C H A P T E R Integration

Section 4.1 Section 4.2 Section 4.3 Section 4.4 Section 4.5 Section 4.6

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration . . . . . . . . . 450 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . 462 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . 466 Integration by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Review Exercises

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

C H A P T E R Integration
Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

2.

d 4 x dx

1 x

4x3

1 x2

4.

d 2 x2 3 dx 3 x

d 2 3 x dx 3 x1
2

2x
3 2

1 2

x2 1 x3 2

6.

dr d r d Check: d C C

8.

dy dx y

2x 2x
2

1 x2 C

c 2x
3

Check: Rewrite x
2

1 d dx x 2

Given 10. 1 dx x2

Integrate x
1

Simplify 1 x 1 4 x 4 1 9x C

dx

1 x4 4

12.

x x2

3 dx

x3

3x dx

x2 2

3 2 x 2

14.

1 dx 3x 2

1 x 2dx 9 x2 2 x2 2 C

1 x 1 9 1

16.

5 Check:

x dx d 5x dx

5x

C 5 x

18.

4x3 Check:

6x 2 d 4 x dx

1 dx 2x 3

x4 x C

2x 3

x 4x 3

C 6x 2 1

20.

x3 Check:

4x d x4 dx 4 1

2 dx 2x 2

x4 4 2x

2x 2 C

2x x3

C 4x 2

22.

x Check:

2 x d 2 3 x dx 3

dx
2

x1 x1
2

1 x 2 x1

1 2

dx 1 x 2

x3 2 3 2
1 2

1 x1 2 2 1 2 x 1 2 x

2 3 x 3

x1

450

Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

451

24.

x3

1 dx d 4 7 x dx 7 3
4

x3 x

1 dx C x3
4

4 7 x 7 1

x
4

C 1

26.

1 dx x4 Check: d dx

dx

3 C

C 1 x4

1 3x3

Check:

x3

1 3x3

28.

x2

2x x4

dx x

x
1

2x 2x 1 x2
2

3x 3x
3

dx C

30.

2t2

1 2 dt

4t4 45 t 5

4t2 43 t 3 t C t

1 dt C 4t 4 2t2 4t2 1
2

1 1 x Check: d dx 1 x 1 x2 1 x3

2 1 x3 C x x2

3 C
2

Check: 2x 2x x4 34 t 4 1
3

d 45 t dt 5

43 t 3

3x

32.

1 Check:

3t t2 dt d 13 t dt 3

t2 34 t 4 13 t 3 cos t

3t3 dt C t2

13 t 3 3t3

C 3t t2

34.

3 dt Check:

3t d 3t dt

C C 3

36.

t2 Check:

sin t dt d 13 t dt 3

cos t C

C t2 sin t

38.

sec2 d 1 d 3

d
3

1 3 tan

tan C
2

C sec2

Check:

40.

sec y tan y

sec y dy

sec y tan y sec y tan y

sec2 y dy C sec2 y

42.

cos x dx cos2 x

cos x dx sin2 x csc x cot x dx

1 sin x

cos x dx sin x C cos x sin x

csc x 1 sin x

d sec y Check: dy

tan y

sec y tan y sec y tan y

Check: sec y

d dx

csc x

csc x cot x cos x cos2 x

44. f x
y 6 4

46. f x f x
C=3 C=0

x x2 2
y

48. f x C
f ( x) =
x2 + 2

1 x2 1 x
y

f x
2 f ( x) = 2
x
2

2 2 2 4

C = 2
x 4 6 8

8 6 4

f f ( x) = 1 + 1 x

f
4 2 2 4

f ( x) = 1 x

x 2 4

452

Chapter 4

Integration

50.

dy dx y 2 y

2x 2x 3 x2
2

2x 1 dx

2, 3, 2 x2 2x C 1

52.

dy dx y 3 y 1 1 1 x

1 x2 x
2

x dx

2,

1,3 1 x 2 C

23 2x 1

C C

C C 2, x > 0

54. (a)
5

(b)

dy dx y

x2 x3 3 1 3 1 3 7 3 x3 3

1, x
3

1, 3
(1, 3)

C 1 C

x 4

3 3 C y

7 3 58. f s 6s 6s 3 3s 2 sin x 1 6 sin x dx 1 C1 2 2 dx sin x 6 2x C2 cos x 1 C1 C1 2 32 8s 3, f 2 8s 3 ds

2

56. g x gx g0 gx 60. f x f 0 f 0 f x f 0 f x f x f 0 f x

6x 2, g 0 6x 2 dx 1 2x3 x2 6 3 x 2 dx 0 1 3 x 3 1 3 x 3 0 1 4 x 12 0 C1 6 1 3 x 3 20 1 2x3
3

1 C CC 1

3 3s 2
4

f s f 2 f s 62. f x f 0 f 0

2s 4 C 12

C 32 CC 23

22 23

2s 4

C1 6

f x f 0 f x

6 C1

cos x cos x 0 0 sin x

6 dx C2 6x 3

1 4 x 12 3 C2

6x 3

C2

f x f 0 f x

C2 2x

6 C2 6

Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

453

64.

dP dt Pt P0 P1 Pt P7

k t, 0 t 10 kt1 2 dt 0 2 k 3 C 500
2

2 3 kt 3

C 500

, 0 , f is decreasing on 66. Since f is negative on , 0 . Since f is positive on 0, , f is increasing on 0, . f has a relative minimum at 0, 0 . Since f is positive on , , f is increasing on , .
y 3

500 C 600 k 500 500

150
2

2 1

f
x 1 2 3

2 150 t3 3 100 7

100t3

500

2 2

3 2

2352 bacteria

68. f t f 0 f 0 f t f 0 f t f t f 0 f t

at v0 s0 vt 0 C1 32t st 0 0 16t
2

32 ft sec2

70. v0 s0 (a)

16 ft sec 64 ft st 16 t2 t 4 t 0 1 2 17 16t2 16t 64 0

32 dt v0 C1 v0 32t C2 v0t

32t v0

C1

Choosing the positive value, v0 dt s0 C2 s0 v 1 2 17 32 1 2 17 16 16t2 s0 v0t C2 (b) t 1 2 vt s t 17 2.562 seconds. 32t 16

16 17

65.970 ft sec

72. From Exercise 71, f t 4.9t2 canyon floor as position 0.) f t 4.9t2 t2 0 1600 1600 t 4.9 4.9t2 1600

1600. (Using the

74. From Exercise 71, f t f t then vt 9.8t v0 0 200 4.9t2

4.9t2 v0t

v0t 2,

2. If

326.53

18.1 sec

for this t value. Hence, t 4.9 v0 9.8

2

v0 9.8 and we solve 2 200

v0 4.9 v02 9.8 2

v0 9.8 v02 9.8

198 9.8 2 198 9.8 2 198 3880.8 v0 62.3 m sec.

