bpaflment of Terrestrial M a g ~ ~ t t a 5241 Broad Branch Road, N. 'd.

Wsshindon 15. D. C.

IGY Genwal Repm S & Number 2

June 26, 1958

IGY WORLD DATA CENTER A

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON EXPEDITION DOWNWIND UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY IGY CRUISE TO THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC

National Academy of Sciences 2101 C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, N. W. Washington 25, D, C. UNITED STATES NATIONAL COMMITTEE f o r the INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR 1957-58 August 21, 1958
MEMORANDUM

To :
From: Subject:

U. S. National Committee
Hugh Odishaw, Executive D i r e c t o r
I G Y World Data Center A Report S e r i e s

There a r e enclosed f o r your information copies of r e p o r t s i n t h e IGY General Report S e r i e s and t h e f i r s t r e p o r t i n t h e XGY G l a c i o l o g i c a l Rkport S e r i e s a s follows:
IGY G l a c i o l o g i c a l Report:

No. 1 Preliminary Reports of t h e A n t a r c t i c and Northern Hemisphere Glaciology Programs. The IGY G l a c i o l o g i c a l Report S e r i e s i s +sued ,by World Data Center A, G l a ~ i o l o g y American G'eogrgphYctil: , Society, 'New York 32, New Yorlc. ,~
IGY General Reports:

No. 2

Preliminary Report on Expedition Downwind, U n i v e r s i t y of C h l i f o r n i a , Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography IGY Cruise t o t h e Southeast P a c i f i c Preliminary Reports on t h e IGY Pendulum, Gravimeter and Seismological Programs a t t h e University of Wisconsin.

-y No. 3

The IGY General Report S e r i e s i s issued by World Data Center A, National Academy of Sciences, Washington 25, D. C.

INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR WORLD DATA CENTER A

National Academy of Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A.

World Data Center A consists of the following eleven archives:

Airglow and Ionosphere: Glaciology:

IGY World Data Center A: Airglow and Ionosphere Central Radio Propagation Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.

IGY World Data Center A: Glaciology American Geographical Society Broadway at 156th Street New York 32, New York, U.S.A.
Longitude and Latitude:

Aurora (Instrumental):

IGY World Data Center A: Aurora (Instrumental) Geophysical Institute University of Alaska College, Alaska

IGY World Data Center A: Longitude & Latitude U. S. Naval Observatory Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A.
Meteorology and Nuclear Radiation:

Aurora (Visual):

IGY World Data Center A: Aurora (Visual) Rockefeller Hall Cornell University Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.

IGY World Data Center A: Meteorology and Nuclear Radiation National Weather Records Center Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Oceanography:

Cosmic Rays:

IGY World Data Center A: Oceanography Department of Oceanography and Meteorology Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Rockets and Satellites:

IGY World Data Center A: Cosmic Rays School of Physics University of Minnesota Minneapolis 14, Minnesota, U.S.A.

IGY World Data Center A: Rockets and Satellites National Academy of Sciences 2 101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A.
Solar Activity:

Geomagnetism, Gravity, and Seismology:

1GY"~orld Data Center A: Geomagnetism, Gravity & Seismology Geophysics Division U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A.

IGY World Data Center A: Solar Activity High Altitude Observatory Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.

Note: ('i) Communications regarding data interchange matters in general and World Data Center A as a whole should be addressed to: Director, World Data Center A, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington 25, D. C., U.S.A.; (ii) Inquiries and communications concerning data in specific disciplines should be addressed to the appropriate archive listed above.

IGY World Data Center A National Academy of Sciences Washington 25, D. C.

IGY General Report Series Number 2 June 26, 1958

PRELIMINARY REPORT O N EXPEDITION DOWNWIND UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY IGY CRUISE TO THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC

Edited by

R. L. FISHER

This General Report Series of World Data Center A will include miscellaneous reports on the IGY program of the U. S. National Committee for the IGY and occasionally special reports more conveniently made available through this series. IGY World Data Center A Washington, D. C. June 26,1958 .

I.

FOREWORD

D O W I I ? D w a s t h e f i r s t of t h r e e oceanographic expeditions comprising

one phase of the University of C a l i f o r n i a ' s deep-sea p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year. The second cruise, DOISa:IN,
i s now a t

sea, studying t h e Equatorial Undercurrent.

The t h i r d , a s yet un-named,

A l l three

w i l l s e t out August 1 t o study t h e Equatorial Countercurrent.

c r u i s e s a r e being c a r r i e d out primarily on vessels of t h e University's Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography.

by funds from IGY agencies.
A l l a r e supported i n l a r g e p a r t

DOWNWIND was a l s o t h e t h i r t e e n t h i n a s e r i e s

of expeditions t o t h e deep P a c i f i c undertaken by t h e Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n since 1950. As such it was generously supported by t h e Office of Naval

Research of t h e Navy Department.

DOWNWIND ranged from t h e Central P a c i f i c t o t h e South American coast,

and from t h e equatorial regions t o nearly 50 South l a t i t u d e ( ~ i g1 ) The name was appropriate, because over most of t h e track, running counter-clockwise i n t h e Southeast Pacific, meteorological~conditions made f o r following winds and currents.

. .

June 26, 1958

Roger R. Revelle, Director Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography University of California La J o l l a , California

CONTENTS

.................. I1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I11. Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IV . Tools and procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 V . Preliminary Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 A . Bathymetric and Geological Observation . 17
I

Foreword

B..Shipboard Chemical Program

C

.
.

Hydrographic Work

. . . . . . . . . 38 F . Bottom Photography . . . . . . . . . . . 41 G . Biological Reports . . . . . . . . . . . 43 VI. Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 VII. List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . 57

E Heat Flow Measurements

. Seismic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............

.......

29 31

36

I1 INTRODUCTION
A.

The principal aims of t h e SIO IGY DOWNWIND Expedition t o t h e southeast P a c i f i c were three:
1) t o determine t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e deep w a t e r s of t h e

southeast P a c i f i c and t o study i t s c i r c u l a t i o n by several d i f f erent means, including measurements of temperature, s a l i n i t y and chemical properties from t h e Burface t o t h e bottom, and especially t h e c o l l e c t i o n of large-volume water samples, from depths of more than 3000 meters, f o r radiocarbon dating of water masses3
2)

t o determine t h e a r e a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of carbon dioxide i n t h e atmosphere near t h e sea surface and i n t h e surface waters, f o r study of C02 exchange a t t h e a i r - s e a boundary;

3) t o make geological and geophysical studies of t h e s t r u c t u r e of

t h e P a c i f i c basin between t h e coast of South America and t h e Society Islands. Since t h e c h r a c t e r of t h e sea-floor deposits i s closely interwoven with t h e movements and t h e l i f e present i n t h e overlying water, quantitat i v e c o l l e c t i o n s of marine organims were mandatory. Measurement of

carbon dioxide d i s t r i b u t i o n and radioisotope sampling were l i m i t e d t o t h e f i r s t half of t h e cruise3 t h e other programs were continued throughout the entire

4 1/2 months

of DOhrNWIIM).

Geological-geophysical observations included seiwlic r e f r a c t i o n studies of t h e shape and thickness of t h e crust, measurements of heat
flow upward through t h e sea f l o o r , precise measurement of depth and

bathymetric exploration of ridges, seamounts and trenches, rock dredging

on seamounts i n an attempt t o c o l l e c t f o s s i l s and on t h e deep sea f l o o r t o determine t h e abundance of manganese-encrust ed nodules, photographs of small-scale bottom r e l i e f and coring of t h e deep ocean muds and oozes f o r geological and geochemical s t u d i e s of sediments. Results of

t h e s e s t u d i e s w i l l be synthesized t o l e a r n something of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e basin, and some clues t o t h e formation of such large-scale s t r u c t u r e s as t h e Tuamota Archipelago, t h e East P a c i f i c Rise and t h e Peru-Chile Trench, s t r u c t u r e s t h a t must be surface expressions of changes, o r i n s t a b i l i t y , deep beneath t h e oceanic c r u s t .

This DOWNWIND report was begun before t h e vessels returned t o San Diego, and preliminary bathymetric and b i o l o g i c a l c h a r t s and discuss ions were completed on shipboard. Other sections, notably those on

bottom samples, geochemistry and heat flow, required a d d i t i o n a l work i n

La J o l l a .

This then i s not a "shipboard report," but r a t h e r a "preliminary"

It i s designed t o provide an index t o t h e f i e l d

o r "narrative" report.

program of DOWNWIND and t o record impressions gained from a f i r s t analysis of t h e data and samples collected. The w r i t e r s of Chapter V have

requested t h a t t h e s e notes be considered a s highly preliminary and caution t h a t subsequent analysis may modify g r e a t l y or even reverse t h e conclusions s t a t e d t h e r e .

I 1 NARRATIVE 1

The IGY

- University of

C a l i f o r n i a DOWNWIND Expedition s a i l e d from

San Diego on t h e afternoon of October 21, 1957. It consisted of two ships: t h e R/V Spencer F. Baird, Alan W. Phinney, Master, and t h e

R/V Horizon, Marvin F. Hopkins, Master.

Expedition leader f o r t h e

f i r s t half of DOWNWIND was Henry W. Mnard, Jr

Baird and Horizon

each c a r r i e d eleven i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c party, B a i r d l s s c i e n t i s t s mostly geologists and geophysicists, Horizon's party c h i e f l y geocheniats and hydzographer s

.
They d i d not meet u n t i l

The ships separated, b e t t e r t o explore t h e Clarion f r a c t u r e zone extending west of t h e Islas Revillagigedo.

November 3, when a seismic r e f r a c t i o n p r o f i l e was shot near t h e Equator. During t h i s i n t e r v a l Rorizon began a p r o f i l e of deep hydrographic c a s t s , w i t h s t a t i o n s about 250 m i l e s apart, i n t h e v i c i n i t y of 1304 W. Longitude. On many of t h e hydrographic c a s t s a small g r a v i t y corer w a s shackled t o t h e lower end of t h e wire. Large-volume samples f o r radioisotope a n a l y s i s Carbon d i o x i b

were taken a t about half of t h e hydrographic s t a t i o n s .

content of t h e surface water and atmosphere was monitored almost con-

t inuously

.
On

Baird began a s e r i e s 02 g r a v i t y cores a t about 2. N. and, on 4

October 25, made t h e first of many dredge hauls f o r manganese nodules. The f i r s t DOWlYWIND bottom photograph was taken at t h i s l o c a l i t y ,

t h i s p a r t of t h e t r a c k seismic r e f l e c t i o n measurements were made frequently i n order t o determine t h e thickness of unconsolidated sediment

beneath t h e sea f l o o r .

O November 1 a short seismic r e f r a c t i o n n

s t a t i o n was attempted, with Baird a s receiving ship and a launch a s shooting boat. O November 3 t h e f i r s t f'ull-scale seismic r e f r a c t i o n p r o f i l e n

w a s shot, Baird receiving, meanwhile taking a temperature probe measure-

merit, a p i s t o n core, a gravity core and a bottom photograph.

O n

shooting days Horizon made a hydrographic c a s t and one o r more net

tows e i t h e r just before or just a f t e r a shooting run.

On November

t h e r e occurred t h e f i r s t of a s e r i e s of mishaps involving Baird ' s heavy cable and her dredging winch; t h e s e mishaps r e s u l t e d i n much s p l i c i n g and re-spooling of t h e cable aboard Baird.

The hramotu Archipelago, an area which may have a c r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e neither t y p i c a l l y oceanic nor continental, was t h e s i t e of s p e c i a l geological and geophysical study. This investigation began with s t r a i g h t

runs i n t o an a r e a of oceanic depth enclosed within t h e Tuamotu platform ( s i m i l a r t o t h e "~ongueof t h e Oceann i n t h e Bahama region), where a seismic r e f ~ a c t i o np r o f i l e was shot November 10.

-then explored a Baird

Seismic

ridge extending southeast of Anaa A t o l l while Horizon surveyed a guyot t h a t had been crossed during t h e 1952-3 CAPRICORN Expedition.

s t a t i o n 6, near Fakarava, was placed t o study t h e platform s t r u c t u r e . That night Horizon sounded a guyot and t h e r e dredged reef c o r a l and manganese nodules. Baird, - on s t a t i o n , The following day t h e seismic p r o f i l e was reversed; dredged reef rock. November

13 t h e ships entered

t h e lagoon of Fakarava Atoll, t o be welcomed by t h e v i l l a g e r s and t h e l o c a l administrator as t h e f i r s t American vessels i n many years t o v i s i t the atoll. Expedition members bartered f o r s h e l l necklaces and

several, equipped with Aqua-lungs, dived on c o r a l r e e f s f o r t h e f i r s t time. The following afternoon a reversed seismic p r o f i l e was shot a t

t h e northwest end of t h e lagoon and both ships headed f o r Papeete, stopping f o r g r a v i t y cores en route. Spencer F. Baird and Horizon docked a t Papeete on November 19, nearly f i v e years a f t e r t h e i r v i s i t on CAPRICORN. Saturday morning

Scripps s c i e n t i s t s m e t with o f f i c e r s of t h e French Navy t o discuss

DOWNWIND exploration i n t h e Tuamotus and recent French oceanographic

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n French Oceania.

Capitaine de Corvette Guy Nay,

i n charge of t h e ICE program i n French Oceania, Lieutenant de Yaieeeau

Ale Bonnafont

, i n charge of'

hydrographic observat ione, and Lieutenant have

de Vaisseau Touzet du Vigier, Commander of t h e corvette Lotus ' been a c t i v e i n t h e s e investigations.

Baturday afternoon l o c a l o f f i c i a l s ,

French naval personnel and p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e IGY program i n Polynesia were i n v i t e d aboard Baird f o r a reception and a t o u r of t h e ship. Arrangements f o r t h i s reception were made by

D r . June P a t t u l l o and Miss Elizabeth Strong, Bcripps oceanographers

t h e n i n Papeete f o r t h e IGY I s l a n d Observatories Program.

Ships

o f f i c e r s and s c i e n t i f i c p a r t y l a t e r were received a t t h e home of Capitaine Nay. The members of t h e DOWNWIND Expedition a r e indebted

t o a l l t h e s e persons, and t o Capitaine de Corvette Bayle, Commander of naval forces, f o r t h e i r c o r d i a l i t y and a s s i s t a n c e during t h e v i s i t of Baird and Horizon.

