4

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

Name:______________________________ Matrix no.:_____________ Date:_________

Ig2 and Ig3

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

Name:______________________________ Matrix no.:_____________ Date:_________

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Exp.4

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

Name:______________________________ Matrix no.:_____________ Date:_________

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Exp.4

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

Name:______________________________ Matrix no.:_____________ Date:_________

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Exp.4

Instrumentation and Measurement (EET 204)

Name:______________________________ Matrix no.:_____________ Date:_________

1. Referring to figure below, P = 3.5k, Q = 7k and galvanometer null is obtained

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Exp.4

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