4.9 v02

9.8 v02 4.9 v02 v02

454

Chapter 4

Integration

76.

v dv 1 2 v 2 When y 1 2 v 2 0 C 1 2 v 2 v2 v2

GM GM y R, v GM R 1 2 v 2 0 GM y 2GM y v02

1 dy y2 C v0. C GM R 1 2 v 2 0 v02 2GM 1 y GM R 2GM R 1 R

78. x t (a) v t at

t t3

1 t 7t2 x t v t

0 t 5 9 14t 14 5 and 3 < t < 5. 3 7 . 3 2 2 3 4 3 15 3t 5 t 3

15t 3t2 6t

(b) v t > 0 when 0 < t < (c) a t v 7 3 6t 3 14 7 3

0 when t 5 7 3 3

80. (a) a t vt f t f 0 f t (b) v t 82. v0 30 mph 15 mph at vt st vt at 66

cos t a t dt v t dt 3 cos t 0 cos 0 4 k ,k 0, 1, 2, . . . (a) 16.5t 66 t s 66 66t Let s 0 0. 44 16.5 (b) 16.5t 22 16.5 66 t s (c)
66 h= mp

cos t dt sin t dt C2

sin t cos t 1

C1 C2

sin t since v0

C2 C2

sin t for t 45 mph 44 ft sec 22 ft sec a at a2 t 2

66 ft sec

44 22 16.5 73.33 ft 22 44 16.5 2.667 1.333

0 after car moves 132 ft. 0 when t a 66 2 a

2

66 . a 66 66 a 33 2 16.5.

117.33 ft
ft/s ec mp 0m h= ph 22 f t/se c

mp 30

66 s a

ft/s

ec

h=

44

132 when a at vt st 16.5 16.5t 8.25t 2 66

45

0 73.33 feet

117.33 feet

66t

It takes 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 45 mph to 30 mph, 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 30 mph to 15 mph, and 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 15 mph to 0 mph. Each time, less distance is needed to reach the next speed reduction.

15

132

Section 4.1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

30 30

455

84. No, car 2 will be ahead of car 1. If v1 t and v2 t are the respective velocities, then
0

v2 t dt >
0

v1 t dt.

86. (a) v

0.6139t3

5.525t2

0.0492t

65.9881

(b) s t

0.6139t4 5.525t3 0.0492t2 4 3 2 Note: Assume s 0 0 is initial position v t dt 196.1 feet

65.9881t

s6

88. Let the aircrafts be located 10 and 17 miles away from the airport, as indicated in the figure. vA t sA t kA t 1 2 k t 2 A 150 150t 10 vB sB kB t 1 2 k t 2 B 250 250t 17
Airport
0

A
10

B
17

(a) When aircraft A lands at time tA you have vA tA sA tA kA tA 1 2 k t 2 A A 150 150tA 100 kA 10 150tA 125tA tA 50 tA 125 10 0 10 10 10 . 125 S1 t 625 2 t 2 150t 10 50 tA

1 50 2 t 2 tA A

kA

50

625 SA t

Similarly, when aircraft B lands at time tB you have vB tB sB tB kB tB 1 2 k t 2 B B 250 250tB 115 kB 17 250tB 365 t 2 B tB 135 tB 365 34 0 17 17 34 . 365 S2 t 49,275 2 t 68 (c) d
sB sA
0 0 0.1 0 0

135 tB

1 135 2 t 2 tB B

kB (b)
20

135

49,275 SB t 34

250t sB t

17 sA t
20

Yes, d < 3 for t > 0.0505.

d 3
0.1

90. True

92. True

456

Chapter 4

Integration d sx dx

94. False. f has an infinite number of antiderivatives, each differing by a constant.

96.

cx

2s x s x 2s x c x 0

2c x c x 2c x s x

Thus, s x s0 Therefore, sx
2

cx

k for some constant k. Since, 1, k 1.

0 and c 0

cx

1. cos x satisfy these

[Note that s x properties.]

sin x and c x

Section 4.2
6

Area
5

2.
k 3 4

kk

31

42

53

64

50

4.
j

1 3 j

1 3

1 4

1 5

47 60

6.
i 1

27

64

125

238

15

8.
i 1

5 1 i
15

10.
j 1

j 4

12.

2 n 1 ni 1
10

2i n
10

14.

1n ni

1
0

i n

15

10

16.
i 1

2i

2
i

i
1

3 15 45 195

18.
i 1

i2

1
i

i2
1 i 1

1 10 375

15 16 2
10

10 11 21 6

10

10

20.
i 1

i i2

1
i

i3
1 i 2 1

i 10 11 2 3080

22. sum seq x

15

3 2i

2x, x, 1, 15, 1 15 15
2

14,160 (TI-82)
2

>

102 11 4

i3
i 1

15 4 16
2

2 15 16

15 15 2

4 24. S s 5 4 5 4 4 2 2 1 0 1 16 10 s 2 1 26. S 5 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 3

14,160

55 6 9 2 4.5

28. S 8

1 4

1 4

1 2 5 4

1 4 1 4 5 2 1 2

3 4 3 2 6 2 2 1 4

1 4 1 4 7 2 . . .

1 7 4 2

1 4 2 1 4 2 2 1 4

2 1 1 4

1 16 4 s8 0 2

1 2 1 4

2 2 1 4

3 2 2

6.038 7 4 1 4

5.685

Section 4.2 1 5 24 5 1 64 n n n3 1 5
2

Area

457

30. S 5

1 5 21 5 1 5 1

1 5 16 5 1 2 5

1 9 5
2

2 5

1 5

3 5

1 5

4 5

1 5

1 1 5 s5

0.859 1 3n2 n3 1 2 2n n 5 n 3 5
2

1 5 2n3

1 5 64 3

4 5

1 5

0.659

32. lim
n

1 2n 6

64 lim 6 n

64 2 6

34. lim
n n

1 nn 1 n2 2 3 n2 S 10 1 n 4j n2 j 1 25 10 2.05 2.005 2.0005 4 n 3 i n4 i 1 2.5

1 n2 n lim 2 n n2 1 4n n 1 n2 2

1 1 2

36.
j 1

4j

3n

Sn

S 100 S 1000 S 10,000

n

38.
i

4i2 i 1 n4 1

i2

4 n2 n 1 n4 4 4 n3 n3 1 3n3 3n3 1 3n3 3n3 2n2 4

nn n 2n2

1 2n 6 3n 6 6n Sn

1 1

6n2 2n2

3n 3n

4n2 2

S 10 S 100 S 1000 S 10,000

n

1.056 1.006566 1.00066567 1.000066657 2i n 2 n 2i n

2

40. lim
n i 1

lim

4 n i n2i 1

lim

4 nn 1 n2 2

lim

4 1 2

1 n

42. lim
n i 1

2 n

lim

2 n n n3i 1 2 n3
n

2i

lim lim

n2
i 1

4n
i 1

4
i

i2
1

2 3 n n3 1 2 2 4 3

4n 2 n

nn 2 4 3

1 2 n

4n n 2 3n2

1 2n 6

2 lim
n

2 1

26 3

458

Chapter 4
n 3

Integration 1 n n n4i 1 1 n 3 n n4 i 1 1 4 n n4 1 3 13 n

44. lim
n i 1

2i n

2 n

2 lim
n

2i

2 lim
n

6n2i 6n2 3 n 4 n2 nn 2 4

12ni 2 1 6 n 20 2 n2

8i 3 12n 2 nn 4 n 1 2n 6 2 n2 1 8 n2 n 4 1
2

2 lim
n

2 lim
n

2 lim 10
n

46. (a)
4

(b)