C C -

Baird and Horizon departed from Papeete t h e morning of November 19,

leaving Franco Romagnoli, IGY photographer aboard on t h e f i r s t l e g of

DOWNWIND t o shoot a documentary film, t o r e t u r n t o t h e United S t a t e s .

After T a h i t i , coring gained i n prominance i n t h e expedition s c i e n t i f i c program.

A seismic s t a t i o n planned f o r t h e smooth apron expected

south of T a h i t i was abandoned because of rough bottom topography. An oceanic-type seismic s t a t i o n was shot November 21. Two days l a t e r

a guyot on t h e Austral Ridge was surveyed, and a small boat seismic

r e f r a c t i o n p r o f i l e shot on it. Rapa, t h e southernmost inhabited Polynesian island, was v i s i t e d by both ships on November 24. Horizon grounded f o r a time while

navigating t h e tortuous channel i n t o t h e caldera i n t h e middle of t h i s volcanic island. During t h e afternoon expedition members met

t h e islanders, v i s i t e d t h e o l d Polynesian f o r t r e s s e s and dived on t h e reef. From Rapa t h e ships headed southeast t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e b a s i n south of t h e Austral Islands and ultimately t o reach t h e region i n which t h e organisms and sediment a r e controlled by t h e sub-antarctic water. Weather became progressively worse a s t h e ships proceeded Although winds seldom exceeded TO knots, oceanographic

southeast.

operations were extremely d i f f i c u l t on ships a s small a s Baird and Horizon. O November 30, seismic s t a t i o n 12 was shot i n t h e deep n Hourly B records were taken near T

a r e a west of t h e East P a c i f i c Rise. and i n t h e Sub-Tropical Convergence.

On December 1 f o u l weather and rough seas contributed t o t h e l o s s of a g r a v i t y corer and 6000 meters of hydrographic wire from Horizon. Recordings from Horizon's echo-sounder became progressively worse because of a small leak i n t h e transducer, probably incurred a t Rapa. On December 2 it became t o t a l l y inoperative, forcing cancellation of' t h e seismic s t a t i o n planned f o r D e c d e r 4.
A spare transducer w a s

rigged over t h e s i d e f o r sounding on station, and by December 1 1 t h e damaged transducer had been replaced. During t h e i n t e r v a l operations

were severely hampered by t h e lack of underway soundings on Horizon. On December 7 Baird reached t h e f a r t h e s t south point on t h e
DOWNWIND track, 4.8'30~ S.,

and reported l i g h t snow.

Both ships headed

northward, t h e b e n e f i t s of obtaining information f a r t h e r south overbalanced by t h e increasing r a t e of damage t o s h i p s t deck equipment.

A seismic r e f r a c t i o n s t a t i o n was s h o t Deceniber 10 on t h e East P a c i f i c

Rise, Horizon using her shallow-range echo-sounder t o r e g i s t e r t h e explosions. Wind and sea hampered t h e choice of shooting run, forcing t h e run t o be made from t h e c r e s t of t h e r i s e toward t h e e a s t flank, r a t h e r than north-south along t h e c r e s t . By December 12, .when a

seismic s t a t i o n was run on t h e e a s t flank, moat of t h e equipment had been repaired.

Two more seismic s t a t i o n s were shot on t h i s leg,

one i n t h e basin just east of t h e East P a c i f i c Rise, t h e second on a branch ridge trending southeast from t h e r i s e . Very rugged topography

made t h e r e s u l t s of t h e l a t t e r run d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t . During t h i s period W i l l i a m Riedel suffered a severe i n t e s t i n a l disorder and, a f t e r several days treatment, t h e expedition's physicians recommended he be moved t o a hospital. Accordingly, Baird began a Horizon

nearly d i r e c t run t o Valparaiso, a r r i v i n g t h e r e December 21.

made t h e sampling s t a t i o n s required t o complete t h e southern run.

Horizon stopped one day, December 21, a t Juan Fernandez, t h e island where Alexander Selkirk, Defoels "Robinson Crusoe", l i v e d from 1709.

1704 t o

Some of t h e company v i s i t e d with t h e inhabitants j others dived f o r

lobsters, searched fox S e l k i r k l s cave o r climbed t o t h e highest point on t h e ierland, Selkirk' s Lookout. Horizon reached Yalparaiso December 23.

Operations completed during t h e f i r s t half of Do'WIWLND included 16 seismic r e f r a c t i o n stations, 27 hydrographic casts, 35 net tows, 17 radioisotope water samples, and 13 bottom photographs, along a t o t a l of nearly 21,000 miles of track. Dredge hauls were attempted of 15 l o c a l i t i e s ,

and cores at 134 l o c a l i t i e s ; of these, successful hauls were made a t 14 l o c a l i t i e s and cores st 105 l o c a l i t i e s .

VAI9ARAIGO T C W , PERU (FIGS. 7, 8) O

Yalparaiso was t h e halfway point on DOWNWIND, and t h e s t a y was long

t o allow a l l hands a Christmas holiday ashore and a chance t o v i s i t

Santiago.

The h o s p i t a l i t y and many kindnesses of L t

. Cmdr . Roberto P e r a l t a Bell,

Departamento de Navigacion e Hidrografia and formerly n Scripps v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t , made our v i s i t especially pleasant. The help of Captain

Alberto Andrade Taralba, Chief of t h e Departamento de Navigacion e Hidrograf i a de l a Armada, and of Captain Walpole and L t
i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged.

. Crouter

of t h e U. S. Navy

Our ships were v i s i t e d by t h e s t a f f of t h e

Marine Biological S t a t i o n of t h e University of Chile, v i s a d e l Mar, and t h e v i s i t w a s returned by our s c i e n t i f i c p a r t i e s . S c i e n t i s t s from t h e s t a t i o n

described Bheir plan t o d r i f t from South America t o Polynesia by r a f t , dupl i c a t i n g t h e KON-TIKI voyage.

Major change-overs i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c s t a f f took place a t Valparaiso, where t e n l e f t and t e n joined t h e expedition. Robert L. Fisher replaced

H. W. Menard a s expedition leader and Russell R a i t t replaced George Shor

a s chief seismologist.

Chemists Rakestraw, Busey, Goldberg, Waterman and

Williams secured t h e COP and deep-water sampling programs t o r e t u r n t o t h e United S t a t e s . Baird -physician, party. Riedel and Shipek a l s o l e f t t h e expedition.
was replaced by Andrewes.

Bingham,

Jones and Norris joined B a i r d t s

Five South American s c i e n t i s t s joined DOWNWIND f o r t h e Yalparaiso-

Callao legz Erwin Schweigger ( ~ e r u - ~ o m p a n iAdministradora d e l ~ u a n o ) ,Lt. a Alberto Casellas (Argentina

- ~ a v y )and Mateo Dragicevic (university of and Romulo Jordan Chile) boarded - J u l i o Cossettini (Axgentha - ~ a v y ) Bafrd.
( ~ e r u Compania Administradora d e l ~ u a n o )joined Horizon. Spencer, F. Baird departed Valparaiso t h e afternoon of December 28 and _ headed f o r deep water, where her dredging wire could be paid out and spliced. Horizon departed shortly before midnight t h a t date. Both ships

zig-zagged northward across t h e southern end of t h e Peru-Chile Trench, t h e i r observations limited by bad weather t o sounding, B lowerings and T hydrogral?hic c a s t s . They rendezvoused outside t h e trench off Antofagasta

and began a six-day seismic-refraction, heat-flaw, sounding and bottom-samgling investigation across t h e deep, Y-shaped portion of t h e trench. Repeated

long-splicing of B a i r d f s heavy wire occupied an unexpectedly l a r g e part of t h e s c i e n t i f i c time budget, and permitted only one heavy instrument lowering per seismic s t a t i o n .

a The piston-coring program w s t h e chief casualty,

since temperature probe measurements were given p r i o r i t y , except i n t h e deepest part of t h e trench. t h e t r e n c h work off Peru. This l i m i t a t i o n p e r s i s t e d u n t i l t h e close of From then on, with maximum water depths of

2300 fathoms, t h e untapered 3/8" a u x i l i a r y wire was used f o r probing and

piston-coring ,

On January 3 Horizon made an unscheduled overnight v i s i t t o Antofagasta t o disembark a crew member f l y i n g home on emergency leave, then rejoined
7

Baird i n t h e trench. Heading westward, t h e ships occupied a seismic s t a t i o n just e a s t of t h e Nasca Ridge, t h e n separated f o r more adequate bathymetric coverage of t h e then-barely-delineated ridge. shoal depth of 625 fathoms. B a i r d t s i n i t i a l crossing reached a

Two probe lowerings were made nearby, t h e

f i r s t employing t h e probe used throughout t h e f i r s t half of DOWETWIND and t h e second t h e spare spear, t o check reproducibility of t h e measurements. Baird -t h e n dredged rock and c o r a l l i n e debris from a 475-500 fathom f l a t topped (T) peak. Meanwhile Horizon explored t h e northeast end of t h e

ridge, and established t h a t t h e trench shoals t o an a x i a l depth of only 2550 fathoms near Nasca, and apparently i s constricted by t h e ridge. O January 12 t h e ships met southwest of Callao f o r a three-day trench n study similar t o t h a t off Antofagasta. Here t h e trench was shoal enough t o On t h e second seismic run,

permit lowering bf t h e probe at t h e trench axis.

a t t h e trench s t a t i o n , Horizon struck a n unidentified submerged object. S U A divers went overside and reported t h a t t h e E 0 echo-sounder tranCB D ducer was gone and t h e lower end of the s h a f t scarred. Horizon was l i m i t e d

t o use of her shallow-water anchoring sounder f o r t h e f i n a l p r o f i l e j t h i s s t a t i o n w a s occupied a t t h e shelf-edge within s i g h t of t h e guano islands

of Hormigas de Afuera.

A l l t h r e e of these s t a t i o n s i n t h e Peru Current

were notable f o r t h e strong development of t h e deep-scattering l a y e r s j a s many a s four s t r a t a , and many d i s c r e t e echoes, were observed on occasion. Baird -reached Callao i n t h e forenoon of January 15 and Horizon t h a t afternoon. The f i v e South American s c i e n t i s t s l e f t t h e expedition;

Robert H. Parker, Scripps b i o l o g i s t , and J. N. Nanda, p h y s i c i s t of t h e

Indian Navy joined f o r t h e run t o Ban Pdiego.

Expedition members were

guests t h a t evening at a reception i n t h e Club Nacional, given by t h e Consejo de Investigaciones Hidrobiologicas of Peru. Peruvian s c i e n t i s t s ,

members of t h e Navy, and t h e U. 6 . Ehbassy staff were welcomed aboard Baird -i n a formal v i s i t t h e following day. DOWNWIND s c i e n t i s t s v i s i t e d

San Marcos University, t h e seismological observatory a t Huancayo, and made f i e l d t r i p s t o t h e beaches and dunes of Ancon and Pasamayo. The kindnesses

of Ing. Jorge A. Broggi, chairman of t h e Peruvian I. G. Y . Committee, and h i s staf'f a r e e s p e c i a l l y acknarledged. Warren S. Wooster, S. I. 0. s t a f f

member then on leave with t h e Consejo, acted a s DOWNWIND representative, and made arrangements f o r obtaining a replacement from t h e Consejo of Horizon's l o s t E 0 head. D

A t noon on January 18 Spencer F. Baird l e f t Callao, t o work

--

unaccompanied i n t h e t r e n c h and on t h e northeast portion of t h e Nasca Ridge.

A s on t h e run i n t o Callao, hourly BTts w e r e taken w h i l e operat-

ing i n t h e Peru Current.

Baird obtained a p r o f i l e of g r a v i t y cores

down t h e e a s t f l a n k of t h e t r e n c h and i n t h e t r e n c h bottom, and successful probe lowerings were made i n t h e bottom and e a s t of t h e t r e n c h near t h e base of t h e slope: Baird -Dredge 9 was taken
at about 1100 fathoms on t h e

Nasca Ridge, obtaining g l o b i g e r i m ooze and a s i n g l e angular fragment of p o r p h y r i t i c igneous rock. Meanwhile i n s t a l l a t i o n of Horizonte transducer

was completed and she departed from Callao a t noon 21 January t o meet Baird -January
23 f o r a seismic run along t h e c r e s t of t h e ridge.

O January 24 a seismic s t a t i o n was shot i n t h e 2300-fathom plain n just northwest of the Nasca Ridge, completing a three-stat ion p r o f i l e across t h e central part of t h e ridge. The ships crossed several seamounts

and three or more guyots, then dropped into a 2000-2200 fathom saddle t h a t may mark t h e end of the Nasca Ridge. They entered a mountainous region

t h a t may be part of an east-west zone of seamoutts and ridges, possibly extending from San Ambrosio through the Merriam Ridge t o Easter Island and beyond.
Time and f u e l l i m i t a t ions prevented bathymetric exploration of

the intersection of t h e trends, but Horizon dredged manganese nodules and f o s s i l corals from a 500-fatham-deep peak. Thus, it i s possible t h a t

the ridge drawn east t o 9z0 extends t o the mountains near 85' W. (??ig.

9).

I n order t o keep seismic runs i n f a i r l y f l a t terrain, both ships stayed south of t h e east-west ridge, except f o r one Horizon zig-zag near 92' W. and a Baird crossing, a t a l o w angle t o t h e trend, east of Sala

y Gomez.

Beginning a t seismic s t a t i o n 28, and continuing t o northwest of

Easter Island, a t about 20 S., yield from surface and deep net tows was very small.
200 fathoms.

