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IPA07-G-008

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Thirty-First Annual Convention and Exhibition, May 2007 SEISMIC INVERSION AS AN EXCITING TOOL TO DELINEATE FACIES DISTRIBUTION IN TIAKA CARBONATE RESERVOIRS, SULAWESI - INDONESIA
Deddy Hasanusi* Erham Adhitiawan* Anies Baasir* Leonard Lisapaly** Robert van Eykenhof**

ABSTRACT After the drilling of six wells that successfully found oil, an unexpected dry well was encountered in the Tiaka field, Tomori block, Sulawesi Indonesia. The Tiaka field has carbonate reservoirs that produce oil from its deeper Early Miocene Tomori limestone as the primary objective, while limited gas bearing zones can be found in its shallower Minahaki limestone. The dry well was a surprise as a previous study indicated that this was a favorable location to drill. In order to reduce the risk for the future drilling plan, and to get a better understanding of the lateral facies distribution of reservoirs in the field, a constrained sparse spike inversion was applied to convert the 2D full-stack seismic data recorded in the area into 2D acoustic impedance lines, calibrated to the existing wells. The dry well, however, was treated as a blind well to validate the inversion result. The inversion and interpretation of the seismic data itself has some challenges to be resolved. First, the seismic lines consist of six vintages that were recorded using different sources, resulting in variations in signal-to-noise ratio, frequency content, and seismic amplitude dynamic range. Second, the field has a strong dips (18-25 degrees) that affect the structural interpretation from survey lines at different orientations. Third, and most importantly, there is strong overlap in the acoustic impedance domain between shale and the targeted porous limestone. This paper will discuss how those issues were resolved, or at least reduced. The inversion result confirmed that the dry well was drilled in a tight limestone area, while oil wells were drilled in a porous limestone area. As a result of this study, three wells are planned to be drilled,
* ** JOB Pertamina Medco E&P Tomori Sulawesi Fugro - Jason

with one well recently completed. This well encountered a significant oil bearing zone in the Tomori porous limestone as predicted by the inversion. INTRODUCTION Geological Setting The Tiaka oil field is located in the offshore Toili area of the Senoro-Toili Block in the eastern arm of Central Sulawesi and falls within the Tertiary Banggai Basin (Figure 1). The Senoro-Toili Block is located along the tectonically complex eastern arm of Sulawesi and includes part of a collision complex formed during the Miocene, resulting from the collision of the Banggai-Sula Micro-continental plate and a Tertiary non-volcanic arc forming what is now Central Sulawesi. The Tiaka Field is within one of the thrust sheets produced by this collision process. Geological evolution of the Banggai-Sula micro-continent is closely related to the evolution of the northern margin of the Australia-New Guinea continental plate, which formed during the Mesozoic break-up of Gondwana. Reorientation of Eurasia, Pacific and Indoaustralian plates promotes the westwards drift of the northern Australian continental margin in the form of a sliver microcontinent through the south Sula-Sorong Fault (Figure 2). During the westward drift of the Banggai-Sula micro-continent, an aerially extensive Miocene carbonate shelf with localized reef growth developed along the micro-continental margin. The Miocene carbonate shelf has been identified as the Salodik Group and comprises the Tomori, Matindok and Minahaki Formations. In the Late Miocene, the Banggai-Sula micro-continental shelf approached the eastern part of proto-Sulawesi and induced a collision system, which manifested by Ophiolite Belt, resulted in folding, thrusting and imbricating structures of micro-continental shelf sections, and