3 n

2 n

Endpoints:
3 2 1 x 2 4

1 < 1 1 <1 1

2 < 1 n 2

4 ... < < 1 n 2 <...< 1 n

2n n n

3 1 2 n < 1 n 2 n

2 < 1 n

(c) Since y sn

x is increasing, f mi
n

f xi

on xi

1,

xi .

f xi
i n 1

x i
1,

f 1
i 1

1 xi
n

2 n

2 n

1
i 1

2 n

2 n

(d) f Mi Sn
i

f xi on [xi
n

f xi
1

x
i 1

f 1 50 3.96 4.04 2 n 2 n

2 n 100 3.98 4.02

2 n

1
i 1

2 n

2 n

(e)

x sn Sn
n

5 3.6 4.4

10 3.8 4.2

(f) lim
n i 1

lim lim

2 n 2 2 n n 2

n 2n

2 nn 1 n 2 2 n 4 n

n lim 4 2 n 4

n n n

lim
i 1

2 n

2 n

lim

2 nn 1 n 2 2n n 1 lim 4 2 n 4

lim

Section 4.2 5 n 2 3 n
12 10 8

Area

459

48. y

3x Sn

4 on 2, 5 .
n

Note: x 3i n 3i n 3 n 4 3 n 6 39 2 3

f 2
i n 1

3 2
i 1

18 27 1 2

3 n 1 n

2 n

i
i 1

12

4 2 x 4 6 8 10 12

6 Area

27 n 1 n n2 2 6 27 2

lim S n

50. y Sn

x2
n l

1 on 0, 3 . Note: x 3i f n 1 3 n
n l 1

0 n 3 n

3 n
12 10 8 6

3i n

27 n 2 l n3 l 1 27 n n n3 Area
n

3 n 1 nl 1 1 2n 6 9 2 2 1 3 n n 3 12 9 2n 2
2

4 2

3n n2

lim S n

52. y

1 sn

x2 on
n i

1, 1 . Find area of region over the interval 0, 1 . 1 n

n

Note: x

1 n
3 2

i f n 1

1
i 1

i n

1 n 1 1 1 2 6 3 n 1 n2

1 1 Area 2 Area

1 n 2 i n3 i 1 1

1 1 3

nn 2 3

1 2n 6n3

2 1

x 2

lim s n

4 3 1 n 0 1 n
2.0 1.5

54. y

2x

x3 on 0, 1 .

Note: x

Since y both increases and decreases on 0, 1 , T n is neither an upper nor lower sum.
n

Tn
i 1

f 2 n2 i 1
n

i n i
1

1 n 1 n4 i 1 4 1
n

2
i 1

i n 1 n2

i n

1 n 1 n n 1 n4 4
2 2

1.0 0.5 x 0.5 1.0 2.0

i3
1

nn 1 4n2 3 4

1 n

2 4n 1 4

Area

lim T n

460

Chapter 4

Integration 0 n 1
i 1

56. y

x2 sn

x3 on
n

1, 0 . 1 2 5i n 5 2n 2 5 2 i n

Note: x 1 n 4i 2 n2 4 3 4 3 2 n 1 4 4 n
n

1 i n 2 1 4
2

1 n
3

f
i n i 1 1

1 5 n i n2 i 1 1 2n 1 4n2

i n

1 n 1 n 3 i n4 i 1

2 1 x 1 1 2

i3 n3

1 n 2 3n3 7 12 2

4 n 2 i n3 i 1

2 Area

5 2

lim s n

58. g y Sn

1 y, 2 y 4. Note: y 2
n

2 n

60. f y Sn

4y
n

y 2, 1 y 2. Note: y f 1 i n 1 n i n 4i n 2i n 1 i2 n2 1 nn n2 1 2n 6 1 1 3 1 11 3 1 2i n i n
2

2 n

1 n

g 2
i n i 1

2i n 2i n

2 n 2 n 2 ni 2 1 3
n

1 2 1 2

1
1

i n 1 n

1 n 4 1 ni 1 1 n 4 ni 1 1 n 3 ni 1 1 3n n 3 Area
y 5

2 n n Area
y 5 4 3 2 1

1nn 1 n 2 2

i2 n2

lim S n

2nn 1 n 2 1 n n

1 2n 6

x 1 2 3 4 5

lim S n

3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4 5

62. h y Sn

y3
n

1, 1 y 2 Note: y h 1 i n i n
3

1 n
y 5 4 3

i n

1 n 1 3i2 n2
2

1
i 1

1 n 3i n 3 nn n2 1 2n n2 1 3 2 1 19 4 1 2n 6 1 3nn 1 n 2

1 n 2 ni 1 1 2n n 2 Area n

i3 n3

2 1 x 2 4 6 8 10

1 n2 n 1 n3 4 1 n24
2

1 n 2 2 1 4

3n 1 2n

lim S n

Section 4.2 64. f x Let ci x

n

Area

461

x2 xi

4x, 0 x 4, n xi 2
1

66. f x Let ci

sin x, 0 x xi xi 2 , c1
1

,n

. 1 ,c 2 2
4

. , c2
4

1, c1 f ci
i 1

3 ,c 2 3 ci2
i 1

5 ,c 2 4 4ci 1 25 4 10

7 2 Area

x
n

16 x

3 ,c 16 3 sin ci 8 5 16

5 ,c 16 4

7 16

Area

x 2 9 4

f ci
i 1

1 4 53 68. f x n 8 x2 1

49 4

14 8

sin

16

sin

3 16

sin

sin

7 16

1.006

on 2, 6 . 4 2.3397 8 2.3755 12 2.3824 16 2.3848 20 2.3860

Approximate area

70. f x n

cos x on 0, 2 . 4 1.1041 8 1.1053 12 1.1055 16 1.1056 20 1.1056

Approximate area

72. See the Definition of Area. Page 259. 74. f x n sn Sn Mn

3

x, 0 x 8 10 10.998 12.598 12.040 20 11.519 12.319 12.016 50 11.816 12.136 12.005 100 11.910 12.070 12.002 200 11.956 12.036 12.001

(Note: exact answer is 12.) 76.

y

78. True.

(Theorem 4.3)

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x

a. A

3 square units

462

Chapter 4 2 n h r h A (c) An Let x

n n

Integration

80. (a) (b) sin

r sin 1 bh 2 n 1 r r sin 2 1 2 r sin 2 r 2n 2 sin 2 n , x 0. sin x x r2 1 r2

n

2 1 2 r sin 2 n 2 n. As n
x0

r2

sin 2 n 2 n

lim An

lim

r2

82. (a)
i

2i
1

nn

1 1: 2 11 k: 1 2

(b)
i

i3
1

n2 n 4

The formula is true for n

Assume that the formula is true for n

k

The formula is true for n 1 because 12 1 1 2 4 13 1 4 4 Assume that the formula is true for n k:

2i
i 1

kk

1.
k 1 k

Then we have
i 1

2i
i

2i
1

2k 1 1 k

1
i 1

i3 1

k2 k 4
k

1
1

kk k

2k 2

Then we have
i 1

i3
i

i3
1

k 1 4 1
2 2

Which shows that the formula is true for n

1.

k2 k k 4 k 4 1

k k2 4k 2
2

which shows that the formula is true for n

1.