The scattering layer, poorly-developed, remained a t about The lack of productivity of these waters i s possibly re-

f l e c t e d i n t h e bottom sediments, where s t i f f red clays and very dark foraminifera1 clays were obtained from moderate depths i n which calcareous oozes would be expected t o occur. Reaching Sala y Gomez on January 31, Spencer F. Baird made a
3 -

sight-controlled near-shore s u v e y of t h e broad peak on which t h e rocks l i e , and a party of three geologists and two crew members attempted +;o go ashore t o collect rocks f o r petrographic study. Strong southwest winds, The

and surge a l l around t h e island, made a boat landing impossible.

party swam ashore, landing on t h e northwest coast, and spent two hours c o l l e c t i n g specimens. The r e t u r n swim was accomplished without incident3

two of t h e party, equipped with f a c e plates, reported numerous curious, but f o r t u m t e l y not belligerent, sharks accompanying t h e swimmers. The bathy-

metric survey was secured a t dark, and Baird headed f o r seismic s t a t i o n 30, on t h e r i s e between Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. heat flow of t h e expedition, t o date, was measured. Baird -made radio contact with t h e Chilean ship, Here t h e highest

On t h i s station,

"Presidente

into", which
W learned e

had just l e f t Easter Island a f t e r her yearly supply v i s i t .

from Cmdr

. Peralta,

a Pinto passenger, t h a t he and t h e islanders had

C _ _

i n s t a l l e d a long-period wave recorder on t h e south coast. t h a t our divers check t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n .

He requested

Horizon then r a n t o Easter Island

where, i n t h e dawn hours of February 2, two dredge hauls were made on t h e shelf north of t h e Poike Peninsula and off La Perouse Bay. coquina and dead c o r a l were obtained. Basalt cobbles,

Baird -crossed a narrow depression,

350-400 fathoms deeper than t h e surrounding bottom, and ran along t h e south coast of Easter Island. Passing between Roca Aguja and Southwest

Cape, Baird reached Eanga Ros Bay t o f i n d Horizon anchored'amidst a

swarm of s k i f f s and a b r i s k trade, Easter Island carving f o r clothing,

already impoverished waxdrobes. rapidly depleting t h e ships c a n r g ~ n y ~ s

Our ships were welcomed by Cmdr. Fernando Dorion-Nicolet, governor

of Easter Island and h i s adjutant, Lt

Manuel Babelli.

Expedition members

were received by Father Sebastian Englert, antbropologiet and author of

n

Land of Hotu-Matu a.'

The governor and h i s a i d e provided jeeps and Baird

horses, and acted a s guides f o r our exploration of t h e island.

seismologists R a i t t , Pepin and Jones helped r e p a i r t h e seismograph ins t a l l e d a t t h e A i r Force base. W v i s i t e d P e r a l t a r s wave-recorder on e

t h e soutkrw~stcoast] t h e next morning D W L D d i v e r s m~amout along t h e C WN hose and reported t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n e x c e l l e n t . Loading 17 persons i n two

A i r Force jeeps, Governor Dorion-Nicolet l e d a p a r t y t o Rano Raraku

volcano, on t h e southeast coast, s i t e of t h e q u a r r i e s and t h e b e s t examples of t h e celebrated monuments, t h e long-eared moais. I n best

36-hour t o u r i s t t r a d i t i o n , DOWNWIND personnel, armed w i t h anthropological guide-maps copied from Thor Heyerdahlle "AKu-ATILT,~covered Easter Island, bargaining f o r carvings and examining t h e monuments, memorial p i l e s , caves and pictographs. Both s h i p s l e f t Easter I s l a n d t h e evening of February 3. Baird -

and two days l a t e r Horizon, reduced speed t o save f u e l f o r t h e long run t o San Diego.
'till mid-February.

Both s h i p s r a n a t 8 knots, except on shooting runs, Heading westward, t h e s h i p s sounded t h e 1150-1700 Weather worsened

fathom, very i r r e g u l a r t o p of t h e East P a c i f i c Rise.

during t h i s period, and t h e combinat ion of high noise l e v e l , rough bottom topography and hydrophone d i f f i c u l t i e s made abandonment of seismic s t a t i o n 31 advisable halfway through t h e shooting run. S t a t i o n 32 was occupied on

t h e west f l a n k of t h e r i s e , then both s h i p s worked northeast near t h e c r e s t of t h e r i s e , i n 1350-1750 fathoms 'till February 12.

A t S t a t i o n 33

fragments of very fresh-appearing, b a s a l t i c g l a s s and almost cryptoc r y s t a l l i n e b a s a l t were found wedged i n t h e piston-corer, and t h e coqe nose was badly battered. brown foraminifera1 mud. The accompanying sediment was a very so11py, S t a t i o n 34 was an attempted re-occupation of Seismic r e f r a c t i o n

CAPRICORB s t a t i o n Uncle, near t h e c r e s t of t h e r i s e .

r e s u l t s similar t o t h o s e observed on CAPRICORN were obtained, but t h e heat-flow value, was even higher than t h e highest CAPRICORN value i n t h i s region.

North of 20. B., well-defined s c a t t e r i n g l a y e r s ttgain were observed on t h e echo-sounder t r a c e and net-tows yielded more plankton. The

bottom deposits changed from brown oozes t o globigerina oozes northward along t h e r i s e . During t h i s period, continuing till t h e ships reached

t h e Equator, marked bioluminescence, from Noct iluca, s a l p s and ctenophores,

was present i n t h e surface waters.

Single or d i s c r e t e masses of s c a t t e r e r s ,

were common a t depths of 180-200 fathoms i n t h e equatorial region. O February 13 Baird and Horizon began a seismic-heat flow-coring n p r o f i l e northwest across t h e rise. On t h i s p r o f i l e , t h e 1450-1750 f a t h m

r i s e i s bounded on t h e southeast by a peak of 1050 f a t h o m , and a rapid drop t o 1800 fathoms. t h e northwest. The descent t o 2000+ fathom depths is sudden on

A t about 6 south, Horizon crossed a narrow depression

with a maximum depth of recorded 2360 fathoms.

2580 f a t h m s ; t h i r t y miles southwest Baird

S t a t i o n 36 w a s intended a s t h e southwest s t a t i o n

of a reversed seismic p r o f i l e along t h e c r e s t of t h e r i s e , but bad weather forced cancellation of t h e r e t u r n run.

It w a s established at

s t a t i o n 36 t h a t a c r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e similar t o t h a t at s t a t i o n 34, and a high heat flow, p e r s i s t e d along t h e t o p of t h e r i s e . Seismic s t a t i o n s 37 and 38 were located i n t h e e q u a t o r i a l current systems, and strong westward-flowing surface and eaetwara-flawing undercurrents made gravity coring d i f f i c u l t in 0 p i t e of calm sea$. Both ships

cored calcareous oozes I n t h i s region: a t l e a s t one of t h e s e cores had manganese nodules a t t h e top. Horizon made GEK current measurements

every two hours between t h e Equator and 13O N. on her northerly run. After 39, t h e f i n a l seismic s t a t i o n , t h e ships separated t o b e t t e r space

crossings of t h e Clipperton and Clarion f r a c t u r e zones.

The former zone

appeared on t h e s e crossings a s a s i n g l e seamount ( ~ a i r d ) and s e v e r a l l o w h i l l s (Iiorizon), t h e latter a s two moderately high seamounts ( ~ o r i z o n ) and a s i n g l e peak extending t o l e s s than 300 fathoms of t h e surf ace ( ~ a i r d ) On t h i s homeward run B a i r d t s party, under Andrewest d i r e c t i o n , began work on what i s c e r t a i n l y t h e most immediate result of DOWNWIND, t h e composition and recording of t h e "DOWNWIND Calypson, a " t r u e and unbiased accountw, i n twenty-three verses and nine choruses. On February 28,

-.

seventeen weeks and 40,000 miles a f t e r departing San Diego, Spencer F. Baird and Horizon reached home.

--

N TOOLS AND PROCEDURES

Although modified i n d e t a i l s , t h e instruments and methods used i n t h e following programs on DOWNWIND were e s s e n t i a l l y t h o s e employed on t h e 1932-3 CAPRICORN c r u i s e and described i n t h e CAPRICORN Shipboard Report ( 6 . I. 0. Ref. 53-15) : Seismic r e f r a c t i o n shooting and receiving Heat f l u x measurement

--

SCUBA diving
Dredging and coring Surf ace current measurements with t h e GEK B and thermograph observations. T Equipment and methods used i n t h e geochemical, b i o l o g i c a l , hydrographic and photographic programs a r e described i n t h e appropriate s e c t i o n s of Chapter V. Both ships were equipped with ED0 echo-sounders modified a s described i n t h e CAPRICORN r e p o r t . However, on DOWNWIND t h e ED0 r e c e i v e r output was

recorded on a "precision depth recorder" manufactured by t h e Times Facsimile

Corporation, h'ew York.

This allowed recording on a n expanded s c a l e , Thus, sound-

i n 400 fathom s c a l e increments, on paper 1 7 inches wide. ings could be read t o a p r e c i s i o n of

2 1 fathom, even a t t h e g r e a t e s t

depths i n t h e trench, except where water noises o r excessive ship noise obscured t h e t r a c e . Greater r e s o l u t i o n of t h e near-surface s c a t t e r i n g

l a y e r s was obtained and s i n g l e l a r g e s c a t t e r e r s could be detected.

V.

PRELIMINBRY REPORTS

A.
B A T H Y m R I C AND GEOLOGICAL OB~VATIONS 1. S p e c i a l bathymetric explorations
a. Tuamot u Archipelago

The Tuamotu Archipelago i s an elongate group of low c o r a l a t o l l s with a pronounced northwest-southeast t r e n d . Previous expeditions had

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s e a t o l l s a r e s i t u a t e d on a s e r i e s of coalesced r i d g e s . Soundings taken on t h e Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n CAPRICORN c r u i s e of 1952-3 had suggested t h a t guyots (subsurface flat-topped seamounts) might be present. The D %N IDExpedition made a s p e c i a l survey of p o r t i o n s C l Wi

~ of t h e archipelago t o explore various f e a t u r e s of t h e s t r u c t u r e ( ~ i 1 1 ).. Some guyots were discovered and surveyed. Horizon a t about 170 S. l a t i t u d e , depth i s 690 fathoms. The f i r s t one was found by i t s minimum uncorrected

1u0longitude;

Reef c o r a l s were dredged from two o t h e r peaks, One of these, a guyot,

i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e y a r e probably sunken a t o l l s . has a minimum depth of 502 fathoms. has a minimum depth of 358 fathoms.

The o t h e r , l e s s cpnclusively a guyot, These guyots were found on t h e south-

west margin of t h e archipelago, but o t h e r unexplored regions of t h e archipelago may have a s many.

The flanks of t h e a t o l l s a r e very steep and smooth f o r t h e upper 500 fathoms o r so. Below t h i s , t h e bottom deepens more gradually t o
A few of t h e a t o l l s r i s e out of A number of small sharp pinnacles

platform depths and i s much rougher. deep water especially t o t h e east. r i s e o f f t h e platform and ridges.

The platform i s shallowest t o t h e west of Fakarava a t o l l , where

its remarkably smooth surface shoals gradually t o 511 fathoms.

The

shallow portion of t h e surface may perhaps be correlated with t h e surveyed guyot a few miles t o t h e southeast t h a t r i s e s t o 502 fathoms. East of Fakarava t h e platform l i e s a t a depth s l i g h t l y greater than 800 fathoms. To t h e southeast, t h e platform breaks up i n t o southeast The tops of these ridges seem t o l i e a t depths of

trending ridges.

about 1,000 fathoms o r more. These ridges a r e o f t e n sharp features. of t h e ridge t o t h e southeast of Anaa a t o l l . Baird t e s t e d t h e extension
A t t h e a t o l l , t h e ridge i s

about 8,000 f e e t above t h e surrounding sea f l o o r and i s 24 miles wide. O t h e l a s t crossing, 135 miles t o t h e southeast, t h e ridge was s t i l l n 4,500 f e e t high and seven miles wide. group has a much g e n t l e r cross-section. have very f l a t or subdued f l o o r s . The northeastern ridge of t h e The i n t e r r i d g e basins usually

D. C. K.

b.

DOWIWIND Investigation of t h e Peru--Chile Trench

The Peru-Chile Trench, extending from nothern Peru t o southern Chile, has been sounded i n p a r t by cable ships, naval vessels, on t h e 1955-1956 Woods Hole cruise and, a t t h e northern end, by t h e 1952
3. I. 0. SHJ3LIBACK expedition.

Gravity p r o f i l e s across t h e trench have

been reported by bhurice Ewing and h i s co-workers.

The DO~JILWII\TDgeophysical i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were concentrated i n two a r e a s , o f f Callao, Peru, and o f f Antofagasta i n northern Chile, t o determine whether differences i n trench configuration i n these a r e a s were r e f l e c t e d i n differences i n c r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e and i n r a t e of heat flow through the sea f l o o r .
O f f Callao t h e trench bottom i s 3200-3350

deep; o f f Antofagasta it i s more than 4000 fathoms deep.

Off Callao

t h e bottom i s f l a t o r f l a t t i s h f o r widths of 3 t o 5 miles; near Antofagasta t h e trench bottom i s V-shaped, i r r e g u l a r o r with a f l a t a r e a only 1/2 t o 1 1/2 miles wide. Projecting s i d e slopes, it appears

t h a t l i t t l e o r no unconsolidated sediment i s present i n t h e trench bottom o f f Antofagasta, while several hundred meters of f i l l may e x i s t off Callao. This difference may i n d i c a t e g r e a t e r age o r more abundant South of 270-280

supply of sediment o f f Peru than off northern Chile.

S., off c e n t r a l Chile, t h e trench bottom i s considerably shallower and

nearly flat-bottomed i n cross-section.

Perhaps t h i s difference occurs

because more r i v e r s reach t h e sea t h e r e than i n t h e Antofagasta region. Off Chile t h e trench a x i a l depth i s g r e a t e r than 4000 fathoms f o r a distance of 200 miles; t h e tr'ench width a t t h i s depth i s 2 t o 5 miles ( ~ i 7). . Two small basins deeper than 4000 fathoms l i e a t 250 B. and ~ a t 26040t S. The trench i s continuous a t depths g r e a t e r than 3200 fathoms f o r 950 miles, with a width a t t h i s depth of 6 t o 25 miles, u s u a l l y about 10. The deepest sounding i n t h e trench .to date, 421% 5

fathoms uncorrected, l i e s near D W I I l D seismic s t a t i o n 20, and was logged on t h i s cruise. miles long.
The basin deeper than 4200 fathoms i s about lo-12

Sediment cored from t h e trench a x i s a t t h i s s t a t i o n was a The trench shoals abruptly near 27030' S. South-

s t i f f blue-gray clay.

ward it extends f o r 350 miles a s a s e r i e s of nearly f l a t - f l o o r e d basins of 3000-3400 fathoms depth.

