1. What difference will be observed by adding an air gap in the core ? Inductance increased or decreased?

Reason

if air gap is there then reluctance in the flux path increases which in turn decreases the flux or 2 Inductance increases since L = N / where N is the no of turns and is the Reluctance of the core. Also by adding an air gap, the core would not become saturated.

2. What will be the effect of working this core at very high frequency or very low frequency DC Voltage? Explain in detail with reference to R
If a PWM of DC with a variable duty cycle is applied to an inductor, the core can be saturated or not depending on the frequency applied. If the frequency is less core is more prone to be saturated and if permeability of the core is constant or it remains constant for various values of current in the winding the core would not be saturated 3.

What can be done to keep % Regulation as minimum as possible?

Good Core with high permeability Silicon Steel Sheet Less Thickness of the Lamination Sheets Good Resin between the sheets 100% Copper Windings with less Resistance Winding with less Leakage Reactance Core Circular will also reduced the losses in the Transformer

4. What difference is observed by adding a capacitor in series with the load? Explain with the help of a phasor diagram?
It cancels the effect of inductance of the winding since inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are opposite to each other. What it makes, it reduces the drop of current (voltage drop) in the windings since lagging nature of the transformer winding is cancelled by the leading nature of the capacitor in series. A point can be achieved at which capacitive reactance effect takes over the lagging effect and voltage increases at the output instead of decreasing. Thus giving a negative voltage regulation. Below shown is the phasor diagram for secondary current and secondary voltages being induced at the winding. But this method is not particularly used because capacitors if added produce a voltage drop

Phasor diagram from book Chapter 2 (Capacitive load Phasor Diagram) kindly see it.

5. Explain the reason for the eddy currents in a transformer ? What is done to minimize it?
Due to change in magnetic field since sinusoidal wave is being applied, the magnetic field is changing so eddy currents are developed perpendicular to the flux in the core. To minimize it we can have laminations as thin as possible and also to make insulation or resin between as good as it can be.

6. Why Residual flux is important for a DC Shunt Generator? Which other generator requires residual magnetism?
Residual Flux is necessary for DC Shunt Generator because the generator has no field current when started. So some flux is necessary to generate some voltage which when applied across the field winding will generate some field current which in turn increases the flux and this process continues as a cumulative process to make voltage generated.

7.

Explain the reason for Series Motor having a very high starting torque?

In series motor excessive current flows in the machine when turned on because of back emf equal to zero and the same current is flowing in the field winding since field current is equal to armature current and equal to load current so torque produced is proportional to which makes the torque excessively high as the machine starts.

8. Series Motor can behave as Universal Motor working on AC Voltage as well? How? Explain?
When AC is applied current flows in one direction in the positive cycle and it flows in the other direction in the negative cycle. Thus the torque of the motor remains unidirectional as both currents i.e. field current and armature current both change their direction.

Exp # 1 2 3 4 5 6

Short Questions Marks 2 3 4 4 6 6 TOTAL

Readings Completed or Not (right or wrong) 2 4 3 4 4 5

Graphs 0 2 0 4 3 4

Total 4 9 7 12 13 15 60

Computer made graphs were only allowed in Experiment 4 (where magnetization curve) was asked or may be Exp 6. Also check whether their readings are according to the manual with load currents or voltages upto the specified value such as if load current was upto 3A then atleast 2.5A should be there. So Make it according to this. Have the marking relaxed but in overall class just 5 to 7