ISSN 1068-3666, Journal of Friction and Wear, 2009, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 385390. Allerton Press, Inc.

., 2009. Original Russian Text I.Z. Dzhilavdari, N.N. Riznookaya, 2009, published in Trenie i Iznos, 2009, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 533539.

Investigation of Contact Adhesion with the Method of Free Micro-oscillations of a Pendulum

I. Z. Dzhilavdari* and N. N. Riznookaya
National Technical University of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 65, Minsk, 220013 Belarus *e-mail: gilavdary@mail.ru
Received June 3, 2008

AbstractThe dependence of the small free oscillations on the amplitude of a pendulum borne by two balls on a at surface is studied experimentally and theoretically. The established dependence is explained by the adhesion forces on the contact spot. The pressure and energy density of adhesion interaction are assessed. Key words: contact adhesion, physical pendulum, amplitude, oscillation period. DOI: 10.3103/S1068366609060026

INTRODUCTION With progress in micro- and nanoengineering, the forces operating during interaction between bodies are extensively investigated for the cases when they approach each other, when they move apart, and when they contact over small surface areas. Studies in this eld are performed with specially designed adhesion meters and force-probe microscopes [15]. These instruments pose a number of methodological and engineering problems that limit signicantly the measurement accuracy [2, 3, 5]. The authors of the current paper have demonstrated earlier that analysis of the pattern of the amplitude of free oscillations of a physical pendulum borne on two balls on a planar surface makes it possible, for the case of small amplitudes, to estimate the work of adhesion during detachment and total energy loss for the hysteresis of the forces of elasticity and adhesion [6]. On the other hand, it is difcult to distinguish between these forces. A characteristic dependence of the period of oscillations on the amplitude is yet another source of information on how the balls and the surface interact [7]. The period of pendulum oscillations is determined by the forces of gravity and the pendulum moment when the balls are not supported by a planar nondeformable surface and there is no adhesion. The dependence of the period T within the region of small oscillations on the amplitude is determined from the well-known mathematical pendulum formula [8] T ( ) T 0 1 + ----- . 16
2

T () Figure 1 shows the dependence graph ----------- 1 T0 within the amplitude interval 0150 seconds of arc plotted on the basis of this formula. The typical experimental dependences T() within this amplitude interval shown in Figs. 2a and 4a have a different appearance because the changes in the period exceed by six orders of magnitude the changes in the period in Fig. 1. This period-on-amplitude dependence was observed rst in experiments with oscillations of a pendulum borne by two steel balls on a rubber surface [9]. It was explained by the fact that the balls oscillate and do not move over the rubber surface when the amplitude of oscillations is small; rather, they turn together with the contact spot. A similar dependence was also revealed by the study of pendulum oscillations on the surfaces of
T()/T0 1 3 108 2 108 1 108

50

100 , seconds of arc

(1)
385

Fig. 1. Theoretical changes of period of oscillations of a physical pendulum when the amplitude of oscillations changes on a at nondeformable surface without friction.

386 T(), s (a) 2.050 1

DZHILAVDARI, RIZNOOKAYA

(b) 2.050 1 2

2.045

2.045

2.040 0 20 40 60 80 100 , seconds of arc

2.040 0 200 400 600 t, s

Fig. 2. Dependence of period of pendulum oscillations on amplitude (a) and time (b) when balls contact silicon wafer with surface roughness R = 0.4 nm (1) and Ra = 0.1 nm (2). Dotsexperiment; solid linesapproximation results.