Five seismic r e f r a c t i o n s t a t i o n s were s h o t i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e t r e n c h o f f Antofagasta. Mantle v e l o c i t i e s were not reached e a s t of t h e

t r e n c h axis, a t two s t a t i o n s s h o t a t 1600-1800 fathoms on t h e c o n t i n e n t a l slope. The s t a t i o n s o u t s i d e t h e t r e n c h show f a i r l y normal oceanic

s e c t i o n s , t h e i n n e r of t h e p a i r p o s s i b l y t r a n s i t i o n a l .

A t s t a t i o n 20,

on t h e t r e n c h axis, t h e c r u s t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h i c k e r t h a n t h e mrmal oceanic t h i c k n e s s of about 6 km. This thickening i s n o t due t o t h e

presence of sediment, which here i s probably very t h i n . Preliminary seismic r e s u l t s from t h e t h r e e - s t a t i o n p r o f i l e o f f Peru (Fig. 8) a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o f f Antofagasta. lvlantle v e l o c i t i e s

were not reached a t t h e s h e l f edge o f f Callao; t h e maximum observed v e l o c i t y was about 7.5 km/sec. A s o f f Antofagasta a t t h e t r e n c h a x i s t h e

c r u s t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h i c k e r t h a n t h e usual 6 km oceanic-station thickness.

I n t h i s p a r t of t h e t r e n c h sediment thickness i s l i t t l e ,

i f any, g r e a t e r t h a n t h e normal oceanic values of a few hundred meters.

A t . t h e o u t e r s t a t i o n t h e c r u s t i s s i m i l a r t o o t h e r oceanic l o c a l i t i e s . Heat flow values were measured o u t s i d e , i n t h e bottom (twice) and on t h e nearshore f l a n k (twice) o f t h e trench. Their p a t t e r n i s com-

p a r a b l e t o t h a t p r e v i o u s l y observed i n t h e Middle America Trench o f f Guatemala; t h a t i s , s u r p r i s i n g l y low values were measured i n and near t h e trench. c.

- R.

L. F.

DOWXUIND I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e Idasca Ridge

The Nasca Ridge (following Schweiggerts suggestion) extends a s a submarine mountain range from j u s t o u t s i d e t h e t r e n c h o f f c e n t r a l Peru, a d i s t a n c e d f a t l e a s t 600, and very l i k e l y 1,000, miles t o t h e southwest. Previous t o DOWhWIND, it was known from s e v e r a l shoal s p o t soundings and

two o r t h r e e echo-sounding crossings. the ridge by echo-sounding,

Ten days were spent i n exploring

seismic r e f r a c t i o n l i n e s , heat-flow measure-

ments, rock dredging and gravity and piston coring (Fig. 8)

I n s t r u c t u r a l s e t t i n g t h e Nasca Ridge off South America is. nearly i d e n t i c a l t o t h e Tehuantepec Ridge west of Guatemala. I n both cases,

a northeast-southwest trending ridge sharply c o n s t r i c t s a trench, making it 500-800 fathoms shoaler than i t s a x i a l depth short distances t o e i t h e r side. The 14exican portion of t h e Middle America Trench resembles t h e

Peruvian segment of t h e Peru-Chile Trench i n being shoal and generally flat-bottomed. The deepest portions of t h e Middle America Trench, off

Guatemala, a r e V-shaped i n cross-section, and occur near t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e trench and ridge; the same i s t r u e off Chile. Seaward both

ridges i n t e r s e c t o r join a generally east-west zone of i r r e g u l a r submarine topography. The Tehuantepec Ridge extends t o t h e Clipperton

f r a c t u r e zone, which has been traced a s a ridge o r a zone of deeps and seamounts f o r more than 2,000 miles west of Central America. The

seaward end of t h e Nasca Ridge reaches what may be t h e eastern l i m i t of a zone of seamounts and ridges t h a t extends a t l e a s t 1,000 miles e a s t of a s t e r Island and t h a t may end near t h e islands of ,San F e l i x and San Ambrosia, only 500 miles from t h e Chilean coast. The westward

extension of t h i s seamount zone may reach t h e islands j u s t southeast of t h e Tuamotu group. I f such continuity can be established, t h e r e is

s. region of ridges and seamounts which extends from Peru t o t h e islands

of Polynesia.

In both cases, t h e northeast-&rending Nasca Ridge o r

Tehuantepec Ridge i s more s t r i k i n g l y developed than i s the prolongat i o n of t h e seamount zone e a s t of i t s i n t e r s e c t i o n with the ridge.

I n t h e basin southeast of the Nasca Ridge, and well outside t h e trench off Callao, Peru, a r e narrow depressions 200-300 fathoms deeper than t h e general l e v e l of t h e surrounding sea floor. From DOWNWIND

and e a r l i e r navy soundings, these deeps may be contoured as a series of very narrow, generally nor-Lh-northwest trending deep^ which, i f extended,

would intersect t h e Nasca Ridge a t an angle of 45' -60~.

The seamount zone east of Easter Island, l i k e t h e Clipperton fracture

zone, i s not markedly seismic a t present (the cluster of epicenters south and west of Easter Island i s probably related t o t h e north-south swell). Neither i s t h e Nasca Ridge reflected on epicenter plots such as those of Gutenberg and Richter. The Tehuantepec Ridge i s represented by a

number of shctllow-focus shocks well outside t h e trench off Oaxaca, Mexico. Where best developed, the Nasca Ridge i s asymmetrical, with a steeper southeast face dropping t o 2,250-2,350 fathoms, and a more gentle slope or sedimentary apron bordering t h e ridge on t h e northwest.

The ridge, with a general depth of 1,200-1,600 fathoms, i s topped by

several seanounts with peaks a t l e s s than 1,000 fathoms. The three

shoalest of these, at 115, 175 and 220 fathom, a r e d e f i n i t e l y flat-toppedj these occur on t h e southwest port ion of t h e ridge. Others, a t

450-800

fathoms, nay be guyots.

Dredge hauls were made on two guyots of t h i s group,

The f omer hauls include sharks teeth,

i n addit ion t o two deeper hauls.

manganese nodules, weathered volcanic rock, calcareous sand and corralline debris.

Some of these samples a r e being examined by John Wells and Storrs Cole.

Wells hss identified specimens of reef corals as Porites

(two species, indeterminable) , Strvlo~hora~ i s ltl a t a and P l e s i a s t r e a i (sp. c f . P. v e r s i ~ o r a ) These specimens a r e no o l d e r t h a n l+Eocene, and may be Recent.. Wells believes they grew w i t h i n 20 fathoms of t h e Deeper

sea surface r a t h e r than a t t h e i r dredged depth of 500 fathoms.

dredge hauls a t t h e northeast end of t h e r i d g e yielded s t a r f i s h and igneous rock. Late T e r t i a r y calcareous ooze was found w i t h i n manganese

nodules dredged from t h e ridge. Three seismic r e f r a c t i o n p r o f i l e s were s h o t near t h e c e n t r a l p o r t i o n of t h e Nasca Ridge. The c r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e flanking t h e r i d g e was The r i d g e s t a t i o n , a t a n average depth

g e n e r a l l y of t h e oceanic type.

of 1,600 fathoms, had one of t h e t h i c k e s t c r u s t s y e t found, with t h e mwntle perhaps as much aa 1 kilometers below t h e sea f l o o r . 5

Six measurements of heat-flow were made on o r near t h e Nasca Ridge.

2 None was g r e a t e r t h a n 2.0 micro-calories/cm /sec; t h e o t h e r s ranged

from 0.3

- 1.5.

It appears t h a t t h e narrow, steep-sided llasca Ridge,

of g r e a t r e l i e f , has no associated high r a t e of flow comparable t o t h a t found on t h e much broader, but g e n e r a l l y deeper, c u r r e n t l y seismic
%st P a c i f i c Rise. d,

- R. L. F.

Sala y Gomez

Sala y Gomez i s a low volcanic i s l e t 225 miles ENE o f E a s t e r I s l a n d

and about 1900 miles west of northern Chile.

It l i e s on t h e northern

edge of a zone of seamounts which extends a t l e a s t 1000 miles e a s t of E a s t e r Island. This zone of i r r e g u l a r topography, and i t s p o s s i b l e

extension both e a s t and west, i s discussed elsewhere.

Although % l a y Gomez had been v i s i t e d , and even landed upon, s e v e r a l times s i n c e i t s discovery i n 1793, v i s i t o r s had not c o l l e c t e d rock samples systematically, and only one note on t h e petrology of such rocks i s known t o t h e w r i t e r . Neither had t h e a r e a near % l a y Gomez Accordingly,

i s l e t been sounded with modern recording echo-sounders.

on DOWliWIND a p a r t y of two g e o l o g i s t s and t h r e e seamen landed t o c o l l e c t rocks. Meanwhile t h e R/V S ~ e n c e rF_. Baird engaged i n a nearshore,

s i g h t - c o n t r o l l e d bathymetric survey of t h e area. The s u b a e r i a l exposure of t h e seamount, S a l a y Gomez i s l e t , i s 800 yards east-west and about 300 yards north-south ( ~ i g .12).

It i s

bordered by a submarine platform, whth t h e shelf-break a t a depth of about 70 fathoms. This t e r r a c e i s 1 1/2 t o 2 miles wide south, y e s t

and northwest of t h e i s l e t ; t h e bottom t h e n drops s t e e p l y t o 1600-1800 fathoms. To t h e s o u t h e a s t t h e bottom slopes o f f g e n t l y t o a depth of

*

150 fathoms 4. 1/2 miles from t h e i s l e t , then through a saddle a t 1300-1400 fathoms depth t o a peak of 1000-fathom depth. There a r e one

o r two pinnacles n o r t h e a s t of t h e i s l e t , and t h e shoal a r e a i s more extensive t h e r e .

Its o u t e r l i m i t was not explored.

From DOI.I~~lIl~ID

d a t a , it appears p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e t e r r a c e around Sala y Gomez has been t i l t e d toward t h e e a s t . The g e n t l e slope i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n may

r e s u l t from volcanic flows near t h e shelf edge, however. The i s l e t c o n s i s t s of s e v e r a l volcanic flows, t h e exposed surface of which a r e strewn with loose, sometimes water-rounded, lava. boulders of

The s u r f a c e i r r e g u l a r i t y i s accentuated by crude j o i n t i n g along

which weathering has progressed and by t h e blocky o r &*type of l a v a i n t h e l a t e s t flow.

From f i e l d observations, and from hand specimen examination, t h r e e major rock u n i t s a r e present on t h e islet. (1) The lower flow i s a red t o black olivine-basalt scoria.
The

red scoria probably r e s u l t s from strong oxidation during eruption, suggesting subaerial emplacement.
(2)

Above t h i s f l o w i s a discontinuous sedimentary u n t t , one inch t o t h r e e f e e t i n thickness.

It consists mainly of echinoid

spines, s h e l l fragments and pebbles and grains of volcanic rock.

It i s a coarse-grained calcareous sandstone or c l a s t i c limestone.

(3) The upper u n i t i s a dense, fine-grained o l i v i n e b a s a l t , l o c a l l y

scoriaceous.

I t s upper surface is blocky and jagged3 i t s lower

I n t h e eastern

contact l o c a l l y shows crude pillow structure.

p a r t of t h e i s l e t t h i s u n i t l i e s d i r e c t l y on t h e lower flow. One sample from t h i s upper u n i t may be a n d e s i t i c j thin-section work w i l l determine this point. The age of flows i s not known. The minor weathering of t h e upper

flow plus t h e lack of any s o i l d e v e l o m n t makes a Recent or l a t e Pleistocene age l i k e l y .

- R.

L. F., R. Pi. N.

2.

Sediment cores The following b r i e f description of t h e sediment cores i s based on a

Preliminary examination of same of t h e gravity cores, and i s concerned only with t h e regional d i s t r i b u t i o n of sediment types. Most of' t h e cores

obtained have not yet been opened, and t h e few which have been cut have been only s u p e r f i c i a l l y investigated. Five pistojl cores, ranging up t o

9 1/2 meters i n length, taken by Baird (nos. 14, 21, 119, 131 and 134)
may be expected t o y i e l d a record of t h e sedimentation over a much longer
period than t h e gravity cores, most of which a r e between 0.5 and 1.5 meters long. Between San Diego and t h e !l?uamotus, t h e sediments sampled a r e f o r t h e most p a r t those which would have been expected on t h e b a s i s of t h e r e s u l t s of previous expeditions i n t h i s general area. Baird -cores nos.

1-3 and Horizon cores nos. 1-4 a r e red clays, some of them z e o l i t i c , with p r a c t i c a l l y no calcareous and very few s i l i c e o u s microfossils. Baird -cores nos.

4-10 and Horizon cores nos. 7 and 8, taken between

a r e from t h e b e l t of r a d i o l a r i a n ooze i n

latitudes.lkO I. and 6' N., ?

which e a r l i e r expeditions have found, i n many l o c a l i t i e s , Quaternary sediment disconformably overlying calcareous or s i l i c e o u s oozes of Middle and Late T e r t i a r y ages: sediments believed t o be pre-Quaternary have been found i n a t l e a s t t h r e e of these DOWNWIND cores. Baird -core

no. 16, and probably Horizon core no. 12, both taken a t about l a t i t u d e

6 S., a r e r a d i o l a r i a n clays, and thus t h e southern l i m i t of t h e

e q u a t o r i a l b e l t of calcareous ooze apparently l i e s between l a t i t u d e s

3* S. and

6 O

S. on longitude 130' W.

e a r l i e r sediment c h a r t s indicate Approaching t h e Tuamotus,

calcareous ooze st t h i s l o c a l i t y and southward.

t h e sediments a r e z e o l i t i c clays, some of them with calcareous microfossils (Baird cores nos. 17-19 and Horizon core no. 1 4 ) .

Two of the calcareous

sediments cored among t h e Tuamotus a r e Eocene i n age ( ~ a i r d cores nos. 23B and 25). After leaving T a h i t i , z e o l i t i c clays were cored i n t h e trough separating t h e Society Is. from t h e Austral Is. (Baird cores nos. 30 and 31 and Horizon core no. 20)

Calcareous sediments, some of them T e r t i a r y

i n age, were cored on t h e ridge extending southwestward from t h e Austral

Is. ( ~ a i r d cores nos. 32-36 and Horizon core no. 27).

