King Saud University Departments of Electrical Engineering Senior Capstone Design Request for Proposal

Design and Implementation of a g p Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracker

Dr. Ali M. Eltamaly

Photovoltaic, PV systems has many applications as in space satellites and orbital stations, solar vehicles, and power supply for p , , p pp y loads in remote areas. As the price of fossil fuels increase the generation of electricity from PV in a large scale becomes in good economical situation. situation PV systems are environmental friendly compared to current level of CO2 emission associated with conventional electricity generation. A considerable contribution from PV sources could reduce substantially the emission of CO2 and the l b i ll h i i f d h low l l of other pollutants level f h ll that cause acid rain, smog and other local environmental hazards. y gy pp y Moreover PV enhances diversity in energy supply markets and strengthens energy security and contributes to the securing of long term, cost-effective environmentally sustainable energy supplies. Feed some big loads as water desalination and water pumping stations from PV systems will have high benefits from the economical and environmental point of view. Studying the installation of PV energy systems in KSA has to start f from collecting the sun radiation d f many sites and selecting ll i h di i data for i d l i the best sites and the nearest one to the loads.

Background:

In this project a complete circuit for Maximum Power Point Tracking, MPPT will be built for PV energy system to perform many experimental studies as building and testing the best MPPT systems. The power generated from PV energy system depends on its terminal voltage. By using MPPT to track the maximum power point MPP by varying the point, terminal voltage increases the generated energy from PV system about 30%. MPPT must be fast to track the MPP effectively and smart t avoid di ff ti l d t to id divergence i f t changing i in fast h i in irradiance or temperature. Fuzzy controller system can provide smart MPPT. Implementation of fuzzy controller on modern and fast tools can provide fast and smart control. So, in this study fuzzy controller to force the PV to work a ou d around MPP will be used. The PV system is connected to used e syste s co ected boost converter to control its terminal voltage. Simulation of the MPPT system will be introduced by using modern simulation tool as PSIM or Matlab programs Hardware programs. implementation of boost converter will be introduced to control the voltage of PV system.

Objective: The students will learn the following: A detailed analysis of photovoltaic cells cells, Simulation program as PSIM, Pscad, Simulink, How to simulate photovoltaic system with loads and ac How voltage regulator in different simulation programs, Studying of fuzzy controller and how it can help in MPPT of PV systems, How to design an optimum size of photovoltaic system to supply the required power f certain load, l th i d for t i l d How to build a hardware circuit of Photovoltaic power system and its controller controller, How to design a MPPT tracking system to track the p point of p photovoltaic system, and y , maximum power p How to measure the complete parameters of the system under different conditions.

System Requirements: 1) Simulation software (Available) ) ( ) 2) Photovoltaic modules 3) Electronic components as switches switches, transformers, opto-couples, op-amps, current sensors, battery, etc. 4) Water pump or other electric load, 5) Digital controller as PIC, FPGA, or DSP.

Deliverables: A complete hardware control circuit for controlling photovoltaic energy system will be ready at the end of this project.

Technical Requirements: 1 1- Studying the analysis of photovoltaic cells, cells 2- Learning one of the following simulation software, PSIM PSCAD software PSIM, PSCAD, or Simulink Simulink, 3- Learning how to design controller program for digital controllers as PIC, FPGA, or DSP.

Customer Commitments: This circuit will be very helpful for many companies provide a controller for photovoltaic energy systems. systems

Area economic

Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints The price of the proposed hardware circuit will be p p p calculated and feasibility study of using this hardware circuit instead of using any other conventional energy sources like diesel engine.

Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints Feeding the system from renewable energy sources will explain how to use these sources environmental to reduce the reduction of green house gases g g generated from conventional power supplies.

Area

Area

social

Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints Remote loads need renewable irrigation systems to feed different loads. The most suitable solution is the photovoltaic energy systems. So building photovoltaic energy systems in these remote areas will help the society t communicate with cities i t to i t ith iti Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints Electrical energy became a vital issue in the modern countries. Increasing of using bl h t lt i that ill t renewable energy as photovoltaic th t will not harm environment and it does not depend on any other factor except the sun will help some community to depend on themselves in energy production.

Area

political

Area ethical

Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints Energy generated from sun will help us to reduce the emission of green house gases that will harm environment. i Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints Using of renewable energy as photovoltaic that will not harm the environment and reduces the emission of green house gases will improve the health and safety of near communities communities.

Area health and safety

Codes & Standards / Realistic Area Constraints C t i t This system can be manufactured in small scale to be used in many valuable applications as in remote irrigation systems, remote communication stations, manufacturability feeding residential loads in remote areas, etc. The details of photovoltaic system become mature technology and can b b h l d be manufactured with the local experience.

