PRESTRESS CONCRETE DESIGN

Historical Development
The Romans were known to be the first to use the principle of pre-stressing. Example is the wooden barrel used to store wine. It was P.A. Jackson of USA who introduced pre-stress in woods. Within the year 1886-1908 that the development of pre-stressing in concrete has started. 1872-P.A. Jackson (USA) -started in wood 1888-C.E.W. Doehring (Germany) 1907-J.G.F. Lund (Norway) -J.Mandl (Austria) introduced loss of stresses on concrete -M.Koenen (Germany) 1908-G.R.Steiner (USA) -pre-stressing of concrete 1923-F.Von Emperger (Austria)-suggested the use of high strength steel 1923 F.E.Dill (USA)-introduced the concept of full stressing 1928-E Freyssinet (France)-started the development work 1940- G.Magnel (Belgian) Guyon (France) Abeles (United Kingdom) Leonhardt (Germany) Lin (USA) Mikhailov (USSR) After World War II-Full scale application

Pre- stress Concrete -Concrete in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution that the stresses resulting from the given external loadings are counteracted to a desired degree. In reinforced concrete members, the pre-stress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcements. Pre- cast Concrete

-A concrete element is said to be pre-cast when the element is cast somewhere other than in its final position in the structure.
WHY IT PAYS TO USE PRESTRESS CONCRETE: 1. Strength: Pre-stressing combines two basic building materials that is concrete and steel- to take the maximum advantage of their important characteristics. The compressive strength of concrete and the tensile strength of tendons. 2. Economy: Pre-stressing steel is six times stronger than ordinary steel but costs only twice as much. Concrete for pre-stressing is twice as strong but cost only15 to 25% more than ordinary concrete. Pre-stressing uses 75% less concrete to attain equal or greater structural strength that when two materials are used separately in the conventional method.

3. Speed of Construction: Mass production of pre-stress units is done ahead or simultaneously with the jobsite work (ex. foundation works). Weather does not delay plant production. Erection of prefabricated members is even faster. 4. Long Spans-Shallow Depth: This means fewer columns and beams more usable floor space and bedroom clearance. 5. Maintenance Free: Because of constant compression, cracks are prevented and possibilities of corrosion are remote. Requires no painting, little or no waterproofing. 6. Attractive Appearance- Flexibility in Design: A variety of aesthetical shapes and new designs are possible using these sections. The use of high quality formwork produces a nice natural cement finish, which requires no plastering and is attractive even when exposed 7. Guarantee: Production is by factory methods under closely controlled conditions. The product is in a way pre-tested due to the application of pre-stressing and handling stresses which can crack poor quality concrete. 8. Low Insurance Cost: Durability and fire resistance means low insurance premiums SOURCES OF PRE-STRESSING: Jacks reacting against the abutments The principal difficulty associated with such a system is that even a slight movement of the abutment will reduce the pre-stressing force. Jack Jack

Abutments

Pre-stress

Beam

Abutments

S c a f f o l d i n g s
Pre-tensioning: The wires are stressed before the concrete is cast. When the concrete is hard enough, the wires are cut, thus inducing compressive stresses on the concrete. 1.

Bulkhead

Formwork

Abutment

Jack

Pre-stressing Wire

Jack

Pump
2. Post-tensioning (bonded or unbonded). Holes are provided for the cables and when the concrete is hard enough to carry the pre-stress, the wires are inserted through these holes and stressed against the ends of the concrete member. For the bonded post-tensioning, neat concrete is pumped inside the ducts.

Concrete

Duct

Cable

Pump
3. Chemical Pre-Stressing Uses certain types of additives which make the concrete expand.

INTEGRATED BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM IBF is a concrete construction system wherein pre-cast elements comprise of columns, beams, slabs and even wall panels joined or integrated together to form a single building structure. ADVANTAGE OF IBF AGAINST CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION: I. Time Element: Time of construction is a very important factor especially for business, schools and other establishments. The earlier the structure to be constructed, the earlier it generates income and for school, opening of classes will not be delayed. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION: 1. During foundation works, columns, beams slabs and wall panel are simultaneously fabricated at the plant. 2. Utilization of heavy equipments. 3. Re-use of forms and or molds at the plant. 4. Concrete works at plant is less difficult compared at the site. II. Cost: The cost of IBF is generally competitive in contrast with conventional construction. The additional cost of utilizing heavy equipment is being offset by the following: 1. Great reduction of workers. 2. Re-use of form/mold at the plant. 3. Ability for mass production of the pre-cast elements. 4. Shoring/support at the site is eliminated. 5. Concreting works at plant is less difficult compared at the site. 6. A reduction on time of construction will definitely cut the cost. III. Quality: Quality of the concrete products is much better compare with conventional since the plant has its own quality control that takes care of the material, production, delivery, and during joining of members at the site. IV. Structural Performance: IBF perform excellently during seismic as proven several large earthquakes of more 25 years of existing IBF structures in the country. Utilization of high compressive strength of concrete performs better in earthquake. V.OTHERS: 1. Owner could guarantee of the product since the prime concern is the interest and satisfaction of the client plus the desire of good quality products.

2. Pre-cast system is the latest trend in the construction today, thereby giving us alternative besides being flexible. COMPARISON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE: 1. There are always cracks even at working load. 2. Only part of the section is load carrying, portion below the neutral axis carries no load. 3. The steel reinforcement carries the tensile stresses. 4. Highest stress occurs under load. PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE: 1. There are no cracks at working load. 2. The whole of the section is load carrying. 3. The steel neutralizes the steel stresses. 4. The highest stress occurs at pre-stressing.