Section 4.3
2. f x
3

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

0, x xi 0, x i3 n3 lim
i 1

x, y

1, ci i n3
n 3

i3 n3 1
3

3i 2

3i n3 3i n3 i 3 3n2 n2 4

1 1

n n

lim
i 1

f ci

xi

i 3 3i 2 n3 3i 2
2

1 n lim 4 3i 3 n n i 1
n

lim lim

1 n2 n 1 4 3 n 4 1 3n4 n4 1 3n4 n4 4 6n3 4 n3 2

nn 2n3

1 2n 6 3n2 2 3 4 1 2n n

1 n2

nn 2 n 2 3 4

lim

lim

1 4n2

Section 4.3 3 n 5i n 5 n
n

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

463

4. y

x on
n

2, 3 .
n

Note: x f
i 1

5 , n 2

0 as n 5i n 25 1 2 5 n 1 n 10 5 2 25 n i n2 i 1 25 2n

f ci
i 1

xi

10
3

25 n n 1 n2 2 5 2 25 2n 3 n 2 n
2

10

x dx
2

lim

5 2 1 2 , n

6. y
n

3x 2 on 1, 3 . Note: x
n

0 as n

f ci xi
i 1 i n 1

f 1 3 1
i 1

2i n 2i n 4i n

2 n 4i2 n2 4 nn n2 n 1 2n n2 4n 1 2n 6 1 1 2n n2 1 1

6 n 1 ni 1 6 n n 6
3

4nn 1 n 2 12 6 n n 1 4

3x 2 dx
1

lim 12

12 n 1 n 8 26

8. y

3x 2
n

2 on f ci xi

1, 2 . Note: x
n

2 n 3 n

3 ; n

0 as n

f
i 1

1 1

3i n

3 n 3 ni 1 3 n 3 1 ni 1 3 3n n 15
2

3i n 6i n

2 9i2 n2 2 27 n n n2 1 2n n2 27 n 2 1 2n 6 1 1 2n n2 1 1 2n

18 n n 1 n 2 27 n 1 n 15 27
4

27 n 2 n n 15 1

3x 2
1

2 dx

lim

27 27

15
n

10. lim

0 i

6ci 4
1

ci

xi
0

6x 4

x 2 dx

12. lim

0 i

3 ci2

xi
1

3 dx x2

on the interval 0, 4 .
2 2

on the interval 1, 3 .
1

14.
0

2x dx

16.
0

x2 dx

18.
1

1 x
2

dx

20.
0

tan x dx

464
2

Chapter 4

Integration

22.
0

2 2 dy

24. Rectangle A A
a
y

26. Triangle 24 a A A
0
y

bh
a

1 bh 2
4

1 4 2 2 4

4 dx

8a

x dx 2

5 3 2

3 2 1

Triangle Rectangle
1 x 1 2 3 4 a x 1

28. Triangle A A
0

30. Triangle 1 8 8 2 x dx 32 32 A A
a
y

32. Semicircle 1 2a a 2 a x dx a2 A A
r
y

1 bh 2
8

1 bh 2
a

1 2 r 2
r

r2

x 2 dx

1 2 r 2

y
a

Semicircle

Triangle

10 8 6 4 2 x 2 4 6 8 10
r a a x r r x

In Exercises 34 40,
2 2

x3 dx

60,
2

x dx

6,
2

dx

2.
4 4

34.
2

x3 dx

36.
2

15 dx

15
2

dx

15 2

30

38.
2

x3

4 dx
2

x3 dx

4
2

dx

60

42

68

40.
2

2x

x3 dx

6
2

dx

2
2

x dx
2

x3 dx 36

62
6 3 6 0 1

26
1

60

42. (a)
0

f x dx
0 3

f x dx
3 6

f x dx 1

4 1

44. (a)
1 1

f x dx
1 0

f x dx
0

f x dx 5 30 35 5 0 15

0 10

(b)
6 3

f x dx
3

f x dx 0
6

(b)
0 1

f x dx
1

f x dx
1

(c)
3

f x dx
6

(c)
1 1

3f x dx 3f x dx
0

3
1 1

f x dx f x dx
0

(d)
3

5f x dx

5
3

f x dx

(d)

Section 4.3
5 5 5 3

Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

5

465

46. (a)
0 5

f x

2 dx
0 5

f x dx
0

2 dx

10

14

(b)
2 5

f x

2 dx
0

f x dx

Let u

2.

(c)
5

f x dx

2
0

f x dx

24

f even

(d)
5

f x dx

f odd

48. The right endpoint approximation will be less than the actual area: <

50. The average of Exercise 39 and Exercise 40 consists of a trapezoidal approximation, and is greater than the exact area: > 54.
4 3 2 1 x
1 4 1 2 3 4

52. f x x x is integrable on 1, 1 , but is not continuous on 1, 1 . There is discontinuity at x 0. To see that

1 1

x dx x

is integrable, sketch a graph of the region bounded by f x x x and the x-axis for 1 x 1. You see that the integral equals 0.
y

b. A

4 3

square units

2 1 x 1 2

56.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

58.
0

5 x2 1 4

dx

n Ln
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

8 7.0855 6.2470 5.3980

12 6.8062 7.2460 5.6812

16 6.6662 6.2457 5.8225

20 6.5822 6.2455 5.9072

7.9224 6.2485 4.5474

Mn Rn

c. Area
3

27.

60.
0

x sin x dx n Ln Mn Rn 4 2.8186 3.1784 3.1361 8 2.9985 3.1277 3.1573 12 3.0434 3.1185 3.1493 16 3.0631 3.1152 3.1425 20 3.0740 3.1138 3.1375

62. False
1 1 1

64. True x dx
0 0

66. False
4

x x dx
0

x dx
2

x dx

466 68. f x x0

Chapter 4 sin x, 0, 2 0, x1 4 , x2

Integration

, x3

, x4 2 , x4 3 3 2 f 3

x1 c1

4 6
4

, x2

12 3 xi , c3

, x3

, c2 f ci

2 ,c 3 4 f 1 2 6 4 x1

x2

2 3 3 2

x3 2 3

3 2 1

x4 0.708

3 2

12

70. To find
y

2 0

x dx, use a geometric approach.

3 2 1 x 1 1 2 3

Thus,
2

x dx
0

12

1.

Section 4.4
2. f x cos x 0

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

2

4. f x
2

x 2 x 2

x
2

cos x dx
0

x dx is negative.