Codes & Standards / Realistic Area Constraints C i Supplying the loads from renewable energy system will h l bl ill help students to think about the i bili f l i sustainability of electric energy sustainability production. And help them to participate i the i i i in h improving the i h environment in our planet and reduce the d d h dangerous effect of earth ff f h worming phenomena.

Photovoltaic System Components

Solar Cell

CELL basic building block in factory

Photovoltaic System Components (Cont.)

MODULE smallest unit that can do real-world work; building block in the field

PV Modules

Photovoltaic System Components

PV Panel
PanelInterconnection of many modules in series and parallel

Photovoltaic System Components (Cont.) ARRAY electrically interconnected panels

Flat Plate PV System

PV Sun Tracker
Allows East-West Rotation Allows North-South Rotation

PV Sun Tracker (Cont.)

Two Axis PV System

Fixed Tilt angle PV System

PV Sun Tracker (Cont.)

PV Concentrators

PV Applications
Residential Loads

PV Applications (Cont.)
Street Lighting

PV Applications (Cont.)
solar vehicles

PV Applications (Cont.)
Space Missions

PV Applications (Cont.)
Communication Stations in Remote Areas

PV Applications (Cont.)
Communication Stations in Remote Areas

PV Applications (Cont.)
space satellites and orbital stations

Types of PV Power Systems

Direct Coupled DC Load DC Load with Battery Storage

Types of PV Power Systems (Cont.)

Stand Alone PV System Grid Connected PV System

Types of PV Power Systems (Cont.)

Hybrid PV and Wind System

Types of PV Power Systems (Cont.)

Wind

PV

Diesel

Why photovoltaic system?

Renewable Energy No Fuel Cost

No Emissions Including Noise and Thermals No Moving Parts-- Greatly Reduce Maintenance Long Service Life about 25-30 Years Modular D i C M d l Design Capability Allows Power System Sizes bili All P S Si from Calculator to Large Scale Utility Grid Support. Many Commercial Products Available, Including Packaged Systems for Specific Applications Global Infrastructure Support

Why photovoltaic system? (Cont.)

Reduce greenhouse gas and other emissions Enhance diversity in energy supply markets and E h di it i l k t d strengthen energy security. Renewable energy systems domesticate the R bl t d ti t th energy supply thus reducing import costs. no waste generated from the operation of renewable energy systems. Create significant new employment opportunities in energy infrastructure, manufacturing, installation and etc.

Drawbacks of PV
High Initial cost ($2000 - $3000/kW) The generated power depends on the time of the day.

PV Energy Cost
Worldwide PV Shipments

n

1998 - $ billion $1.5 2020 - $27 billion

Price Hi t P i History
1959 - $1000 per Watt 1973 - $100 per Watt 1980 - $10 per Watt 1990 - $4.50 per Watt 2000 - $3 50 per Watt $3.50 2006 - $2.50 per Watt

Renewable Energy Cost

Renewable Energy Cost Trends
50
CO cents/kWh OE CO cents/kWh OE

40 30 20 10 0 1980 1990 2000

PV

40

Wind
30 20 10 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

2010
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1980

2020 Solar thermal

15 12 9 6 3

10 COE cen nts/kWh 8 6 4 2 0 1980 1990

Geothermal

Biomass

2000

2010

2020

1990

2000

2010

2020

0 1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Sun Hours Per Year Map

Photovoltaic Operation

Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)

Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)

Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)

Series Connection

Parallel Connection

Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)

Parallel Series Connection

Photovoltaic Characteristics

O u tp u t P o w er, p u
M a xim u m p ow er cu rv e

0 .8
2

0 .6

10 00 W /m 2 80 0W /m 6 00 W /m
2

0 .4

4 00 W /m 20 0W /m
2

0 .2

0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 T erm in a l V o lta ge, p u 0 .8 1

Characteristics of PV module

If the PV array forced to operate around maximum power point, 50% increase in the point output energy from Photovoltaic arrays

Photovoltaic Characteristics (Cont.)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 02 0.1 0 0 0.1 01 0.2 02 0.3 03 0.4 04 0.5 05 0.6 06 0.7 07 0.8 08 0.9 09 1

I, P
Terminal current

Pmax

P P
VT

Terminal Voltage

Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT

PV array
DC-DC boost Converter DC Link Constant Frequency PWM Converter Three Phase utility tilit

Lo

PI

Temperature PV Simulator

Vopt Pmax +

+ S PI
Current controller

Radiation

S Pact

PI

The control system of the proposed approach

* Vdc

Vdc

Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT Tracker

Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT

Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT

12k Actual Power 10k

8k

6k

4k Maximum Power 2k 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 time (sec.) 0.5 0.6

Remote Irrigation Systems

Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)

Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)

Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)

Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)