T(), s (a) 2.025 1 2.020 2.015 2.010 2.005 2.000 0 20 40 60 80 , seconds of arc 2.010 3 2.005 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 t, s 3 2.015 1 2 2 4 2.020 2.030 2.025 (b)

Fig. 3. Dependence of period of pendulum oscillations on amplitude (a) and time (b) when balls contact K8 optical glass with its surface treated with water vapors (1), diethyl ester (chemical DE) (2), isopropyl alcohol (CP) (3), and kerosene (TR 2388-00423172471-98) (4). Dotsexperiment; solid linesapproximation results.

hard materials and it was established that it had a universal nature [10]. The aim of the current work is to explain the observed dependence of the period of pendulum oscillations on the amplitude. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS Figure 5 shows schematically the experimental installation. The pendulum weighed m = 1.256 kg. The pendulum was balanced so that its gravity center at equilibrium was in the contact spot. At small oscillations, the amplitudes of oscillations would then prevent slippage of the balls and reduce considerably the effect of vibration of the base. The balls were made from

compacted corundum powder; they had the radius R = 5 mm and the surface roughness parameter Ra 20 nm. The Young modulus and the Poisson coefcient of the material of the balls were E 310 GPa and 0.27, respectively. The study was conducted on the surfaces of wafers cut out from silicon monocrystal 111 with the roughness parameters Ra 0.4 and Ra 0.1 nm and on the surfaces of the K8 optical glass and the steel end rods. The Young modulus of the glass was E 82 GPa and the Poisson coefcient was 0.21; those of the silicon were E 131 GPa and 0.27; and those of the steel were E 200 GPa, 0.3. The static deformation of the surface of the ball materials was calculated with the Hertzian formulas [11]. The contact-spot radius of the balls from all the
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INVESTIGATION OF CONTACT ADHESION T(), s (a) 2 2.050 3 2.045 4 1 2.040 0 20 40 60 80 , seconds of arc 2.040 1 0 200 400 600 t, s 2.045 3 4 2 2.050 (b)

387

Fig. 4. Dependence of period of pendulum oscillations on amplitude (a) and time (b) when balls contact steel. For designations see Fig. 3.

tested materials was within the interval from 77 to 91 m; the contact angle r = a/R was within the interval from 52 to 61 angular minutes. The ball penetration into the tested materials did not exceed 0.46 1.50 m. The initial amplitude of oscillations was 0 160 seconds of arc. Thus, the maximum displacement of the contact spot along the horizontal did not exceed 4 m, while the material deformation in the vertical direction was <0.07 m at the contact-spot edge. During experimentation, the dependence of the amplitude and the period of pendulum oscillations on time were measured. The pendulum was deected to a stop and then released. In order to exclude the effect of transitional processes excited when the pendulum was released, the results of the dependence T() were processed at the initial amplitude 100 seconds of arc. In order to reduce the effect of the base vibrations, the analysis of the results was nished at 2 seconds of arc. Before each test, the steel and glass surfaces were preliminarily rubbed with one of the indicated uids (see the caption to Fig. 3); then they were wiped dry each time to reduce the capillary effect. Figures 2b4b show the results of measurement of the dependence of the period of oscillations on time. It should be noted that, as the tests lasted longer, the period of pendulum oscillations diminished close to linearly. Note too that the balls did not leave any visible marks on the surfaces of the tested materials. THEORY AND NUMERICAL EVALUATIONS The available theories typically explain the dependence of the period of the oscillations of a physical pendulum (1) on the amplitude by the nonlinear dependence of the moment of gravity on the amplitude. This effect within the amplitude interval in question is negligible. The consideration of the friction forces in these
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theories within the amplitude range of small oscillations results only in elongation of the period as the amplitude declines; moreover, this change is considerably smaller than that in the experiment [7, 8, 10]. The friction, according to the law of AmontonCoulomb (dry friction), is known to have no effect at all on the period of oscillations in the system with a linearly restoring force. Therefore, the observed period-onamplitude dependence can be explained by the fact that the pendulum is exposed to forces and effects that differ from the gravity force or the effects due to energy dis5 3

4 2 1

Fig. 5. Measuring device diagram: 1pendulum; 2ball holder; 3pendulum mounted mirror; 4two identical wafers from material under study; 5laser; 6CCD-photodetector. Photodetector signal bears data of amplitude, period and current oscillation time. 2009