creating a foreland basin controlled by thrust loading. Presently, there are three principal exploration play types found in the Senoro-Toili Block: Miocene carbonate buildup, wrench fault anticline and thrusted anticline. The Carbonate buildup and wrench anticline play types are present in the Senoro area, while a thrusted anticline type is found at the offshore Toili area. The thrusted anticline type play involves structural closure at the leading edges of a series of imbricate thrust sheets of Miocene Carbonates in the offshore Toili area at the southern part of the Senoro-Toili Block (Figure 3). The Tiaka field is defined by four wells, both exploration and delineation, which were drilled in mid to late 1980 by the previous operator. The main hydrocarbon reservoir in the Tiaka field is the Tomori Formation, which is overlain by the Matindok and Minahaki Formations (Figure 4). A secondary hydrocarbon bearing interval has been discovered in the Minahaki limestone through the drilling of the Tiaka-7 well. The Tiaka field is considered a marginal oil field, which could not be economically developed by the previous operator due to a significant sunk cost incurred. Since March 2000, the Senoro-Toili Block has been operated by JOB Pertamina-Medco Tomori Sulawesi through the acquisition by Medco Energi International from ARCO Indonesia. To date six development wells have been successfully drilled by JOB Pertamina-Medco E&P Tomori Sulawesi, who brought the Tiaka field on stream on July 31, 2005. This has resulted in the first oil production in Sulawesi Island. Problem Definition The aim of the inversion study carried out on Tiaka the seismic data was to generate 2D acoustic impedance sections calibrated to well data to integrate all data and understand strengths and limitations, generate a layer property for quantitative analysis and standardize multiple vintages in order to (1). improve geological interpretation (2). map porosity distribution (3). optimize well locations; and (4). reduce drilling risks. Data Sixteen full-stack seismic lines with a total length of 65.4 km containing 6200 traces were inverted and calibrated to 4 wells (Tiaka1, Tiaka2, Tiaka3, and Tiaka4). Seven wells were conditioned before inversion was executed. Well Tiaka5, Tiaka6, and

Tiaka7 were used as blind wells to validate the inversion results. Well Tiaka7 is a dry well in the primary reservoir interval although previous studies had indicated high potential for oil. . To build the low frequency model, the original geological interpretation was used in the first pass inversion and was then updated to generate final inversion results. METHODOLOGY Overview The objective of our study was to produce facies and porosity distributions in the Tiaka carbonate reservoir. The methodology was to run a constrained sparse spike inversion that integrates the information from well data, seismic data, and geological interpretation. The results of the inversion were acoustic impedance and porosity derived from the simple relationship between porosity and acoustic impedance as observed from the well data. The results were used to interpret the facies distribution and to map the porosity distribution. By adding careful hydrocarbon distribution interpretation, the inversion results have been used for locating new wells to drill hydrocarbon. Lithology class Reservoir discrimination was done by first defining lithology types based on well logs. Pairs of properties were displayed and color coded by a third property in a cross-plot to check the feasibility to discriminate lithology types from these prpoerties. After a series of Quality Control (QC) checks, a cross-plot showing the best lithology separation was gained. From the cross-plot, classes of lithologies were constructed based on the: volume of clay, effective porosity, and water saturation. Five lithology types were identified which were: high porous pay limestone, high porous wet limestone, low porous pay limestone, low porous wet limestone, and shale. Impedance histograms of all lithologies were then displayed in a single frame to examine the impedance overlap between the lithologies. Challenges There are some challenges to be overcome or at least reduced in this study. First, the seismic lines consist of six vintages that were recorded at different times (1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, and 1988) and using different acquisition parameters.

Therefore, the seismic data set contains lines with different signal-to-noise ratio, frequency content, and seismic amplitude dynamic range. These issues were resolved by estimating an optimum wavelet for each line by selecting for inversion only the lines that pass through the wells. The carbonate structure has a dip of 18-25 degrees to the east. With seismic lines running in various directions, event mistie at line intersections (mostly coinciding with the well locations) are significant. This mistie was not corrected during the inversion process but the correction was carried out in the time-to-depth conversion stage. However, proper time adjustment during well-to-seismic tie process was applied to compensate for the mistie. In other words, the time to depth relationship of a particular well can be different for different seismic lines. The aim of this time adjustment is firstly to generate good wavelet for each line and secondly to generate the low frequency model that fits with the structural information contained in those different seismic lines. The seismic lines are also vulnerable to out-of-plane reflections caused by the carbonates dipping structure. Because seismic inversion can improve geological interpretation by removing the wavelet from the seismic data, a thorough examination can be performed to detect whether out-of-plane reflections are contaminating the results. This information is very important input for establishing a drilling plan. In many cases in Indonesia, full-stack seismic inversion that generates acoustic impedance only, naturally suffers from impedance overlap between the different lithologies, i.e., different lithologies are difficult to distinguish using acoustic impedance. In the case of the Tiaka field seismic inversion, strong overlap was observed between shale, high porous wet limestone, and high porous pay limestone. Because the targeted Tomori carbonate is a high porous limestone, finding an oil prospect in the Tiaka carbonate field cannot be done automatically by implementing a body capture method constrained by a range of acoustic impedance generated from the seismic inversion. Figure 5 shows that strong overlapping between lithologies that exists in full-stack seismic inversion of the Tiaka field. To avoid a mistake in capturing the high porous pay limestone, a lengthy but more accurate procedure was taken. First, the top and base of the carbonate body were interpreted from relative impedance.