Pteropod ooze,

a type of sediment r-ely

encountered i n t h e P a c i f i c Ocean, was obtained from

the top of a seamount i n t h i s area ( ~ a i r d core no.

35, from a depth of

1320 m.).

I n t h e basin south of t h e Austral Is. and west of t h e E.

Pacific Rise, t h e sediments were found t o be z e o l i t i c clays ( ~ a i r d cores nos. 37-55, Horizon core no. 26) : manganese nodules occur a t t h e tops of a t l e a s t four of these cores, and seven coring attempts brought up manganese nodules without sediment cores. The frequency

with which manganese nodules were encountered during coring operations i n t h i s basin indicates t h a t t h e density of nodules i n t h i s e n t i r e area may be comparable t o t h a t indicated i n Fig. 18. Approaching the E. Pacific Rise ( ~ a i r d cores nos. 56-59, Horizon core no. 34, obtained a t depths between 4500 and 4640 m.) t h e sediments were found t o be somewhat calcareous, a t l e a s t near t h e tops of t h e cores, and here a l s o manganese nodules occured a t t h e sediment surf ace. Continuing southwestward, t h e

sediments cored were calcareous oozes with abundant Radiolaria and diatoms (~aird cores nos. 60-70, Horizon cores nos. 36 and 37, from depths of 2520-4250 m. ) : t h e high proportion of biogenous constituents i n t h e sediments obtained on t h i s part of t h e DOWNWIND track is probably a r e s u l t both of t h e shoaler depths of t h e E Pacific Rise and of a higher . r a t e of organic production i n t h e suba*ctic water. The cores obtained

t o t h e e a s t of t h e Rise ( ~ a i r d cores nos. 72-79, Horizon cores nos. 40-48,

from depths of 2700-4240 m.)

axe a l s o highly calcareous, but d i f f e r from

those obtained on t h e Rise i n containing much smaller proportions of s i l i c e o u s microfossils.

A t greater depths, t h e sediments cored were

z e o l i t i c clays (Baird core no. 84, Horizon cores nos. 49 and 50, from depths of 4350-4700 m. )

Approaching t h e South b r i c n z coast, cal-

careous clays with varying amounts of biogenou riliceous constituents were obtained (Baird core no. 83, Horizon corer nos. 54-58). Near t h e coast of South America, betveen l a t i t u d e s 1' S . and 2
25. S.,

sediments cored were generally celc8rmou8 or dietolpecceoua oozes

from terrigenous o r clays, depending primarily on depth and on d i ~ t a n c e s e d b e n t sources. Many of t h e corea c o l l e c t e d i n and near t h e Trench

a r e diatomaceous oozes and s i l t y clays ( e , g. Baird cores nos. 87, 102,

108 and 109, and Horizon core no. 61), while those obtained f u r t h e r
westward a r e more calcareous (e. g. Baird cores nos. 91 and 115, Horizon cores nos. 69 and TI), except where t h e depth i s apparently t o o great f o r t h e accumulation of calcium carbonate ( ~ o r i z o n core no. 67, from a depth of 4740 m.)

.
often

I n t h e area around Easter Island and northward t o approximately l a t i t u d e 1' -5 0

., t h e sediments obtained were highly calcareous,

cores dark b r m , containing few or no s i l i c e o u s microfossils ( ~ a i r d nos. 120-130, 137 and 138, Horizon cores nos. 74-86). Indications of

t h e existence of t h i s a r e a of calcareous sediments without s i l i c e o u s microf o s s i l s were found on t h e southeasternmost part of CAPRICORN Expedition. Approaching t h e Equator, more normal, l i g h t e r colored calcareous oozes containing s i l i c e o u s microfossils were found i n Baird cores nos. 134 and 139-149, and Horizon cores nos. 88 and 89. The northernmost core

on t h e homeward run was taken t o t h e north of t h e e q u a t o r i a l carbonate core no. 92, a t b e l t , and i s capped by a piece of manganese ( ~ o r i z o n

B.
SHIPBOARD GEOCHBMICAL PROGRAM, L G S A and B

Milligram quantities of organic matter were extracted from four southern deep-water masses. Results of a preliminary survey indicate

that amounts and properties of t h i s matter a r e similar t o those of t h e

organic matter extracted from t h e more northerly stations i n the Pacific The ionium/thorium r a t i o s a t different depths i n t h e sediments indicate t h a t the r a t e s of accumulation of sediments from t h e southern

areas, t h a t is, below 20' S., are of t h e order of magnitude of millimeters per thousands of years. Surface values of t h i s r a t i o are dissimilar t o This has

values from the region between the Gulf of Alaska and Hawaii.

been explained by assuming t h a t these isotopes of thorium come from t h e bottom waters, and the bottom waters i n these two areas are different with respect t o the source material f o r the thoriun isotopes. The quartz contents of sediments from t h e South Pacific are of t h e order of a few per cent. the values are of the I n t h e North Pacific, a t comparable latitudes, These r e s u l t s tend t o

order of 20 per cent.

confirm our conviction t h a t much of t h e sedimentary material of t h e North Pacific i s derived fromthe a r i d regions, t h e desert and steppe areas, i n t h a t hemisphere and i s of eolian origin. I n t h e Southern

Hemisphere, lacking i n deserts, one would expect quite lar values of' quartz i n the deep-sea sediments, assuming t h a t most transported by t h e tropospheric winds. of the quartz i s

- E.

D. G.

30

2.
The continuous recorder f o r atmospheric carbon dioxide w a s operated throughout t h e f i r s t half of t h e expedition, t h e t o t a l record covering t h e range from 32' N. t o 48' S . , with very few interruptions. From t h i s

record nearly 2,000 independent measurements of atmospheric C02 a r e obtainable. t h e record. Periodic meteorological observations of course accompany The operations were c a r r i e d out by N. W. Rakestraw,

L. S. Waterman and James Costello.

The d a i l y averages of carbon dioxide were a l l within range of approximately 310 t o 313 p a r t s per million.
A s l i g h t but d i s t i n c t

v a r i a t i o n with respect t o l a t i t u d e could be seen, but no d i u r n a l e f f e c t , nor any v e r t i c a l gradient i n concentration within t h e f i r s t 30 f e e t above t h e surface of t h e water. Twelve samples of a i r were taken i n

5 - l i t e r f l a s k s a t various s t a t i o n s throughout t h e cruise, f o r determinat i o n of C02 by t h e absolute method a s a check against t h e r e s u l t s obtained by t h e continuous recorder. Some hundreds of determinations were a l s o made of t h e carbon dioxide tension i n t h e surface water, by c i r c u l a t i n g surface water, together with a closed volume of air through an e q u i l i b r a t i n g apparatus i n which t h e a i r and water were brought i n t o equilibrium with each other and t h e carbon dioxide then determined by c i r c u l a t i o n through t h e analyzer. The

r e s u l t s were more v a r i a b l e than those from t h e atmosphere and somewhat l e s s precise. However, it was apparent t h a t throughout much of t h e a r e a

covered, t h e carbon dioxide tension i n t h e water exceeded t h a t i n t h e atmosphere.

A

closer study of t h e record w i l l very l i k e l y show horizontal

trends, p a r t i c u l a r l y with respect t o l a t i t u d e , and possibly diurnal varia-

t h s . It w a s a l s o possible t o measure t h e carbon dioxide tension i n

subsurface water i n a few instances, by r a i s i n g t h e water t o t h e surface by pump and c i r c u l a t i n g it through t h e equilibrator.
A remarkable

observation was made near t h e Chilean coast, where t h e carbon dioxide tension i n t h e surface water was found t o be extraordinarily high, evidently t h e r e s u l t of upwelling of deep water.
A l l carbon dioxide measurements a r e subject t o f i n a l c a l i b r a t i o n

of t h e apparatus, but it i s unlikely t h a t t h i s w i l l change t h e absolute r e s u l t s very much, and t h e r e l a t i v e measurements of course not a t a l l . Seventeen water samples were taken f o r determination of C-14, t e n of them from depths of 3,000 meters or more. l a t i t u d e from 30 N. t o These cover a range of

45'

S.

FMty gallons O water were brought up f

i n a s p e c i a l sampler, and a f t e r a c i d i f i c a t i o n , t h e carbon dioxide washed out with pure nitrogen gas, absorbed and f i n a l l y p r e c i p i t a t e d a s BaC0 From most of these same s t a t i o n s water samples were a l s o taken f o r radium determination, and f o u r deep samples a l a o f o r measurement of uranium.

3'

- N.

W. R.

C.
HYDROGFWHIC WORK

O expedition DOWNWIND n

44 hydrographic

s t a t ions were occupied.

Casts on a l l but s i x were sent t o within approximately 50 meters of' t h e bottom. Temperature, s a l i n i t y and oxygen determinations were c a r r i e d

out f o r every depth sampled, and on l e g s A and B, PO4 a l k a l i n i t y determinations were made.

- P,

S i , p and H

Preliminary r e s u l t s indicate

t h a t t h e Bouth P a c i f i c waters a r e intermediate between t h e waters of t h e South Atlantic and t h e North Pacific, I . e., lower values of phosphate and s i l i c a t e were found i n t h e South P a c i f i c t h a n i n t h e North P a c i f i c

.
A s p e c i a l hourly B T

Weather permitting, bathythermograph (BT) observations were taken every two hours while t h e ships were underway.

schedule was maintained i n and near t h e South P a c i f i c convergence. Hourly BT1s were taken again a f t e r leaving Peru, crossing t h e Peru Current. O t h i s survey, a surface water sample f o r c h l o r i n i t y determinan
A t o t a l of

t i o n s was taken with each BT. on HorizorP and 822 on Baird.

867 BT observations was made

A thermograph record of surface water temperature was maintained

throughout t h e cruise, by both ships.

G observations were made on l e g A while crossing t h e north M

e q u a t o r i a l current and equatorial countercurrent, a similar survey
"

c a r r i e d out on t h e r e t u r n leg. The Nansen b o t t l e c a s t s were arranged so t h a t t h e r e was an observat i o n a t 0,10, 100 and 200 meters, then every 200 meters between t h e 200 meter depth and t h e bottom, were placed near t h e surface.
A hydrographic s t a t i o n usually consisted of two b o t t l e c a s t s .

When time and depth permitted, e x t r a b o t t l e s

One,

t h e bottom cast, was made up of 10 Nansen b o t t l e s 200 meters apart, and a short Phleger corer with two ball-breakers located bottom b o t t l e .

50 meters below t h e

The bottom c a s t was lowered u n t i l t h e "ball-breakn was The second or surface c a s t was

received on t h e E 0 receiving equipment. D

designed t o overlap t h e bottom cast, and t o sample t h e depths between

the sea surface and t h e top of t h e bottom cast.

I n order t o predict

t h e wire length at which a ball-break would be obtained, the rollformula was used:
W1 =

.45 8,

- (cos Q

.45 zs)

=s

where W 1 as

= wire length t o t h e bottom.

= sonic depth corrected. = wire angle a t t h e surface.

This was generally accurate t o within

- 90 meters, +

when the wire angle Limiting

was l e s s thsn 30*, and t h e error of the meter wheel was knuwn.

wire paid out on t h i s basie, core samples were obtained a t eight stations a t which t h e b a l l breaker f a i l e d t o f i n c t i o n properly. O three of these n

stations, t h e bottom b o t t l e came up muddy, and on two other stations t h e cast f a i l e d t o reach bottom although thermometric depth computations indicated t h a t t h e approach was close. The messengers were allowed

7 1/2 to 10 minutes per 1000 meters of wire, t o t r a v e l down t h e cast,

depending on t h e wire angle. This i s somewhat conservative, since

there was no evidence t h a t any casts tripped on t h e way up. Water samples f o r chemical analysis were drawn immediately as t h e b o t t l e s came up. S a l i n i t y samples were stored i n citrate-type Salinity (o/oo) was

b o t t l e s u n t i l they reached thermal equilibrium.

determined by t h e Knutsen method, running two t i t r a t i o n s f o r every sample, and t i t r a t i n g d i r e c t l y against Copenhagen normal sea water, rather than using a sub-standard. Oxygen (rnL/l) w a s determined by t h e Winkler method, and one ample was t i t r a t e d f o r every depth observed. Each Namen b o t t l e had two protected reversing thermometers, and a l l but three b o t t l e s carried unprotected reversing thermometers. readings were corrected as soon as possible a f t e r the cast. Temperature Depth of t h e

o b s e r v a t i m s were determined by t h e method described by Reid (1950), except t h a t t h e "accepted" I,-Z curve w a s allowed t o follow t h e computed points back towards L-Z assumed.
. :

zero at g r e a t depths where a v e r t i c a l wire p r o f i l e was

1 This was done i n recognition of t h e f a c t t h a t values of Qpn

a r e computed f o r f'm

a t 1000 meters, and t h a t e m gradually increases enough

t o give a negative L-Z (34 meters at 4000 meters, f o r example) a t great depth.

A correction f o r t h e v a r i a t i o n s of

en with r

depth was taken from a

t a b l e prepared by Hans Klein and applied t o t h e accepted values of L-Z.

A s p e c i a l BT observation t o a depth of 850 f e e t was made just before

each shallow hydrographic c a s t . Nine3een hydrographic s t a t i o n s were occupied along a l i n e running roughly south from Latitude3O9 N. t o Latitude 47' S., and between Longitude 125' W. and 145' W. Another l i n e of s t a t i o n s (10) extended from

approximately Latitude 47' S

., Longitude 128' W . t o Valparaiso;

Chile.

This l i n e included t h r e e s t a t i o n s , spaced evenly between Mas Atierra, Juan Pernandez Islands and Valparaiso, t o obtain a hydrographic section aeross t h e Peru c o a s t a l current. Between Valparaiso and Callao, s i x

s t a t i o n s were occupied i n t h e Peru Current and i n t h e Peru oceanic current. These s t a t i o n s included one previously occupied by t h e R/V W. Scoresby ( ~ c o r e s b ~ 612). No. The remaining 1 s t a t i o n s were spread out between 1 roughly along

Callao and Easter Island, then north t o Latitude 10' N., Longitude 1 5 W. (see Figs. 2-10) 1'

On D O W I N D t h e ships were working off t h e coast of Peru a t a time when unusually warm (according t o available information) surface water w s present. a Special observations of s a l i n i t y and temperature were made

i n addition t o routine observations t o help describe t h e phenomenon.