2
2 5

6.
2

3 dv

3v
2

37

32

15

8.
2

3v

4 dv

3 2 v 2

4v
2

75 2
3

20

39 2 5 2

10.
1

3x 2

5x

4 dx

x3

5x 2 2

4x
1

27 38

45 2

12

12.
1 1

t3

9t dt

14 t 4 u2 2

92 t 2 1 u

1 1

1 4 1 2

9 2

1 4

9 2 1 2

14.
2

1 du u2

1 2

Section 4.4
3

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

467

16.
3 8

v1 3 dv 2 dx x 2
0 1

3 4 v 4 2

3 3 3 8

3 4
1 2

3
8

0
8

18.
1 2

x
1 2

dx

2 2 x1

2 1

2 2x
1

2 2
2

20.

t dt
0

2t1 1 2
1

t3

dt

43 t 3

25 t 5

2 2 0

t t 20 15

6t
0

2 2 20 15

12

16 2 15

22.
8

x x2 dx 23 x

x2
8 3

x5 3 8 x 8
3

dx
1 8

1 3 5 x 2 5
4

x5 3 24 80
4

15x
8

1 39 80 3 dx

32 144 80

4569 80

24.
1

1x

31 dx
1 3

3 x dx
1

x
4

3 dx
3

6
3

x dx x2 2
4 3

x2 2 9 2 4
4 1

6x
1

1 2 16 18

24 9 2 3 dx

8 13 2
3

18

9 2

26.
0

x2

4x

3 dx
0

x2 x3 3 1 3 4 3 0
4

4x 2x2 2 3 4 3

x2
1

4x 3x

3 dx
3 3

x2 x3 3 2x2 64 3

4x
4

3 dx

split up the integral at the zeros x 1, 3

3x
0

x3 3 18 0 4

2x2 9

3x
3

9 4 3
4

1 3

32

12

18

28.
0 2

sin2 cos2

d
0

d
0 2

4 0
4

30.
4 2

csc2 x dx

2x

cot x
2 2 2

2
2

2 1 2

2 2

32.
2

2t
2

cos t dt

t2

sin t
2

4 2

4 2

34. P

2
0 1

sin d

cos
0

63.7%
2

36. A
1

x 4 dx

x x2 2

1 5 x 5

1 1

8 5
2 2

38. A
1

1 dx x2

1 x

2 1

1 2

1 2

40. A
0

sin x dx

cos x
0

4 2

468

Chapter 4

Integration

42. Since y 0 on 0. 8 ,
8

Area
0

x1

dx

3 4 x 4

8 3 0

3 16 4

20
3

44. Since y 0 on 0, 3 ,
3

46.
1

9 dx x3 f c 3 1

9 2x2

3 1

1 2

9 2

A
0

3x

x2 dx

3 2 x 2

x3 3 3
0

9 . 2

4 2 9 2
3

9 c3 c3 c

9 2

1.6510

48.
3

cos x dx f c

sin x
3

3 3 3 3 2
0.5971
2

50.

1 3 1

3 1

4 x2 1 dx x2

2
1

1 1 3

dx 16 3

2 x

1 x

3 1

3 cos c c

2 3

52.

1 2

cos x dx
0

sin x
0

1.5 2 (0.881, (

Average value cos x x

7

2
0 0.5 2.71

2 0.881

f x dx Sum of the areas A1 1 3 2 8 A2 1 A3 1 1 2 A4 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 (b) Average value (c) A 8 6 2

1

54. (a)
1

f x dx

7 20 20 6

8 6

4 3

Average value
y 7 6

10 3

y 4

A1
3

A2
2 1

A3

A4

3 2 1 x 1 x 2 3 4 5 6 7

Section 4.4
6 6 2 2

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

2

469

56.
2

f x dx

area or region B
0

f x dx
0

f x dx

58.
0

2f x dx

2
0

f x dx

1.5

3.0

3.5 60. Average value 64. P (a) 5 t P t 1 155 30 2 1 6

6

1.5 f x dx
0

5.0 1 3.5 6 0.5833 62. 1 R 0

R

kR
0

r dr

k 2 Rr R

r 3

3 R 0

2kR 3

3 158.660 157.071
2

4 160

5 161.180 160 954.061 6

6 162.247 161.180 159.010 162.247 954.158 6 159.026

157.071 1 155 6 30 dt

Average profit (b) 1 6

6.5

158.660
6.5

5
0.5

2 1 5 t3 6 3

30t
5.0

(c) The definite integral yields a better approximation.

4

66. (a) R (b)

2.33t 4
100

14.67t3

3.67t2

70.67t

(c)
0

R t dt

2.33t5 5 181.957

14.67t4 4

3.67t3 3

70.67t2 2

4 0

1 20

68. (a) histogram

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(b) 6

12

15

14

11

2 60

83 60

4980 customers

(c) Using a graphing utility, you obtain Nt (d)

16

0.084175t3

0.63492t2

0.79052

4.10317.

2 2

10

(e)
0

N t dt

85.162 5110.
7

The estimated number of customers is 85.162 60

(f) Between 3 P.M. and 7 P.M., the number of customers is approximately

3

N t dt 60

50.28 60

3017.

Hence, 3017 240

12.6 per minute.

470

Chapter 4
x

Integration t4 4 x4 4 x4 4
x

70. F x
2

t3

2t

2 dt

t2 x2 x2

2t
2

2x 2x 4

F2 F5 F8 72. F x

4 625 4 84 4
x 2

4 25

4 10 16
x

0 4 4 2t
2

Note: F 2
2

t3

2t

2 dt

167.25 1068

64 2 t3 1 4 1 4 1 4 dt 0

3 dt

1 t2

x 2

1 x2

1 4

F2 F5 F8

1 4 1 25 1 64
x

21 100 15 64

0.21

74. F x
0

sin d 1 1 1
x

cos
0

cos x

cos 0

cos x

F2 F5 F8

cos 2 cos 5 cos 8

1.4161 0.7163 1.1455

x

76. (a)
0

t t2 d 1 4 x dx 4
x

1 dt
0

t3 x3 x

t dt x x2

14 t 4 1

12 t 2

x 0

1 4 x 4

1 2 x 2

x2 2 x 4

(b)

1 2 x 2 23 t 3 16 3 t2 t2 1 1

x 2 4

78. (a)
4

t dt d 2 3 x dx 3
x 2

2 3 x 3
2

16 3 x

2 3 x 3

x 2

80. (a)
3

sec t tan t dt d sec x dx 2

sec t
3

sec x

(b)

x1

(b)

sec x tan x

82. F x
1

dt

84. F x F x
4

x 4 1

t dt

86. F x
0

sec3 t dt sec3 x

F x

x2 x
2

F x

Section 4.4
x

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

471

88. F x F x 0

t 3 dt
x

t4 4

0
x

Alternate solution
x

Fx
x 0

t3 dt
x

t3 dt
x x 0

t3 dt
x

t3 dt
0 0

t3 dt 1 x3 0

F x
x
2

90. F x
2

3 dt

2 x2

1 2t2 x2
3

x2 2

1 2x4 2x
5

1 F x 8

2x

Alternate solution: F x
x
2

2x

92. F x
0

sin sin x 2

2d 2

F x 94. (a)

2x

2x sin x 4 (b)
6 4 2 y

x gx

1 1

2 2

3 0

4 2 6.