Second, the porous limestone zone represented by low acoustic impedance was identified in the carbonate body. Third, the known oil-water contact (OWC) was used to separate potential high porous wet limestone (below OWC) and high porous pay limestone (above OWC). Because the well data do not show significant amounts of shale in the Tomori carbonate, a low acoustic impedance zone in the carbonate body and above the OWC was interpreted as high porous pay limestone. Based on this, some potential new wells location were determined. In the next stage, a drilling plan that brought careful treatment to the time-to-depth conversion and examination of potential out-of-plane reflection to attention was established. Constrained Sparse Spike Inversion Constrained sparse spike inversion (CSSI) is a method that integrates full stack seismic data, geological interpretation, and well log data to generate acoustic impedance with higher resolution than the input seismic data. The process works by removing the wavelet from the seismic data, converting seismic interface property into layer property, and by integrating a low frequency model, as described by Ronghe and Surarat (2002) and Oldenburg et.al (1983), among others. In CSSI, the inputs are used to generate wavelets and low frequency models. Wavelets can be generated at well locations from the seismic data and the logged P-impedance. The low frequency model is built from a geological model constructed by horizons and filled with properties by interpolating and extrapolating those property from wells and integrating the information from stacking velocity data. In this study, however, stacking velocity was not used due to unrealistic strong lateral variations observed in the velocity data. With the wavelet and low frequency model, the seismic was inverted to find a minimum reflectivity solution that represents major formations and to reject unwanted noise in the seismic data.

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS P-impedance As mentioned before, strong overlap in impedance between lithologies occurs. Hence, to interpret the lithology, one will strongly depend on the data integration. Here, the interpretation of lithology was mainly done using the relative P-impedance and adding the information from wells and a prior

knowledge on the geology of Tiaka field. The reason to use the relative P-impedance was that the low frequency model was built from well interpolations, only, and, as the wells are sparse, the low frequency model may be different from the true geology. On the other hand, interpreting the result using relative P-impedance must be done carefully due to the effect of the reservoir thickness to the dynamic range of relative P-impedance. For example, two limestone reservoirs of similar quality but of different thickness will have different dynamic ranges of relative P-impedance. At certain reservoir thicknesses, the relative P-impedance will look stronger than the others and may indicate a pseudohigh porous limestone which is not necessarily an accurate information. An example in which the potential ambiguity in interpreting the Tomori oil reservoir is shown in Figure 6 in which a good match between inversion result and well P-impedance can be achieved. The blue area between Top Tomori and Tiaka thrust in the left part of the section can be interpreted as shale or porous limestone. Careless interpretation may potentially end up with drilling a well in shale. However, based on prior knowledge that thick shale has never been encountered in the Tomori limestone, the blue zone between Top Tomori and Tiaka thrust in the figure was interpreted as a potential pay zone. However, in the case of porous limestone, the porosity in the downdip direction, is not necessarily higher than the porosity in the updip direction due to the effect of the reservoir thickness to the dynamic range of P-impedance as mentioned in the previous paragraph. Porosity To calculate the porosity, the relationship between P-impedance and porosity was first recognized by cross-plotting the porosity and P-impedance. The crossplot can be done at log resolution or at inverted resolution in which the log is filtered using the maximum frequency shown by the seismic. Figure 7 shows the crossplot between total porosity vs impedance color coded by lithology at inverted resolution. The red curve represents the best fit for limestone only. Another curve for shale can be added. The figure indicates that a single value of impedance may have two values of porosity, and hence different transform should used to calculate porosity in shale or limestone.