A p l o t of horizontal d i s t r i b u t i o n of surface temperature off Peru and

Chile ( ~ i g .13) indicated a tongue of warm water next t o t h e coast, and extending as far south a s Antofagasta. I n t h e warm tongue, c l o s e t o

Callao, t h e temperature s a l i n i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p below 100 meters was t y p i c a l of P a c i f i c equatorial waters; t h i s probably is normal f o r t h e area. The surface s a l i n i t y w a s 35.4 o/oo and t h e s a l i n i t y a t 100 meters was

35.0 o/oo.

This seemed too high f o r " e l xinow.

--

It may indicate an

influx of East South P a c i f i c c e n t r a l surface water, or possibly c o a s t a l water from north of Callao, l o c a l l y warmed with s a l i n i t y increased i n

s i t u by evaporation. After leaving Callao Horizon ran Qn a course of approximately 200'

for the first

360 miles.

During t h i s time hourly BTts and surface water

samples were taken.

Figure 1 4 shows t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of temp-

e r a t u r e along t h i s section, and t h e surface s a l i n i t y .

I n t h e course of t h e cruise, p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e southernmost crossing
of t h e East P a c i f i c Rise from T a h i t i t o Valparaiso and on t h e l i n e running

west t o Easter Island, possibly s i g n i f i c a n t variations i n bottom temperatures and bottom temperature gradient were observed. For example, at 4000 meters

t h e water temperature between t h e East P a c i f i c Rise and t h e South American coast off Valparaiso i s about loC, while west of t h e Rise t h e temperature
i s close t o 13 .'
C.

Charts sharing t h e horizontal d i s t r i b u t ion of surf ace temperature and temperature a t 200 meters have been prepared ( ~ i g s .15, 16).
3. P. C.

- C.

C. W , .

D.

SEISMIC SURVEXB Thirty-nine seismic r e f r a c t i o n s t a t i o n s were recorded. Rough

shipboard i n t e r p r e t at ions of most of t h e s e s t a t ions i n d i c a t e t h e scope of t h e accomplishments, although f i n a l conclusions must await more d e t a i l e d examinat ion of t h e oscillograms. Five of t h e s t a t i o n s

1 3, ,

7, 9 and

1 - were of short range 1

f o r study of t h e upper l a y e r s only.

The remainder were normal long-range This

s t a t i o n s whose objective w s t o reach mantle v e l o c i t y of 8 km/sec. a

objective was a t t a i n e d at a l l of t h e s t a t i o n s i n a normal oceanic environment. There was considerable v a r i a t i o n of c r u s t a l thickness of

t h e s e oceanic s t a t i o n s and it i s not c l e a r if t h e r e i s a systematic difference on t h e average from other oceanic a r e a s on t h e P a c i f i c basin. S t a t i o n s of unusual i n t e r e s t include s t a t i o n 5 located i n an embayment of deep water surrounded by t h e Tuamotu Islands, where normal oceanic s t r u c t u r e w a s found d e s p i t e t h e presence of shallow-water areas on a l l sides. S t a t i o n 15, i n a b a s i n just e a s t of t h e East P a c i f i c Rise had

one of t h e t h i n n e s t c r u s t s y e t found, with about 2 km of

6 3/4 km/sec

" c r u s t a l layer", an equal amount of "second layer" basement and negligible unconsolidated sediment. S t a t i o n 26, on Nasca Ridge at an average depth

of 1600 fathoms, had one of t h e t h i c k e s t c r u s t s y e t found, perhaps a s much as 15 km below t h e sea f l o o r . The p r i n c i p a l exceptions where mantle v e l o c i t y was not reached i n s p i t e of strenuous e f f o r t s were s t a t i o n s 18, 19 and 25, located e a s t of t h e South American Trench, off Ant of agasta and Callao, respectively, and

s t a t i o n s 34 and 36 on t h e a x i s of t h e East P a c i f i c Rise. t h e highest v e l o c i t y reached was about 7.5 luu/sec.

A t these stations

This i s not surprisin@;

f o r t h e continental s t a t i o n s , where t h e mantle could be expected t o be t o o deep t o observe a t t h e maximum ranges a t t a i n e d of about 130 km.

It i s more

mysterious f o r t h e East P a c i f i c Rise because it i s not c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e Rise everywhere. Furthermore, it cannot be concluded t h a t f a i l u r e t o observe
It may merely be a r e s u l t of

t h e mantle wave i s proof of i t s great depth. poor propagation.

A t s t a t i o n s 35 and 37, on t h e e a s t and west edges of t h e

Rise, respectively, t h e mantle wave appears as a very weak forerunner of a strong c r u s t a l wave. Rise. S t a t i o n s 20 and 25 on t h e a x i s of t h e trench off Antof agasta and Callao, respectively, have c r u s t a l thicknesses s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n mrmal oceanic thickness of 6 bm. This is not caused by g r e a t sediment thickness This e f f e c t may be accentuated on t h e center of t h e

which i s l i t t l e , if any, greater than normal oceanic values of a few hundred meters

.
I t s v e l o c i t y averaged about

A t nearly a l l s t a t i o n s a "second layer" of intermediate v e l o c i t y of

4-6 km/sec. w a s found between t h e unconsolidated sediment and t h e p r i n c i p a l

crustal layer.

5 km/sec. and i t s thickness

the order of 1 km, although occasionally it is several kms.

Preliminary analyses of some of t h e s t a t i o n s were made aboard s h i p j s t a t i o n s 1, 38 and 39 i n t h e e q u a t o r i a l area, confirmed previous observations t h a t t h e r e i s a thickening of t h e sedimentary layer i n t h e e q u a t o r i a l carbonate zone, with thickness about double t h e oceanic mean. r e s u l t s were observed on t h e r e f l e c t i o n shots. Similar

On a l l other oceanic s t a t i o n s ,

sediment thicknesses were n o t over a few hundred meters, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e sediment thickness i n t h e southeast P a c i f i c i s no g r e a t e r than i n t h e c e n t r a l and north P a c i f i c , and possibly l e s s .

Reflect ion shooting was t r i e d wherever possible, with shots f i r e d on coring stations and on occasional special stops. The equatorial

region was again found t o be an area where strong sub-bottom returns could be e a s i l y obtained. In areas f a r t h e r south, high reflection

coefficients of t h e water-sediment interface and side echoes from rough topography limited the usefulness of the method.

- R.

W. R . , G. G. S.

E.
HEAT FUN MEMURPlENTS

The measurement of the thermal gradient, and hence heat flow, through the bottom of t h e ocean was a r e l a t i v e l y succetisful project on DoWNKIXD. alloted This was duo t o the considerable amount of s t a t i o n time good weat her, and t o improvements on the About 30 tempera-

t h i s activity,

instrument from experience gained on previous cruises.

t u r e probe larerings had been planned f o r t h e cruise, whereas 42 attempts were made. O these, a t l e a s t some information w s obtained on 39. f a

O three measurements t h e probe did not penetrate the bottom, f i v e showed inn complete penetration, and two of t h e records were f a u l t y as a r e s u l t of instrument trouble. The remaining 32 measurements were wholly successful

f o r t h e determination of temperature gradient; however, on two of these a core was not obtained a t the probe locality. The lack of knowledge of

t h e thermal conductivity r e s u l t s i n some inaccuracy i n t h e estimate of heat f l u x a t these l o c a l i t i e s . The sum of t h e measurements represents

a considerable increase toward t h e knowledge of the heat flow through the f l o o r of t h e Pacific Ocean, since a t o t a l of 25 measurements had been made on previous cruises.

A majority of t h e temperature probe s t a t i o n s on DOWNWIND were placed

with t h e idea of learning more about t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of heat flow beneath some of t h e l a r g e s t topographic f e a t u r e s of t h e sea f l o o r , namely submarine r i s e s and deep-sea trenches. The two main f e a t u r e s studied i n this

connection were t h e East P a c i f i c Rise and i t s extensions, and t h e PeruChile Trench. Three p r o f i l e s were made across t h e East P a c i f i c Rise proper,

two across t h e Nasca Ridge (a possible eastward extension of t h e ~ i s e ) , and two across t h e Peru-Chile Trench i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Antofagasta, Chile and Callao, Peru. I n general t h e heat flow over t h e Rise i s high, over

t h e Trench i s low, verifying same r e s u l t s obtained on t h e e a r l i e r MIDPAC, CAPRICORN and CHUBASCO cruises i n similar areas. Thia p a t t e r n i s opposite

t o what would be expected t o r e s u l t from a purely topographic e f f e c t on a uniform heat flow through a f l a t surface, and i s probably r e l a t e d i n

a fundamental way t o t h e subsurface s t r u c t u r e or t e c t o n i c s of these l a r g e

features. The distri.bution i s not e n t i r e l y so simple, however, since two

heat flow p r o f i l e s made across t h e Nasca Ridge, a r e l a t i v e l y shallow extension northeast of t h e main Rise, do not show s i g n i f i c a n t differences over t h e ridge with respect t o values on e i t h e r side.

It may be t h a t

t h e anomalous heat flow values across topographic f e a t u r e s a r e connected with t h e i r evolutionary stages, which would suggest heat flow as an indicator of t h e t e c t o n i c s or manner of formation of these f e a t u r e s . Since, on many of t h e s t a t i o n s , heat flow measurements and seismic r e f r a c t i o n s t a t i o n s were made a t t h e same time, c o r r e l a t i o n between heat flow and c r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e or seismic veloc2ties may be possible when t h e d a t a f o r both programs a r e analyzed. obvious. Such c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e not yet

For example, on t h e East P a c i f i c Rise t h e high temperature

gradient m y cause a downward decrease of velocity of s e i d c waves i n a t h e mantle, thereby preventing t h e recording of any r e f r a c t e d waves from

below t h e , c r u s t .

Other c o r r e l a t i o n s with heat flow t h a t come t o mind

a r e t h e thickness of t h e crust, volcanic layer, o r sediment layer, velocity of seismic waves i n t h e s e l a y e r s (and hence differences i n composition or temperature 2), and age of volcanic action. There a r e corrections and c a l i b r a t i o n s y e t t o be applied t o t h e heat flow values obtained on DOWNWIND, but t h e f i g u r e s a r e consistent with previously-obtained values and a r e i l l u s t r a t i v e of t h e differences t h a t e x i s t i n various locations. 2 c m sec The lowest value measured was 0.2 micro-cal/ t h e Marquesas Islands, and t h e

., i n t h e ocean b a s i n northeast of
2

highest, about 7 micro-cal/cm

sec., was measured on t h e c r e s t of t h e The r a t i o between t h e values i s

East P a c i f i c Rise a t l a t i t u d e 12* S.

about 35 t o 1. The Rise value, together with two similar ones nearby, may w e l l be t h e highest obtained i n t h e oceans t o date, depending on c a l i b r a t i o n s and corrections s t i l l t o be made. High values obtained on

t h e t h r e e crossings of the East P a c i f i c Rise a r e about 3, cal/cmc -set., a t 1 a t itudes 45')

4 and 7 microThus

2g0, and 12O South, respectively.

t h e r e appears t o be a general increase i n heat f l o w northward along t h e Rise, a t l e a s t within t h e a r e a studied on DOWNWIND; however, t h e d e t a i l i s not adequate t o e s t a b l i s h t h i s r e l a t i o n . I n t h e Peru-Chile Trench, off

Antofagasta, t h e r e i s some indication of lower values toward t h e center, although not conclusively, since t h e depth was t o o great t o permit a probe lowering on t h e a x i s of t h e trench.
O f f Callao, t h e l e s s e r depth

a t t h e t r e n c h a x i s allowed two lowerings t o t h e trench f100rjt h e s e gave values somewhat g r e a t e r than 0.2 micro-cal/cm2/sec. 1.3 micro-cal/cm
2

Values of 2.5 and

sec. were obtained on t h e shoreward and seaward s i d e of

t h e Trench, respectively, i n t h i s area, indicating a d e f i n i t e t r e n d toward lower values near t h e axis.

An average of a l l values obtained on DOWNWIND

probably would not be very meaningful, since regions of possibly anomalous heat flow were chosen f o r study. same reason. Deviations i n values a r e l a r g e f o r t h e

Two probeg were used i n making t h e temperature gradient measure-

ments, and it should be emphasized t h a t t h e numerical r e s u l t s presented a r e preliminary t o necessary c a l i b r a t i o n t o be made on t h e probes. The high values of heat flow found on t h e East P a c i f i c Rise extend over l a r g e areas, of t h e order of a hundred o r more miles i n t h e narrowe s t direction3 t h e Rise i t s e l f is thousands of miles long. The magTo account

nitude of t h e s e high values presents a problem t o be resolved.

f o r t h e highest heat flows molecular conduction of radioactively-generated heat assuming e i t h e r a constant value of r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n a surf ace layer o r an exponential decrease with depth, requires such high temperatu*es a t depth as t o cause melting of t h e rocks, if one uses t h e values normally assumed f o r heat conductivity of t h e rocks. This seems improbable on t h e Elther

b a s i s of seismic r e f r a c t i o n p r o f i l e s recorded i n t h e same area. abnormally high heat conductivity i s present i n these rocks,

or t h e r e a r e

sources of heat near t h e surface i n addition t o r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n t h e rocks.

Slow convective overturn of material i n a s o l i d s t a t e i n t h e upper mantle

i s a possible explanation.

Such overturn might be accompanied by l o c a l

volcanic a c t i o n a t t h e surface, a s indicated by t h e rough topography and rocky surface over l a r g e p a r t s of t h e East P a c i f i c Rise. The convection

a l s o may provide forces s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e o r i g i n and maintenance of t h e topography of t h e Rise itself.--R.

V. H.

F.