5 4

6 6

7 3

8 0

9 3

10 6

(c) Minimum of g at 6,

x 2 2 4 6 10 12

(d) Minimum at 10, 6 . Relative maximum at 2, 2 . (e) On 6, 10 g increases at a rate of (f) Zeros of g: x 4 t2 4 4 3, x 8. 12 4 3.

4 6

96. (a) g t
t

(b) A x
1

4 4t 4x2 4 t

4 dt t2
x

lim g t

4x
1

4 x 4x x 4 x 8

8 1
2

Horizontal asymptote: y

8x x

lim A x

lim 4x

The graph of A x does not have a horizontal asymptote. 98. True 100. Let F t be an antiderivative of f t . Then,
vx vx

f t dt
ux

Ft
ux

Fvx Fux

Fux

d dx

vx

f t dt
ux

d Fvx dx F vx v x f vx v x

F ux u x f ux u x.

472

Chapter 4
x s

Integration f t dt ds
0 0 s s

102. G x
0

(a) G 0
0

s
0

f t dt ds
x

(b) Let F s Gx

s
0

f t dt.
x

(c) G x (d) G 0

x 0

f x
0

f t dt
0

F s ds
0 x

f 0
0

f t dt

G x G 0

Fx
0

x
0

f t dt 0

0
0

f t dt

104. x t x t

t 3t2

1 t 14t

t3

7t 2

15t

15

Using a graphing utility,

5

Total distance
0

x t dt

27.37 units

Section 4.5
f g x g x dx

Integration by Substitution
u gx du g x dx

2. 4. 6.

x2 x3

1 dx

x3 2x sin x

3x2 dx 2 dx cos x dx

sec 2x tan 2x dx cos x dx sin2 x x2 4

4

8.

x2 Check:

2x dx

C 4 x2 4 9
3

d x2 9 dx 4

2x

x2

2x

10.

2x2

1 3

4x dx 2x2
4 3

3 1 4 C

2x2 3 4

4 3

C 2x2
1 3

Check:

d 3 1 dx 4

4 1 3

4x

2x2

1 3

4x

12.

x2 x3 Check:

5 4 dx

1 3
5

x3 C

3x2 dx

1 x3 5 3 5 x3

C 5 4x2

x3 15

d x3 5 dx 15

5 x3

5 4 3x2 15

14.

x 4x2 Check:

3 3 dx

1 8
4

4x2 C

8x dx 3 32

1 4x2 3 8 4
3

C 3
3

4x2 3 32

d 4x2 3 dx 32

4 4x2

8x

x 4x2

Section 4.5 1 4 5 1 t4 5 4 3 2 5
1 2 3 2

Integration by Substitution

473

16.

t3 t4 Check:

5 dt d 1 4 t dt 6

t4
3 2

1 2

4t3 dt 1 6

C t4

1 4 t 6 5
1 2

5 t3

3 2

3 4 t 2

4t3

18.

u2 u3 Check:

2 du

1 3

u3
3 2

2 C

1 2

3u2 du 2 9 3 3 u 2

1 u3 2 3 3 2 2
1 2

3 2

C u3

2 u3 9 2
1 2

3 2

d 2 u3 2 du 9 1 4

3u2

u2

20.

x3 dx 1 x4 2 Check:

x4 C

4x3 dx 1 1 4 x4
2

1 1 4 4x3

x4

1 41 x4

d 1 4 dx 4 1 x 1 3

x3 1 x4 1 16 3

22.

x2 16 Check: x3
2

dx

16 C

x3 1 3

3x2 dx 1 16 x3
2

x3 1 16

C x2 x3
2

1 3 16 x3

1 d dx 3 16 x3 1 4 1 2 x4

3x2

24.

x3 dx 1 x4 Check: d dx 1 3x

x4 C

1 2

4x3 dx 1 1 2 x4

1 1 x4 4 1 2
1 2

1 2

C x3 1 x4 x3 3

1 2

x4

1 2 1 x 9 C

4x3

26.

x2 Check:

dx 1 x 9
1

x2

dx 1 x 9

x3 3
2

1 x 1 9 1 x2 1 3x
2

1 9x

3x4 1 9x

d 1 3 x dx 3 1 x 2 x

x2

28.

1 2 x

dx d dx

1 2

dx 1

1 x1 2 2 1 2 2 x 23 t 3 t1
2

Check:

30.

2t2 t

dt
2

t1

2t3
2

dt

45 t 5 2t3
2

C t 2t2 t

2 3 t 15

6t

Check:

d 23 t dt 3 1 dt 4t2

45 t 5

32.

t3 3 Check:

13 t 3 1 4t C

1 t 4

dt

1 t4 3 4 1 4t2

1 t 1 4 1

1 4 t 12

1 4t

d 1 4 t dt 12

13 t 3

474

Chapter 4

Integration 2 7 y 7 2 7 y 7
2

34.

2 y8 Check:

y3

dy

2 y3

8y
2

y5 C

dy d 2 dy

4y2 4y2

C C

4 y2 14 7 16 y

y3

C 2 y 8 y3
2

d 4 y2 14 dy 7 10x2 dx 1 x3

2 y5

36. y 10 3

38. y
1 2

x x2 1 2 x2

4 8x 8x

1 1

dx
1 2

x3

3x2 dx C

2x C

8 dx

10 1 x3 3 1 2 20 3 40. (a)
3

1 2

1 x2 2 x2

8x 1 1 2 8x 1

1 2

x3

C dy dx y

(b)

x cos x2, 0, 1 x cos x2 dx 1 sin x2 2 C C C 1 1 1 cos x2 2x dx 2

5 2 3

x 5

0, 1 : 1 y

1 sin 0 2 1 sin x2 2

42.

4x3 sin x4 dx

sin x4 4x3 dx

cos x4

44.

cos 6x dx

1 6

cos 6x 6 dx

1 sin 6x 6

46.

x sin x2 dx

1 2

sin x2 2x dx

1 cos x2 2

48.

sec 1

x tan 1

x dx

sec 1

x tan 1

1 dx

sec 1

50.

tan x sec2 x dx

tan x 3 3 2

2 tan x 3

3 2

52.

sin x dx cos3 x x dx 2

cos x

sin x dx

cos x 2 x 2

1 2 cos2 x

1 sec2 x 2

54.

