Histology of gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal tract has four distinct layers

Mucosa
Epithelium L Lamina propria supporting f i i i function i

Consist of loose connective tissue (elastic fibers), vessels, nerves, glands, l l d lymphoid aggregation (i h id i (immunity) i )

Muscularis mucosae thin smooth muscle layer that is involved in the movement of mucosa

Submucosa

Consist of loose connective tissue, large vessels, nerves, glands, submucosal, submucosus nerve plexus (Meissners plexus), and lymphoid aggregation (immunity) gg g

Muscularis propria
Muscular wall consist of smooth muscle arranged in two layers, inner circular and outer longitudinal Participate in the peristaltic contraction Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbachs plexus) is located between these two layers

Adventitia (serosa)

Consist f loose connective tissue, l C i of l i i large vessels, nerves, l adipose tissue covered by the simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

Microscopic preparation the mucosa of the tongue

Circumvallate papillae

Stratified squamous epithelium

Taste buds embedded in the epithelium

Lamina propria form the body of papilla

Microscopic preparation the mucosa of the tongue

Circumvallate papilla Filiform papilla

epithelium

Lamina propria mucosae

Taste buds

Microscopic preparation the mucosa of the tongue (taste buds)

Taste bud

Microscopic preparation Esophagus

Mucosa

Stratified squamous epithelium

mechanical protection loose connective tissue, lymphoid tissue (i l i i l h id i (immunity) i )

Lamina propria mucosae

Muscularis mucosae

Submucosa Muscularis propria

Inner circular smooth muscle layer Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer

Adventitia Ad ii

Esophagus
Muscularis propria p p

submucosa

mucosa

Microscopic preparation Esophagus

Epithelium Lymph node L h d

Lamina propria mucosae

Lamina muscularis mucosae Submucosa

Microscopic preparation Esophagus

Circular Longitudinal

Microscopic preparation Stomach - Mucosa

Mucosa

Simple columnar epithelium enters lamina propria and form the gastric pits Gastric glands enters these gastric pits Surface mucous cells production of protective bicarbonate ions
( g (against hydrochloric acid) y ) Parietal (oxyntic) cells production hydrochloric acid Zymogenic (peptic) cells located towards the base of the glands y g p p g

Cell population of epithelium p p p

Pepsin secreting cells

Neuroendocrine cells

Microscopic preparation Stomach

Muscularis mucosae border between mucosa and

submucosa

Submucosa consist of loose connective tissue and S b i t fl ti ti d

large vessels

Muscularis propria consist of three layers of

smooth muscle

Oblique layer

Inner circular I i l Outer longitudinal

Microscopic p p p preparation Stomach

Mucosa

Submucosa

Gastric fold

Muscularis propria

Gastric pit

Mucosa

Gastric glands

Muscularis mucosae

Microscopic preparation Small intestine mucosa

Mucosa and submucosa forms circular folds called plicae circulares li i l

Mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria) forms

intestinal villi

Plica circularis (Kerckringi) mucosa submucosa Plica circularis

jejunum

Circular layer Muscularis propria p p Longitudinal layer

Microscopic preparation Small intestine mucosa

Simple columnar epithelium

covers surface of villi and forms intestinal glands (Lieberkhn crypts)

Cell population of epithelium (glands)

Enterocytes contain microvilli on the apical surface

Participate on the absorption Production of the protective mucin (against hydrochloric acid)

Goblet ll located among enterocytes G bl cell l d

Paneth cells located at the base of the crypt protective function (agains bacteria) bacteria)

Plica circularis (Kerckringi) mucosa submucosa Plica circularis

jejunum

Circular layer Muscularis propria p p Longitudinal layer

Small intestine mucosa

Intestinal vilus

Intestinal glands (Lieberkhn) Paneth cells

Small intestine villi

Goblet cell

Connective tissue + vessels

Enterocyte

Pancreas

Pancreas is mixed exocrine (digestive system) and endocrine gland.

Endocrine part forms pancreatic islets called islets of Langerhans

There are four types of cell including

Alpha cells secrete glucagon Beta cells secrete insulin Delta cells secrete somatostatin F-cells - secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Blood capillaries surround all these cells

Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans

vessel Intrapankreatic duct

Pancreas

Exocrine pancreas

Islets of Langerhans g

Islets of Langerhans

Islets of Langerhans

Microscopic preparation Liver

Base structural unit of li B l i f liver i h is hepatic l b l i lobule

It is hexagonaly in shape and is centered on the terminal hepatic venule (centrilobular venule) Consist of hepatocytes, separated by the vascular channels called sinusoids (bl d from the h i id (blood f h hepatic artery and portal vein) i d l i ) The blood from sinusoids flows into the centrilobular venule hepatic vein inferior vena cava

Bile is secreted by hepatocytes enters bile canaliculi that

empty into small bile ducts Portal tract (portal triad) located at the angles of the hexagon

Portal tract is consist of the vein (branch of hepatic portal vein nutrition), the artery (br n h hepatic artery o gen) and the bile duct (branch hep ti rter oxygen) nd

Hepatic lobule

Portal triad

Vena centralis

Portal triad

bile duct vein

artery

Liver - centrilobular venule