BOTTOM PHOTOGRWHY

On DOW'NWIND a t o t a l of f ~ u r t e e n deep-water camerv s t a t i o n s were occupied from t h e R/V Spencer

F. Baird

( ~ i g s .1-5). A s p e c i a l U. S. Navy

camera, designed and developed a t t h e U. S Navy Electronics Laboratory

i n San Diego, was employed t o investigate t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of manganese nodules on t h e sea floor, t h e e f f e c t s of benthic biological a c t i v i t y on sediment accumulation, and the influence of deep current or wave action on bottom materials. Figure 17 shows t h e essential components of t h e camera which i s designated as the PlEL Type I11 Deep Sea Camera. Larerings were made from Six

the hydrographic winch on Baird using a 3/16" diameter wire rope. t o twelve bottom photographs were attempted f o r ~ a c h lowering.

Through

the use of an electrically-operated shutter and a repeating-type electronic f l a s h unit, successive photos were obtained by bouncing the camera unit on and off the sea f l o o r a t intervals of not l e s s than 15 seconds. Two camera lens u n i t s were employed on DOWNWIND.
An f2.8 three-cm

wide-angle lens was used with 35 mm black-and-white or high-speed color film. A f6.3 80 mm wide-view lens was used with 120 s i z e black-andn

white or high-speed color film. C a e r a stations were placed f o r the best use of ship time i n sampling different deep environments for which data was desired. sea conditions limited the choice of s t a t i o n positions. sea bottom photographs were obtained. Photographs showed manganese nodules i n areas of siliceous ooze, calcareous clay and calcareous ooze. Calcareous oozes f r e e of nodules Manganese nodule8 i n red Bad weather and Twenty-f ive deep-

and churned by benthic 1We were photographed.

clay areas were photographed, and ripple marks were found i n coarse calcareous ooze on a seamount. Figure 18 i s a photographic print of black manganese nodules resting on a red clay bottom, a t g depth of 15,390 f e e t .

The accompanying t a b l e l i s t a t h e dates, locations, and depths f o r the

fourteen camera s t a t i o n s . F i e l d descriptions of t h e photographs a r e givenj

these a r e based on sediment samples taken at t h e time of each lowering and on i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e pictures.
A more thorough study of t h e

DOWNWIND bottom photographs is being conducted a t t h e U. S. Navy Electronics

Laboratory, and a report of t h i s study w i l l be published.

It i s hoped t h a t increased knowledge of deep sea sediments gained

through t h e use of coordinated photographic, bottom-sampling and bathymetric programs w i l l help solve some problems facing t h e oceanographer working i n t h e eastern and southeastern Pacific.
c -

I n s i t u viewing of

rllanganese nodules on t h e ocean f l o o r and a study of t h e assoicated bottom sediments appear l i k e l y aids i n t h e determination of r a t e of sediment accumulation i n t h e open oceans. Repeated photographic detection of r i p -

p l e marks a t oceanic depths and i n various environments adds information as t o t h e nature of deep current or wave action.

-- C .

J. S .

G.

BIOLOGICAL REPORT Biological collections were of two general types, plankton tows and dredge hauls. Biological observations of surface pheneomena were a l s o

taken on both ships of t h e expedition, a s well a s notes on t h e fauna of Easter Island. The material contai;ied i n t h i s report i s preliminary, and

d e f i n i t e conclusions on t h e material taken i n t h e plankton tows and dredge hauls await d e t a i l e d analysis. Plankton collections were planned so t h a t a general survey of t h e zooplankton and pelagic f i s h populations of t h e e a s t e r n South P a c i f i c Ocean might be c a r r i e d out. Quantitative sampling of t h e plankton, using a

Table A. Station Number Depth Meter s ~ocat ion

Photo -Description Manganese nodules on red clay Manganese nodules on probably radiolarian clay Tan colored calcareous ooze White-colored siliceoufi ooze White and brown coarse calcareous clay--Manganese nodules on surface Camera switch in film advance mechanism failed--no photos Stereo photo of calcareous siliceous silt--light colored Chocolate colored clay sediment with manganese nodules covered by clay caps Coarse calcareous Pteropod ooze well-rippled and well-sorted Manganese nodules on chocolate colored clay Calcareous ooze with large manganese nodules on surface Light colored calcareous ooze with red tint Sediments show churning by benthic life Red clay with coarse looking foreign particles 0 No bottom photos 25 photos total

Lat

E k %

standard type of net, was attempted.

The zoogeography of t h e c e n t r a l South Pacific,

t h e region of t h e subtropical convergence and t h e southern part of t h e Peru Current were, heretofore, almost unknown.
A study of t h e pelagic ecology of t h e animals

caught i n t h e s e regions w i l l be c a r r i e d out i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e hydrographical findings. Ty-pes of Collections. hydrographic s t a t i o n s .

Pladston was collected at 67 s t a t i o n s , including t h e 44 Collections were of f i v e kinds: This

1 ) Plankton net of one-meter mouth diameter; mesh opening of 0.65 mm.

i s t h e standard type of net used i n t h e California Cooperative Oceanic

F i s h e r i e s Investigations.

Tows a r e oblique.

Samples f o r study of bathy-

metric d i s t r i b u t i o n s were collected a t most l o c a l i t i e s using paired nets: 0-200 meters of wire (0-140 meters a c t u a l depth), and 0-400 meters of wire (0-280 meters of a c t u a l depth), or 0-400 meters of wire and 0-800 meters of wire (0-560 meters of a c t u a l depth).
2)

Six a d d i t i o n a l s t a t i o n s were sampled using a plankton of 45 cm. mouth diameter, 0.33 mm. mesh apperture. 280-300 meters. Hauls were v e r t i c a l t o a depth of

3)

A microplankton net of 140. 20 mesh, 18 cm. mouth diameter, was ,used a t t h e

hydrographic s t a t i o n s . 4)

Hauls were v e r t i c a l from a depth of about 50 meters.

A coarse mesh net, t h e mouth of which was square, 40 inches on a side, was

used f o r c o l l e c t i n g macroplankton and small f i s h e s i n subsurface layers.

5) Collections were made using hand dipnets and a night-light a t 48 l o c a l i t i e s .

Myctophids ( l a n t e r n f i s h ) , flying-fish, and squids were predominant. Four b i o l o g i c a l dredge hauls, using a l a r g e chain-mesh bag dredge were made:
+.WO on

Nasca Ridge, and two on t h e narrow shelf of Easter Island.

The one shallow

dr

3ge haul, on Nasca Ridge was taken on Horizon while %he deep dredge haul

--,

(1101 fathoms) was taken on Baird.

Both Easter Island dredge hauls were accomplished

aboard Horizon.

The f i s h fauna from these and s e v e r a l of t h e geological dredge

hauls have been turned over t o D r . Carl L. Hubbs

Some of t h e crustaceans,

e s p e c i a l l y t h e Galatheids, were given t o M r . W i l l i a m Boy& of Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , and t h e brachiopods have been sent t o D r . Heinz Lowenstam of California I n s t i t u t e of Technology f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and geochemical studies. The mollusks from t h e dredge hauls w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d a t Scripps. Relative f e r t i l i t y of t h e regions traversed.

--

Figure

19 shows t h e geographical
Settling

d i s t r i b u t i o n of zooplankton mass i n t h e DOWNWIM) survey area.

volumes a r e based upon c o l l e c t i o n s obtained by means of t h e one-meter net, usually 0-400 meters of wire. Amounts of plankton associated with t h e e q u a t o r i a l current systems were c o n s i s t e n t l y high. between about 20 N. and O t h e north-south t r a n s e c t volumes were high n

lo0

S., with a maximum near 10' N, .

- t h e presumed

northern boundary of t h e Equatorial Count ercurrent noted a t

An increase was again

S, where subantarctic populations contributed t o t h e fauna.

The vaunted f e r t i l i t y of t h e region of t h e Peru Current was conspicuous, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e southern, cooler port ion. Abnormally high (23*-2b0 )

temperatures i n waters off Peru were a l s o associated with abundant plankton composed of species whose zoogeographical a f f i n i t i e s were equatorial, ( ~ r i n t o n , 1957)l but t y p i c a l of t h e region

- according t o evidence from

SEELLJ3ACK Expedition (1952) and from m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d by t h e o l d U. 5 . F i s h Commission survey vessel Albatross. The Peru Current ' 6 giant squid

(up t o 6 f t . ) Doscidicus ~ i g a s ,was c o n s i s t e n t l y encountered from Yalparaiso t o Callao, and was found again near t h e equator near 115' W. q ~ ~ n t caught by harpoon. ly
It

fre-

The harbor a t Antofagasta where r e l a t i v e l y cool

temperatures (lower t h a n l g O ) prevailed, teemed with t h i s squid. Brinton, E., 1957, Distribution, F a u n i s t i c s rrnd Evolution of P a c i f i c Euphausiids, Doctoral Dissertation, University of California.

Aftel: leaving Callao, surface waters appeared t o be r e l a t i v e l y r i c h i n animal l i f e u n t i l reaching l a t i t u d e 28. longitudes 78' and 80.
S. and longitude 94. W.

Between

w.,tremendous numbers

of ~ o s c i d i c u sgigas were

observed under the l i g h t s a t night.

The squid seemed t o be feeding on lantern

f i s h (Myctophids), and appeared a t the surface a t t h e same time the unusually dense deepacattering layers rose t o the surface on t h e Precision Depth Becorder. The r e l a t i v e abundance of organisms here was indicated by daytime

observations of f a i r l y large numbers of oceanic birds, and large numbers of t h e pelagic gastropod, Janthina janthina, and t h e colonial coelenterates Velella and Physalia (~ortuguese man-of -war )

Both Janthina and Velella

were most numerous near the western edge of the Peru Current region, indicating a t y p i c a l oceanic warm-water community.

The central South Pacific (ca. 20' 5.-40' 8. ) was found t o be poor i n
zooplankton content. Samples taken i n the vicinity of Easter Island were

among t h e most meagre nightime collections t h a t have been obtained i n the course of extensive coverage of t h e Pacific by Scripps expeditions. tous seabirds, flying fish, and myctophids are almost absent here. UbiquiIn this

region the fathogram traces showed only a sparse daytime Deep Scattering Layer and l i t t l e concentration of organisms a t the surface a t night. remarked t h a t these same watere were absolutely barren of Agassiz ( 1 9 0 5 ) ~ l i f e , both on t h e bot%om and a t t h e surf ace. The productive waters extended

about 4* more t o t h e west than a t the time Agassiz made h i s observations. This m y be related t o the warm-water conditions cxifiting on the coast of Peru i n January of t h i s year.

~ g a s ~ i A$exander, 1905, Letters t o t h e Eon. George W. Bowers. z, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Vol. XLVI, pp. 71-74.

Bull.

Easter Island Fauna.

-I_C

Although native vegetation i s sparse, t h e r e were a

surprising number of land b i r d s on Easter Island, including a small hawk, a l i t t l e l a r g e r than t h e Sparrow Hawk, and a Horned Lark. Both of these

b i r d s a r e t y p i c a l of p r a i r i e country, and should be much a t home on grassy Easter. The only sea b i r d s were observed on t h e northwest s i d e of t h e island, The only other

and appeared t o be a large black p e t r e l and a cormorant.

indigenous land fauna observed were dragonflies, spiders and t h r e e species of land s n a i l s . The i n t e r t i d a l fauna and f l o r a , which was sparse, could be divided i n t o t h r e e zones. The f i r s t zone or splash zone, wet only by t h e spray and

highest waves was inhabited by three genera of snails ( ~ e c t a r i u s ,Neritina and ~ i t t o r i n a ) ,a l l capable of remaining out of water f o r long periods. Neritina was t h e most abundant. by Tectarius and Neritina. The second or high-tidal zone was dominated

Here barnacles made t h e i r f i r s t appearance, and

t h e r e were small semi-permanent tide-pools inhabited by a species r e l a t e d t o t h e opal-eye f i s h of the genus Gyrella. dominated by barnacles and seaweed. The lowest or low-tide zone was

J u s t below t h i s zone can be found from

l a r g e purple sea urchins and cow-rys (cypraea caput,-draconis) known only Easter Island.

Father Sebastian Englert, i n a conversation, indicated t h a t

he had collected over 30 species of mollusks along t h e shores of Easter Island. The pale blue water washing t h i s i s l a n d contributes l i t t l e t o the, nevertheless, abundant well-being of t h e " ~ a s ~ u e n s e s " A s a consequence, t h e r e i s l i t t l e i n t e r e s t i n f i s h i n g among these islanders, compared w i t h t h a t shown by t h e i r Po1;vnesian r e l a t i o n s t o t h e west. Phe people of Easter (one

Island l i v e on t h e land, whereas Tahitians and Rapans l i v e on t h e sea.

can sympat,hize with t h e obsession of t h e * ~ o n g a r s with stone carving and ~ ~' t h e f r u s t r a t i o n of t h e "short Ears" i n t h i s environment.
It might be

noted, however, t h a t a f a i r l y l a r g e school of tuna W 8 observed i n t h e v i c i n i t y a

Of

Sala y Gomez Island, two hundred miles e a s t of Easter Island.

O t h e northward track relatively r i c h waters were encountered a t n Station H-39 (15*45' S. ) where a portion of the equatorial environment appears t o bend southward. From $aster Island t o about l a t i t u d e 17. S. and longitude 113* W., t h e waters aeemed almost t o be devoid of l i f e and exceptionally clear. From t h i s point on north t o t h e equator, t h e observed number of organisms gradually increased.
W., U t o l a t i t u d e 11* 8 . and longitude 1 0 9 ~ p

at

l e a s t s i x species of birds and large numbers of flying f i s h were seen.

A t 1 ' 1stitude very strong bioluminescence appeared, beginning a t night 1

a t about the same time a t which t h e f a i r l y dense deep scattering layers rose t o t h e surface. With t h e exception of t w o rainy nights, when no bioluminescence

was observed, t h i s display continued u n t i l w e were well north of t h e equator. The bioluminescent organisms consisted primarily of f a i r l y large ctenophores and salps (noticed along side i n t h e daytime) and t h e sxuall flashes of micro-organisms. From 130' S. l a t i t u d e t o the equator, many very large s c a t t e r s were observed on the Precision Depth Recorder. These occured a t f a i r l y

regular three-minute intervals, three t o eight a t a time, and a t depths of 180 t o 190 fathoms. From mid-afternoon u n t i l sunset, t h e large scatterers From the shape of

followed t h e normal scattering layer up t o t h e surface.

the trace, there is a possibility t h a t the large objects may have been large tuna or whales. That same evening, a tremendous school of small (one t o two

f e e t ) squid appeared a t t h e surface, apparently feeding on Myctophids

This display of animal l i f e was very similar t o t h a t observed i n the Peru Current. Bathythermograph traces indicated very warm water (27' C. ) t o a

depth of 100 meters, beneath which was a sharp thermocline with water temperat u r e s of 1 3 O C. below the thermocline. Bioluminescence continued u n t i l about

5 north of t h e equator. None was observed a t 9' N. '

a t t h e equator at 116~32' W.