388

DZHILAVDARI, RIZNOOKAYA y y' xr

y = x = a y +r
2 2

r 2 a -- 2
2

dy dx r

x = r+ a y

x = a y

x =

a y

r/2
Fig. 6. Geometry of displacement of contact spot when ball moves to distance r (view of spot from top).

sipation, such as plastic deformation. These forces can only be the conservative components of the forces of elasticity and adhesion. The moment of the elastic forces affecting the balls is equal to zero in the quasistatic mode of oscillations. Also, it is hard to imagine that the wiping of the surfaces would ever alter the modulus of elasticity of the glass or steel. Thus, the results of the experiments in Figs. 24 can only be explained by the effect of the adhesion forces. Figure 6 shows the displacement r = R of the contact spot when the ball turns without sliding together with the pendulum through the angle . The leading portion of the ball interacts with the bearing surface area a y < x < r + a y , where the contact pressure grows. At the same time, the trailing portion of the ball separates from the bearing surface and they contact over the contact spot area r
2 2 2 2 2 2

M2() in the tailing contact-spot portion is found similarly. The resulting moment of these forces is equal to M() = M1() + M2(), or M ( ) = 2 a R
2 n + 1

R -- --- sgn ( ) . 2 a

(3)

Now let us obtain the formula for the dependence T(). The differential equation of pendulum oscillations within the range of amplitude of small oscillations is d 2 2 M() -------- + 0 = 0 ------------- , 2 mgR dt
2

(4)

a y <x<

a y , where the contact pressure diminishes. Let us introduce the value equal to the pressure of the adhesion forces. Let us assume that is constant, while the moment of the adhesion forces M1 affecting the leading contact spot grows proportionally to the value A + ||n, while the moment of forces M2 affecting the tailing contact-spot portion diminishes proportionally to A ||n, where A is the constant allowing for the effect of the adhesion forces at = 0 and that vanishes in the nal formulas. The parameter n should be determined from the experiment. The moment of the adhesion forces affecting the ball within the area dxdy in the stationary coordinate system (Fig. 6) is as follows: d M 1 ( ) = ( A + ) ( x R ) ( sgn )dxdy, (2)
n

2 2 mgR 2 where 0 = ----- = ---------- is the angular frequency of T0 I the pendulum oscillations on the nondeformable base under the effect of gravity without adhesion; I is the moment of pendulum inertia in respect to the instantaneous axis of rotation. The solution of this equation in the rst asymptotic theoretic approximation [8] yields the following desired quantity: T ()
1 n n + 3 -- -- -- + 2 (5) 2 2 n 2 2 1 R 2 -a = T 0 1 ------ -- --------------------- ------ --- --------------------- . mg a n + 5 2 n + 2 -- -- - 2 2 2

When the parameter n is unknown in the formula (5) it is difcult to use the experimental dependences for approximation because of the complexity of computing the gamma-function derivative. Therefore, this function is replaced with its asymptotic representation [12]: 1 2 1 -- n + c 2 -- n 2 2
1 1 -- n + c -2

where x R is the arm of this force in relation to the contact-spot diameter. Integration of (2) in the leading contact-spot portion yields the moment of the adhesion forces M1(). The moment of the adhesion forces

1 exp -- n , 2
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INVESTIGATION OF CONTACT ADHESION Results of approximation and numerical assessments Material Glass (Esr = 6.1 1010 N/m2) Steel (Esr = 1.3 1011 N/m2) Ester 2.044 15.0 0.49 5.86 2.053 0.13 28 1.76 Alcohol Kerosene 2.042 33.7 0.62 5.24 2.049 0.12 24 1.50 2.041 66.0 0.68 5.03 2.049 0.15 28 1.75

389

Silicon (Esr = 9.9 1010 N/m2) Ra = 0.4 nm Pure 2.0347 1.25 0.19 6.00 2.052 30 7.3 0.39 Ra = 0.1 nm Pure 2.0335 5.24 0.34 8.20 2.051 40 9.3 0.49