csc2

2 csc2

x 2

1 dx 2

2 cot

56. f x

sec x tan x dx 1 sec 1. 3

sec x C, C

C 1. Thus

Since f 1 3 f x

sec x

Section 4.5 1 u 2 1 dx 1 4 1 du 2 1
3 2

Integration by Substitution

475

58. u

2x

1, x

1 , dx 1 u 2 u

60. u

2 x

x, x 1

2 2

u, dx x dx

du 3 3u 2u3 2u3 5
2

x 2x

u u

1 du 2 du
2

u
1 2

u du u
3 2

1 2

du C C 2 3 x C C

1 2 5 u 4 5

2 3 u 3 5 1 1 1
3 2

2 5 u 5 u
3 2

u3 2 3u 30 1 2x 30 1 2x 30 1 2x 15 62. Let u 2x x x 1 dx 4 4, x u 2u 4, du 4 u
2

C 3 2x 6x 3x 1 2 1 5 C C C

5 x x

2 2 5 2 2 5

5 x

3 2

3 2

3 2

dx. 1 du du C C 4 13 21 C C

64. u

4, t t3 t

u 4 dt

4, dt u u4 3 7 u 7 3u4 7 3 t 7 3 t 7
3 3

du 4 u1 3 du 4u1 3u4 u 4 4 7
4 3 3 3

2u1 4 3 u 3 2 1 u 3 2 3 2 3 66. Let u

4 2

7u 14u1
2

1 2

du C C

2u

21

x x

42x 4 2x

t t

4 3

7 C

4 3

x3

8, du 8 2 dx 1 3

3x2 dx.
4

x2 x3
2

x3
2

8 8
3

3x2 dx 8 8
3

1 x3 8 3 3

3 4 2

1 64 9 x2, du x2 dx

41,472

68. Let u
1

1 x 1
0

2x dx. 1 2
1

1
0

x2

1 2

2x dx

1 1 3

x2

3 2 0

1 3

1 3

70. Let u
2 0

1 x 1

2x2, du 2x2 dx

4x dx. 1 4
2

1
0

2x2

1 2

4x dx

1 2

2x2
0

3 2

1 2

476

Chapter 4 4
2

Integration 2x dx. 1 2
2

72. Let u

x2, du x2 dx

x3 4
0

4
0

x2

1 3

2x dx

3 4 8

x2

4 3 0

3 4 8 8

44

33 4 2

3.619

74. Let u When x

5 1

2x

1, du 1, u

2 dx, x

1 u 2 5, u

1. 9. 1 4
9

1. When x
9

x 2x

dx
1

1 2u

1 1 du u 2
9

u1
1

1 2

du

1 2 3 u 4 3 1 4 16 3
2

2u1

2 1

2 27 3

23

2 3

76.
3

cos x dx

x2 2

sin x
3

18

3 2

5 2 72

2 2

78. u

2, x

u 2, u
6

2, dx

du 6, u
8

When x Area

0. When x 2 dx

8.
8

x2 3 x
2

u
0

23

u du
0

u7

4u4

4u1

du

3 10 u 10

12 7 u 7

8 3

3u4

3 0

4752 35

80. A
0

sin x

cos 2x dx

cos x

1 sin 2x 2

2
0

82. Let u

2x, du
4

2 dx. csc 2x cot 2x dx

12

Area

1 2

csc 2x cot 2x 2 dx
12

1 csc 2x 2

4 12

1 2

84.
0

x3 x
20

2 dx

7.581

86.
1
50

x2 x

1 dx

67.505

88.
0
2

sin 2x dx

1.0

0 0 0 2 1 0 5

2
1

90.

sin x cos x dx sin x cos x dx cos2 x 2 C2

sin x 1 cos x dx cos x 1

1

sin2 x 2

C1 cos2 x 2 C2 1 2 C2

sin x dx C2 1 . 2

sin2 x 2 C1

sin2 x 2

They differ by a constant: C2

Section 4.5 92. f x

2

Integration by Substitution

477

sin2 x cos x is even.

2

94. f x
2

sin x cos x is odd. sin x cos x dx

2

sin2 x cos x dx
2 0

sin2 x cos x dx 2 2 3 sin3 x 3

2 0

96. (a)
4

sin x dx
4

0 since sin x is symmetric to the origin.

4 4

(b)
2

cos x dx
4

2
0 2

cos x dx cos x dx
0

2 sin x
0 2

2 since cos x is symmetric to the y-axis. 2

0

(c)
2

cos x dx
2

2 sin x x cos x

(d)

sin x cos x dx
2

0 since sin

sin x cos x and hence, is symmetric to the origin.

98.

sin 3x

cos 3x dx

sin 3x dx

cos 3x dx

2
0

cos 3x dx

2 sin 3x 3

0
0

100. If u

x2, then du

2x dx and

x5

x2 3 dx

1 2

x2

2x dx

1 3 u du. 2

102.

dQ dt Qt Q 100 Qt Q0 Thus, Q t $250,000.

k 100 k 100 C 0 k 100 3 k 100 3

104. R k 100 3 (a) t

3

3.121
8

2.399 sin 0.524t

1.377

t 2 dt

12 0

t
3

2,000,000 k t
3.

Relative minimum: 6.4, 0.7 or June 6 (b)

0

Relative maximum: 0.4, 5.5 or January

12

2 100

When t

50, Q 50

R t dt 1 3
12

37.47 inches 1 13 3 4.33 inches

(c)

R t dt
9

24

106. (a)

70

(b) Volume
0

R t dt

1272 (5 thousand of gallons)

0 0

24

Maximum flow: R 61.713 at t 9.36. 18.861, 61.178 is a relative maximum.

478

Chapter 4
4

Integration

108. (a)
0

g
9.4

(b) g is nonnegative because the graph of f is positive at the beginning, and generally has more positive sections than negative ones.

f
4

(c) The points on g that correspond to the extrema of f are points of inflection of g.

(d) No, some zeros of f, like x 2, do not correspond to an extrema of g. The graph of g continues to increase after x 2 because f remains above the x-axis.

(e)
0

9.4

The graph of h is that of g shifted 2 units downward.

t

gt
0

f x dx
2 t

f x dx
0 2

f x dx

ht.

110. False x x2 1 2 dx 1 2 x2 1 2x dx 1 2 x 4 1
2

112. True
b b b 2

sin x dx
a

cos x
a

cos b

cos a

cos b

cos a
a

sin x dx

114. False sin2 2x cos 2x dx 1 2 x f x dx

a a 0 a

sin 2x

2 cos 2x dx

1 sin 2x 2 3

1 3 sin 2x 6

116. Because f is odd, f

a 0

f x . Then
a

f x dx
a

f x dx f x dx.
0

f x dx
0

Let x When x
1

u, dx 0, u

du in the first integral. 0. When x

a

a, u
a

a. f x dx
0

f x dx
a 0

f
a

du
a

f u du
0 0

f x dx

Section 4.6

Numerical Integration

479

Section 4.6
1

Numerical Integration
x2 2 x2 2 x2 2 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx x3 6 1 1 8 1 1 12
2 1

2. Exact:
0 1

x
0

7 6 1 4 2
2

1.1667 1
2

Trapezoidal:
0 1

2 4

2 1 2

1 2 2

1
2

2 1 4

3 4 2

1
2

12 2 1 12 2

1 1

75 64 7 6

1.1719 1.1667

Simpsons:
0

1 4 2

1 2 2

3 4 2

4. Exact:
1 2

1 dx x2 1 dx x2 1 dx x2

1 x 1 1 8 1 1 12

0.5000
1

Trapezoidal:
1 2

2 4

4 5 4 5

2
2

4 6 2 4 6

2
2

4 7 4 4 7

1 4
2

0.5090 0.5004

Simpsons:
1

1 4

6. Exact:
0 8

x dx x dx x dx

3 4 x 4 1 0 2 1 0 3

8 3 0

12.0000 2 4 23 2 23 2 23 3 43 3 23 4 23 4 23 5 43 5 23 6 23 6 23 7 43 7 2 2 11.7296 11.8632

