The modulus of elasticity is 210 GPa. N is 2. b is .08. t is 3mm. L is 33.5+11+34.5 cm.

Leaf springs are also called laminated, semi-elliptical, carriage springs, cart spring, or helper spring. These are the simplest form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in vehicles. The center of the arc provides the location for the axle, while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. For very heavy vehicles it is normal for several leaves to be stacked on top of each other in several layers, often with systematically shorter leaves. They are still used in heavy commercial vehicles such as vans and trucks, and rail cars. For heavy vehicles, they have the advantage of spreading the load more widely over the vehicle's chassis, whereas coil springs transfer it to a single point. Unlike coil springs, these springs also locate the rear axle, eliminating the need for trailing arms and a Panhard rod, thereby saving cost and weight in a simple live axle rear suspension. Elliptical or full elliptical springs refer to two circular arcs linked at their tips. These are joined to the frame at the top center of the upper arc. The bottom center is joined to the suspension components, such as a solid front axle. Additional suspension components, such as trailing arms, are needed for this design. Semi-elliptical springs use a lower arc. Therefore, they don't need the additional suspension components. Quarter-elliptical springs have the thickest part of the stack of leaves stuck into the rear end of the side pieces of a ladder type frame. The free end is attached to the differential. A newer design is the parabolic leaf spring. This design uses fewer leaves. The thickness of the leaves vary from center to end following a parabolic curve. Friction between the leaves is not wanted. So there is only contact between the springs at the ends and at the center where the axle is connected. Spacers prevent contact at other points. Coil vs leaf:Coil springs are used when up-and-down motion will cause damage to locomotives or rail cars. They are easy to "box up" into enclosed mounting brackets on truck frames. Making coil springs bigger, or adding more of them, provides better jolt retardation. Coil springs (shown under BNSF yard diesel above) protect fragile shipments and passengers from being jounced around inside the cars, but they don't do much to control motion in other directions. Leaf springs, on the other hand, don't do much to minimize up-and-down activity. They are used where side-to-side or front-to-back motion must be controlled or restricted. What leaf springs (shown below, under running boards of retired D&RGW K-37 steam locomotive) do is provide better stability and faster speeds on rougher track by continually shifting weight from one end of the spring to the other, allowing wheels to move up and down to compensate (or "equalize") for track conditions. Calculations of Spring constant:-

Where : E= Youngs Modulus n= Number of leaves b= width of leaves t= thickness of leaves L= span k= Stiffness The span of the leaf spring is .79m. Number of leaves are 3. Width of leaves is .05 m. Thickness is .008m. The material is mild steel and the Youngs modulus of it is 210 GPa. So the stiffness of the spring comes out to be: k= 87230.4 N/m = 87.2304kN/m Spring Displacement:We have given the space for 6 persons to sit in our car. Considering maximum load on the car, we consider that the average mass of person sitting on the car is 80 kg. The mass of the engine is 35 kg and the mass of the chassis is 25 kg. The roof mass is almost 15 kg. The total mass on the car is 555 kg. The weight of the car is 5440 N. As the load is divided into four wheels and as a result of that to four leaf springs equally, therefore the total force on one leaf spring would be :F= 5440/4= 1360 N By hooks law, we know that :F=kx Where x= displacement therefore we can calculate the displacement which comes out to be:x= F/k= 1360/87230.4=0.0156m= 15.6mm This is the displacement under normal loading. when the car passes through a bump, due to sudden impact, the force acting on the leaf spring will double. In this case, the force will be 1360 * 2= 2720 N. The maximum displacement of the spring will be: x= F/k= 2720/4= .0312m= 31.2mm