Blind well test A blind well test is an important tool to investigate whether the inversion result is valid not only at well locations, but also at different places. To do this, the inversion was carried out by not including all wells but only some of them. After inversion, the Pimpedance of the blind well was overlain on top of the inverted P-impedance section to compare. Figure 8 shows a blind well example. The relative P-impedance along line 88-541 is overlain by a band-pass filtered well P-impedance for 3 wells which are Tiaka1 (right), Tiaka2 (left), and Tiaka7 (middle). Tiaka7 is a blind well, and the wavelet was estimated only using well Tiaka2. Well Tiaka1 and Tiaka2 are oil wells, and well Tiaka7 is a dry well. The production zone in well Tiaka1 and Tiaka2 is a zone of porous limestone in the Tomori limestone, as indicated by lower P-impedance (green to blue). The result confirms that the area near well Tiaka7 is a zone of tight limestone as indicated by higher P-impedance (yellow) and drilling a dry well in this area should be an expected result. At the well locations, the match at the deeper level was not good and was probably caused by poor seismic quality at that level. Figure 9 shows another example of Tomori limestone in line 88-520. Two wells are displayed on top of the relative P-impedance. Well Tiaka2 (right) is an oil well, and well Tiaka3 (left) is a dry well. The inversion was carried out using the wavelet and low frequency model generated from well Tiaka2 only. Hence, well Tiaka3 is a blind well in this line. Again, the result indicates that area near well Tiaka3 is zone of tight limestone. It is also important to observe that the deeper tight limestone is not visible in the area close to well Tiaka2 (as indicated by discontinuous bright event in the lower part close to Tiaka thrust between CDP 1400 to CDP 1500). Again, this was probably caused by poor seismic quality in the deeper zone.

Pay map To get a sense of pay distribution, the pay zone in each line was first carefully interpreted and constrained by two main criteria: it must be a porous zone between the top and base of the Tomori carbonate and should be above the known OWC. In addition, when those criteria could be fulfilled, the zone with very low impedance (seen as a dark color in section view) should be avoided. This area of dark color was suspected to be a shale zone.

After the pay horizons were interpreted, some property attributes were generated such as: mean impedance, minimum impedance, mean porosity, etc. A map was then generated by interpolating the attributes. In the drilling plan, however, the well locations were determined to be on the seismic line (or at least very close to the seismic line) because a map generated from 2D line interpolation potentially can have inaccurate information. New wells Based on the interpretation of the results, new wells were drilled. Figure 10 shows the newly drilled Tiaka8 well on top of the inverted relative impedance. The red curve represents the interpreted high porous pay limestone (shown in blue). As indicated in the figure, well Tiaka8 penetrated a high porous pay limestone as predicted by the seismic inversion. CONCLUSIONS The full-stack seismic inversion applied to the Tiaka carbonate reservoir has been able to delineate facies distribution through data integration and

careful interpretation of the results. New wells have been drilled and successfully found oil in this field through careful interpretation of the inversion results even though the inversion of the full-stack seismic suffers from overlapping impedance between the main lithologies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge JOB Pertamina Medco Tomori Sulawesi and BPMIGAS for supporting this study and for granting permission to publish this work. REFERENCES Oldenburg, D.W., Scheuer, T., and Levy, S., 1983, Recovery of the acoustic impedance from reflection seismograms, Geophysics, vol. 48, No. 10, p.13181337. Ronghe, S. and Surarat, K., 2002, Acoustic impedance interpretation for sand distribution adjacent to a rift boundary fault, Suphan Buri basin, Thailand, AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, No. 10, pp. 17531771.

Figure 1 - Map showing the location of Tiaka field in Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Figure 2 - Tectonic evolution of eastern arm of Sulawesi.

Figure 3 - Principal exploration play type found in Senoro-Toili block.

Figure 4 - Generalized stratigraphy of Banggai basin.

Figure 5 - Strong overlapping between lithologies in acoustic impedance domain.

Figure 6 - Potential ambiguity in interpreting Tomori oil reservoir.

Figure 7 - Cross plot between total porosity vs impedance color coded by lithology in inverted resolution. Two transforms can be generated for shale and limestone.

Figure 8 - Example of blind well validation on line 88-541.

Figure 9 - Example of blind well validation on line 88-520.

Figure 10 - Example of blind well validation using the new drilled Tiaka8 well.

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