Surface treatment Water T0, s , 107 Pa n k, 106 s1 T(0)*, s Mmax, mcN m Wmax, pJ max, mJ/m2 1.975 1.27 0.10 15.9 2.030 0.17 41 1.73

Ester Alcohol Kerosene Water 1.996 2.08 0.19 13.0 2.029 0.14 34 1.42 1.986 1.84 0.16 16.5 2.027 0.16 38 1.60 1.997 3.87 0.27 17.9 2.026 0.15 116 4.83 2.038 18.9 0.56 4.37 2.045 0.11 21 1.34

where c is a constant. Then the formula (5) becomes 2 2 n 1 R - -a T ( ) = T 0 1 2 -- ------ ------ ------ --- 2 n mg a
1

of this dependence. For this, the small summands are ignored and the formula is recorded as T ( t ) = T 0 [ 1 b ( t ) ] ,
2 n 1

. (7)

(9)

Figures 2a4a show the approximation results of the experimental dependences of the period of oscillations on the amplitude by solid lines. It is apparent that the formula (7) yields good correlation between the theory and the experiment. The Table lists the obtained approximation parameters where the reduced elasticity modulus was calculated from the known formula 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 Esr = ------------- + ------------- [11]. E1 E2 The data in the Table indicate that the parameters T0, , and n correlate with the values of the reduced elasticity modulus. From here, it can be concluded that the elasticity of the silicon depends on its roughness near the surface. Let us estimate the maximum moments of force and energy due to the adhesive interaction between the surfaces of the balls and those of the materials under study. The interaction energy is calculated from the formula W = 0 M ( ) d . Allowing for (3), the following is obtained:

2 a - -. where b = ----- ------ It follows from (9) that b = n mg 1 T (0) T0 ----- ---------------------- , where T(0) = T(0) is the initial value of n 0 T ( 0 ) the period of oscillations. From here, we nd the relation between the functions (t) and T(t): T0 T (0) ( t ) = 0 ---------------------- 1 --------- T (0) T0 T ( t )
1/n

(10)

If T(t) = T(0)*(1 kt) is a linear dependence, where k and T(0)* are the linear approximation values that are determined from the measured dependence of T(t) (see Figs. 2b4b and the Table), the result is the following: 1 pkt 1/n ( t ) = 0 ---------------- , 1 kt (11)

W ( ) = 2Ra
2

n+2

1 R 1 ------------------- ----------- --- . 2(n + 2) n + 3 a

(8)

T ( 0 )* where p = --------------------------. Figure 7 shows the theoretical T ( 0 )* T 0 dependence plotted from formula (11) and the results of the experiment with the silicon surface. The satisfactory coincidence of the theory and experiment proves the applicability of this method. CONCLUSIONS The proposed phenomenological model of interaction between the pendulum balls and the bearing surface explains the dependence of the period of pendulum oscillations on the amplitude under the effect of adhesion forces effective between the bodies on the contact spot. This model makes it possible to assess the specic energy and pressure of the forces of adhesive interaction on the elastic contact spot. It also allows us to establish
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Let us nd the density of the energy of adhesive interaction () W()/(a2) in the contact spot. The Table indicates the values W and calculated when is maximum. The order of magnitude of the values max coincides with the values of the similar parameter obtained in [2] with the force probe microscope. Formula (7) yields an analytical dependence of the oscillation amplitude on time in the rst approximation without resorting to any assumption about the pattern
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390 , seconds of arc 100

DZHILAVDARI, RIZNOOKAYA

pressure of the adhesion forces; ()density of the adhesive interaction energy; ccoefcient; W()adhesive interaction energy; M()resulting moment of the adhesion forces; gfree-fall acceleration; klinear approximation coefcient; T(0)*initial period of oscillations during approximation; bcoefcient; ttime.
2