Trapezoidal:
0 8

Simpsons:
0

8. Exact:
1 3

4 4
1 3

x2 dx x2 dx x2 dx

4x 1 3 4 1 3 6 1 2 x 3 1 0 4 1 0 6

x3 3

3
1

11 3 3 2
2

2 3 20

0.6667 2 4 25 4 5 2 5
2

Trapezoidal: Simpsons:
1

2 4 4 4 9 4

5 0.6667

0.7500

4 4

10. Exact:
0 2

x x2 x x2
0 2

1 dx 1 dx 1 dx

1 2 4

3 2 0

1 3 5 3 1 2 1 2
2

1 21 21

3.393 12 12 1 1 2 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
2

Trapezoidal: Simpsons:
0

1 2 1 2

1 1

1 1

2 22 2 22

1 1

3.457 3.392

x x2

12. Trapezoidal:
0 2

1 1 1 1 x3 x
3

dx dx

1 1 4 1 1 6

2 4

1 1 1 1 1 2
3

1 2

2 2

1 1 1 1 13 1
3

2 4

1 1 1 1 3 2
3

3 2

1 3 1 3

1.397 1.405

Simpsons:
0

Graphing utility: 1.402

480

Chapter 4

Integration 5 5 sin 8 8 5 5 sin 8 8 2 3 3 sin 4 4 3 3 sin 4 4 4 7 7 sin 8 8 7 7 sin 8 8 0

14. Trapezoidal:
2

x sin x dx x sin x dx
2

16 24

2 2

1 4

1.430 1.458

Simpsons:

Graphing utility: 1.458

4

16. Trapezoidal:
0

tan x2 dx

4 8 0.271

tan 0

2 tan

4 4

2 tan

4 2

2 tan

3 4

tan

Simpsons:
0

tan x2 dx

4 12 0.257

tan 0

4 tan

4 4

2 tan

4 2

4 tan

3 4

tan

Graphing utility: 0.256

2

18. Trapezoidal:
0 2

1 1
0

cos2 x dx cos2 x dx

16 24

2 2

2 1 4 1

cos2 cos2

8 8

2 1 2 1

cos2 cos2

4 4

2 1 4 1

cos2 3 cos2 3

8 8

1 1

1.910 1.910

Simpsons:

Graphing utility: 1.910 sin x dx x sin x dx x 2 sin 4 4 sin 4 4 2 sin 2 4 2 sin 2 2 2 2 sin 3 4 3 4 4 sin 3 4 3 4

20. Trapezoidal:
0

8 12

1 1

0 0

1.836 1.852

Simpsons:
0

Graphing utility: 1.852 22. Trapezoidal: Linear polynomials Simpsons: Quadratic polynomials 1 x x x x x 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 24 1
5 3 2

24.

f x f x f x f x f
4

(a) Trapezoidal: Error

1 0 12 42

1 96 0.

0.01 since

f x is maximum in 0, 1 when x (b) Simpsons: Error since f

4

1 05 24 180 44

1 1920

0.0005 0.

x is maximum in 0, 1 when x

Section 4.6 2 1 x
3

Numerical Integration

481

26. f x

in 0, 1 . 0 and f 0 2. 130.

(a) f x is maximum when x Trapezoidal: Error f (b) f

4 4

1 2 < 0.00001, n2 > 16,666.67, n > 129.10; let n 12n2 in 0, 1 0 and f

4

24 1 x
5

x is maximum when x

24. 12. (In Simpsons Rule n must be even.)

Simpsons: Error

1 24 < 0.00001, n4 > 13,333.33, n > 10.75; let n 180n4

28. f x (a) f x

2 3

2 9x 1
4 3

in 0, 2 . 0 and f 0 2 . 9 122.

f x is maximum when x Trapezoidal: Error (b) f

4

8 2 12n4 9
10 3

< 0.00001, n2 > 14,814.81, n > 121.72; let n

x
4

81 x

56 1

in 0, 2 0 and f
4

x is maximum when x

56 . 81 12. (In Simpsons Rule n must

32 56 Simpsons: Error 180n4 81 be even.) 30. f x (a) f x sin x2 2 2x2 sin x2

< 0.00001, n4 > 12,290.81, n > 10.53; let n

cos x2 in 0, 1 . 1 and f 1
3

f x is maximum when x Trapezoidal: Error (b) f

4

2.2853. 139.

x
4

16x4

1 0 2.2853 < 0.00001, n2 > 19,044.17, n > 138.00; let n 12n2 12 sin x2 48x2 cos x2 in 0, 1 0.852 and f
4

x is maximum when x

0.852

28.4285. 12.

Simpsons: Error

1 05 28.4285 < 0.00001, n4 > 15,793.61, n > 11.21; let n 180n4

32. The program will vary depending upon the computer or programmable calculator that you use. 34. f x n 4 8 10 12 16 20 1 Ln 0.8739 0.8350 0.8261 0.8200 0.8121 0.8071 x2 on 0, 1 . Mn 0.7960 0.7892 0.7881 0.7875 0.7867 0.7864 Rn 0.6239 0.7100 0.7261 0.7367 0.7496 0.7571 Tn 0.7489 0.7725 0.7761 0.7783 0.7808 0.7821 Sn 0.7709 0.7803 0.7818 0.7826 0.7836 0.7841

482

Chapter 4

Integration

36. f x n 4 8 10 12 16 20

sin x on 1, 2 . x Ln 0.7070 0.6833 0.6786 0.6754 0.6714 0.6690 Mn 0.6597 0.6594 0.6594 0.6594 0.6594 0.6593 Rn 0.6103 0.6350 0.6399 0.6431 0.6472 0.6496 Tn 0.6586 0.6592 0.6592 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 Sn 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593 0.6593

38. Simpsons Rule: n

2

8 3 6 17.476 1 2 2 sin 0 3 4 1 2 2 sin 3 16 2 1 2 2 sin 3 8 ... 1 2 2 sin 3 2

8 3
0

2 2 sin d 3

40. (a) Trapezoidal:

2

f x dx
0

2 4.32 28

2 4.36

2 4.58

2 5.79

2 6.14

2 7.25

2 7.64

2 8.08

8.14

12.518

Simpsons:
2

f x dx
0

2 4.32 38

4 4.36

2 4.58

4 5.79

2 6.14

4 7.25

2 7.64

4 8.08

8.14

12.592

(b) Using a graphing utility, y 1.3727x3

2

4.0092x2 12.53

0.6202x

4.2844

Integrating,
0

y dx

42. Simpsons Rule: n

1

6 dx 4 1 36 3.14159 1 4 1 6
2

4
0

1 1 x2

2 2 6

4 3 6

2 46

4 5 6

1 2

44. Area

120 75 2 12 7435 sq m

2 81

2 84

2 76

2 67

2 68

2 69

2 72

2 68

2 56

2 42

2 23

46. The quadratic polynomial px x x1 x2 x x2 x1 x3 y x3 1 x x2 x1 x x1 x2 x3 y x3 2 x x3 x1 x x1 x3 x2 y x2 3

passes through the three points.