50

REFERENCES
1. Grigorev, A.Ya., Dubravin, A.M., Kovalev, A.V., et al., Measuring of Contact Adhesion and Attractive Interaction of Technical Surfaces, Tren. Iznos, 2003, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 405412. 2. Szoszkiewicz, R., Bhushan, B., Huey, B.D., Kulik, A.J., and Gremaud, G., Adhesion Hysteresis and Friction at Nanometer and Micrometer Length, J. Appl. Phys., 2006, vol. 99, nos.17, p. 014310. 3. Dubravin, A.M., Komkov, O.Yu., and Myshkin, N.K., Local Tribometry on the Base of Scanning Probe Microscope, Tren. Iznos, 2005, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 269277. 4. Kovalev, A.V., Kovaleva, I.N., and Myshkin, N.K., Phenomenological Model of Adhesion Contact, Tren. Iznos, 2005, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 575585. 5. Scanning Probe Microscopy Methods. 2.2. Force Interaction between Probe and Surface, Available from http://www.ntmdt.ru/SPMTechniques/Basis 6. Dzhilavdari, I.Z. and Riznookaya, N.N., An Experimental Assessment of the Components of Rolling Friction of Balls at Small Cyclic Displacements, Tren. Iznos, 2008, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 453458 [J. Frict Wear (Engl. Transl.), 2008, vol. 29, no. 5, p. 330]. 7. Dzhilavdari, I.Z. and Riznookaya, N.N., Studies of the Dynamics of Free Microoscillations of a Pendulum Supported by Two Balls, Tren. Iznos, 2008, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 511 [J. Frict Wear (Engl. Transl.), 2008, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 1]. 8. Bogolyubov, N.N. and Mitropolskii, Yu.A., Asimptoticheskie metody v teorii nelineinykh kolebanii (Asymptotic Methods in the Ttheory of Nonlinear Oscillations), Moscow: Nauka, 1974. 9. Savenko, V.I., Izmailov, V.P., Karagioz, O.V., Silin, A.A., and Shchukin, E.D., The Way to Use Pendulum Method to Analyze the Mechanism of Energy Absorption under Rolling, Tren. Iznos, 1988, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 212222. 10. Dzhilavdari, I.Z., Research of the Elasticity and Elastic Hysteresis of Materials Surface Carried out on the Base of Oscillation Dynamics of Physical Pendulum with Rolling Bearing, Tren. Iznos, 2003, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 4248. 11. Johnson, K.L., Contact Mechanics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985; Moscow: Mir, 1989. 12. Handbook on Special Functions, Abramovits, M. and Stigan, I., Eds., Dover 1964; Moscow: Nauka, 1979.

200

400

600

t, s

Fig. 7. Dependence of oscillation amplitude on time when balls contact silicon wafer 111 with surface roughness Ra = 0.4 nm (1) and Ra = 0.1 nm (2). Dotsexperiment; solid linescalculation with formula (11).

the analytical dependence of the oscillation amplitude on time without any assumption about the mechanism of energy dissipation. This means that measurement of the dependence of the period on time can be sufcient in certain cases for the phenomenological description of the dynamics of free pendulum oscillations. The connection between the dependence of the period of pendulum oscillations on amplitude and time, the forces of adhesion, and the theoretical dependence of the amplitude on time that is close to the observed one prove that the main mechanism of pendulum energy dissipation is the hysteresis of the forces of adhesion under the conditions of the experiments. DESIGNATIONS amplitude of oscillations; mpendulum mass; Rball radius; Raroughness parameter; EYoung modulus; Poisson coefcient; astatic contact-spot radius; rstatic contact-spot angle; 0initial amplitude of oscillations; T()dependence of the period of pendulum oscillations on the amplitude; pendulum deection angle; M1, M2moments of adhesion forces affecting the leading and tailing portions of the contact spots, respectively; 0, T0proper frequency and period of pendulum oscillations on an absolutely hard base; Ipendulum moment inertia; Esrreduced elasticity modulus; W()energy of adhesive contact interaction; rcontact-spot displacement when the ball turns; y, xcoordinates; nexponent; Aconstant;

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