50

A s e r i e s of s t r a t i f i e d tows, using an opening-closing net, was made

This was w i t h a view t o sampling possible

incursion of western P a c i f i c zooplankton species v i a t h e Equatorial Undercurrent. Pelagic Faunal Provinces i n t h e South Pacific. -

- -

Using plankton species,

(euphausiid crustaceans) many of whose zoogeographical a f f i n i t i e s a r e k n m i n t h e North and Equatorial P a c i f i c , t h e faunal zones of t h e South P a c i f i c a r e indicated i n f i g u r e 20. survey region:
1) Equatorial, occurring south of t h e region of t h e California

Four environments may be described f o r t h e

Current, from 20 N. t o 20 S., as determined along t h e western l i n e of DO#NWLND s t a t i o n s . The equatorial and central assemblages

overlap, i n t h e oceanic South Pacific, between ca.

lo0

6. and 20'

S.

A zoogeographic boundary w a s crossed between two plankton

The

s t a t i o n s 35 miles apart, occupied near hydrographic S t a . 41. more southern of t h e two s t a t i o n s (9*42' S., 110111 W.) was

dominated by c e n h a l P a c i f i c euphausiids, and contained some equat o r i a l animals; t h e northern s t a t i o n (9'13' t a i n e d only equatorial species. southward t o S t a t i o n 28 (27'09 region.
1

S., 1 0 9 ~ 4 2 'W.) con-

The e q u a t o r i a l assemblage extended S., 72'21 W. ) i n t h e Peru Current

Characteristic equatorial speciest Euphausia tenera,

E. -

dimediae, E. eximia, Nematoscelis g r a c i l i s .

2) Central South P a c i f i c : occurring i n dominance from 20 S. near

1 5 W., 3'

and

lo0

S. near 110' W.,

t o 36"-40" S.

This group i s

adapted t o r e l a t i v e l y barren waters.

Central species encroached

i n small numbers upon t h e most westward s t a t i o n s occupied i n t h e region of t h e Peru Current. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c species: Euphausia

brevis, E. gibba, E. mutica, Nematoscelis a t l a n t i c a , Thyssnopoda aequalis,

--E.

suhmii.

3) T r a n s i t i o n Zone : occupying a region of oceanographic t r a n s i t ion

between c e n t r a l and subantarctic assemblages i n t h e oceanic South P a c i f i c , and between e q u a t o r i a l and subantarctic assemblages i n t h e Peru Current region, and overlapping both. Characteristic

species: Euphausia gibboides, Thysanoessa gregaria, Nematoscelis megalops. 4) Subantarctic: Occuring i n dominance a t only two oceanic s t a t i o n s

(21, 22) and a t one Peru Current s t a t i o n ( 2 6 ) , but present a t a l l s t a t i o n s south of 41' S. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c species: Euphausia

sixnilis, E. lucens, E. s p i n i f e r a .
. +

It was pointed out t o us a t Juan Fernandez I s l a n d t h a t t h e l i t t o r a l

faunas of t h i s i s l a n d and of San F e l i x and San Ambrosio I s l a n d s t o t h e north a r e unique, and d i f f e r strongly from t h a t of Easter Island: e. g. t h e spiny l o b s t e r of t h e former islands, Jadus l a l a n d e i f r o n t a l i s , i s a l t o g e t h e r d i f f e r e n t from t h a t which occurs at Easter Island.
A t t h e same

time, t h e Juan Fernandez-San Felix-Snn Anbrosio species i s not present on t h e mainland.

It i s evident t h a t t h e environment of t h e s e l a t t e r i s l a n d s

i s i n t h e zone of t r a n s i t i o n , while Easter I s l a n d i s c e n t r a l , and t h e coast

of Peru and Chile i s e q u a t o r i a l and subantarctic; t h e t r a n s i t i o n zone species probably never reach t o t h e mainland coast i n dominant numbers, but t h e c o a s t a l current contains some endemic species, notably Euphausia mucronata, t o be discussed below. Zoogeography of t h e Region of t h e Peru Current.

--

---

I n t h e chapter on t h e

hydrographic work t h e phenomenon of unusually warm waters encountered by

DOWNWIND expedition off Peru and northern Chile i n January, 1958 i s discussed.

The surface of the current was 24 C. off Callao and as high a s 22O C. near Antofagasta, purportedly causing general alarm i n t h e ranks of Peruvian guano i n t e r e s t s . W were advised by Peruvian biologists and oceanographers e

t h a t t h e ranges of "tropical" f i s h e s (e. g. flying fishes, opah) and birds ( t r o p i c b i r d s and others) were impinging upon coastal waters, a r a r e occurrence.

The odor of hydrogen sulfide could, i n f a c t , be ~ o m e t h e s

detected along the waterfront off Callao, although t h e "calla0 paintern was not evident. Local l o r e a t t r i b u t e s these phenomena t o "$1Nino,

"a

symptom

of southward deflection of t h e Equatorial Countercurrent or of eastward intrusions of oceanic water. Figure 21a shows the presence of four equatorial euphauslid species i n the region of the current. species ( ~ u p h a u s i a -9 mutica also indicated. The e a ~ t e r n i m i t of t h e ranges of central l

Thysanopoda aequalis, Nematoscelis ~ t l a n t i c a )is

The plankton off Callao is, clearly, not of central origin,

but has obvioua warm-water a f f i n i t i e s

I n July, 1952 SHEUBACII. Expedition encountered cool temperatures ( t o 1 6 ~C. ) off Callao. of 450 miles from shore. These temperatures increased t o 20 C . a t a distance Equatorial species were then, a s i n January, 1958,

dominant i n offshore waters t o a t l e a s t lgB 8 . (the most southern Shellback s t a t i o n ) , but gave way t o " ~ e r u Current species" Euphausia mucronata and Nyctiphanes simplex (shown, f o r DOWIWIN13 Expedition, i n #'i@;ure shore 21c near t o

Evidently, then, equatorial species may be normally maintained i n the main body of t h e current system, south of t h e l i m i t of t h e i r distributional ranges i n more oceanic waters, suggesting some continuing t ~ a n s p o r t o t h e t south i n a t l e a s t t h e offshore part of t h e Peru Current. Near t o shore t h e

cool-water species E. mucronata was found a t t h e most northern s t a t i o n occupied.

It was present i n t h e region of t h e coastal current a t distances of 20 and

80 miles from shore off Peru, where r e l a t i v e l y cooler water was present
below t h e thermocline. Species of t h e t r a n s i t ion zone assemblages ( f i g u r e 21b) ranged northward t o t h e same l a t i t u d e , 15' S., a t which they were found by SElILJBACK Expedition.
I n summary, preliminary zoogeographic evidence r e l a t e s t h e warm-water

populations near Peru t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c equatorial fauna of t h e offshore waters of t h e Peru Current, but a l s o t o populations of t h e same species which a r e known t o l i v e off northern Peru, but not i n t h e eastward extension of t h e Equatorial Countercurrent. The breadth of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e

Peru Current-upwelling species E. mucronata i s narrow off northern Peru. The high volume of warm-witer plrpnkton i n t h e c o a s t a l region and t h e occurrence of l a r v a l chains of these species suggest t h a t t h e individual species a r e growing and reproducing locally, supplementing t h e evidence f o r t h e very s t a t i c p i c t u r e indicated by t h e preliminary hydrographic analysis. Dredge Hauls.

- Two dredge hauls were taken on or near t h e Nasca Ridge: a deep one by -i n 1101 fathoms, and a shallow one a t 120 t o 129 fathoms Baird
The deep dredge haul w a s poor i n fauna, producing o n l y one O t h e other hand, n

by Horizon.

pennatulid (sea pen) and two ophiuroids ( b r i t t l e s t a r s ) .

t h e shallow dredge haul was extremely productive, containing hundreds of l i v e pelecypods, Lima, a few Pecten, l a r g e gastropods, brachiopods and gorgonians. There were a l s o a few pieces of c o r a l and much calcareous rock.

The corals were not those which a r e necessarily limited t o very shallow water. Two shallow hauls were a l s o m3de on t h e slope and shelf of t h e northwest s i d e of Easter Island. The f i r s t dredge haul was taken i n from 90 t o

70 fathoms, on what appeared t o be a break i n slope, suggesting a t e r r a c e .

This haul consisted of slabs of coquina, composed of shell, rounded pebbles and a carbonate matrix, and a number of pieces of old dead reef coral. The

most abundant organisms were a few attaching species of pelecy-pods ( ~ a r b a t i a and hams).

Both coquina and reef corals suggest beach or shallow-water

deposits, and t h e depths a r e i n agreement with those of the deepest strand l i n e s on other shelves. The second dredge haul was taken on the small shelf f l a t a t depth8 of
22 t o

53 fathoms.

The dredge came aboard co~aplctely i l l e d with lithothmniodf

covered, rounded cobbles of volcanic rock and about an equal amount of carbonate material consisting of old corals, wormtubes, s h e l l debris and calcareous algae. This material was similar i n many ways t o the carbonate material

found on Alexa Bank 3 and t h e calcareous pinnacles on t h e Gulf of Mexico shelf. Although there were a few living mollusks (primarily attaching forms),

most of t h e mollusks were dead, and consisted of shalluw-water species such as oysters and Astraea.

-. The most -

abundant l i v i n g organisms were sponges, There were also con-

4 or 5 species of crabs, b r i t t l e s t a r s and s t a r f i s h .

siderable amounts of kelp and sea lettuce.

I n general t h i s dredge haul was

considerably richer i n l i f e than was t o be expected i n such clear and barren-looking waters. The corals and shallow-water shells a l s o suggested

lowered sea level, although they could have been transported down t h e rather steep slope from shore. One f a c t evident fromthese dredge hauls i s t h a t ,

possibly not too long ago, t h e waters around Easter Island were warmer than a t t h e present time. Reef corals do not l i v e there now, but if these hauls

a r e any indication they were extremely abundant a t one time

- E. B ., R.

H. P.

3 CAPRICORN Expedition, Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n Preliminary Cruise Rept., 1953.

VI
Henry W. Menard, Jr
Robert L. F i s h e r Marvin F

PERsOImL

.
, R/V

Expedition leader, San Diego t o Valparaiso Expedition leader, Valparaiso t o Ban Diego

. Eopkins,

Master

Horizon

Alan W. Phinney, Master, R/V Spencer F. Baird Scientific Party

--

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V t o SD Robert Bingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SD t o V Edward Brinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o S D D D Harold W. Busey (LOS Alamos National ~ a b o r a t o r y ) . . . . . . . S t o V Alberto Casellas ( A r g e n t i n a - ~ a v ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V t o C ) J u l i o C o s s e t t i n i (Argentina-~avy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V t o C JamesP. Costello, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S D t o S D WarrenDouglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o S D D Msteo Dragicevic ( u n i v e r s i t y of c h i l e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . V t o C
John Andrewes Robert L. Fisher

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V t o SD Thomas Gobble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o SD D Edward D. Goldberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o V D George Hohnhaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o S D D Alan C. Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V t o S D Romulo Jordan (~eru-companiaAdministradora d e l ~ u a n o. . . . . V t o C ) Dale C. Krause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o S D D Henry W. Menard, Jr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o V D
J. IT. Nanda ( 1 n d i a - ~ a v y )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C t o SD John Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t o S D D RobertH.Parker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C t o S D

RobertO.Pepin RussellW.Raitt N o r r i s W. Rakestraw WilliamR. R i e d e l . Franco Romagnoli (Lowell I n s t i t u t e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SDtoSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VtoSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SD t o V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S D t o V - WGBH). . . . . . . . . . . . SD t o T

. . . . . . . SD t o V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SD t o V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SD t o SD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SD t o SD
....
V to C

Erwin Schweigger (Peru-Compania A d m i n i s t r a d o r a d e l Guano) Carl G. Sh'ipek (U. S. Navy E l e c t r o n i c s L a b o r a t o r y ) George G. Shor, Jr. Maxwell Silverman Richard von Herzen Lee Waterman PeterWilliams C h a r l e s G. W o r r a l l Spencer F. B a i r d
I. Bryer
C. Clampitt

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SD t o V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S D t o V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S D t o SD
D. B'erger

C. E. R. R. C. M. H. J. R. P. J. R. A. C. E. G. V.

Davis Dennager Donahue Dunkel Hodges Irano Jacinto Knox Long Malag Montgomery Nordberg Phinney Rice Scott Trease Vogel

A. G. J. H. A. T. M. G. T. H. R. P. L.
C.

H .
J.

C.
J. S. C.

Bratz Clark Croft Dahlgren Doran Eddy Hopkins Koch O'Gorman Patstone Pifley Quiaoit Resland Rudy Sarmnuli Schapairo Smilser Wall Watson ZiliS

LIST O ILLUSTRATIONS F

Figure 1 Figure2

Track DOWNWIND Index map and p r e l i m i n a r y ' b a t h y m e t r i c c h a r t of p o r t i o n s of t h e C l a r i o n and C l i p p e r t o n F r a c t u r e Zones Index map and p r e l i m i n a r y bathymetric c h a r t of French Oceania Index map t o e x p e d i t i o n t r a c k s o u t h of French Oceania Index map and p r e l i m i n a r y bathymetric c h a r t of a p o r t i o n of t h e C e n t r a l South P a c i f i c Index map and p r e l i m i n a r y bathymetric c h a r t Southwest of V a l p a r i s o , C h i l e Index map and p r e l h i n a r y bathymetric topographic c h a r t of a p o r t i o n of t h e Peru-Chile Trench

Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6

Figure 8

Index map and p r e l i m i n a r y bathymetric c h a r t of Nasca Ridge Index map and p r e l i m i n a r y bathymetric c h a r t of a p o r t i o n of t h e E a s t P a c i f i c R i s e i n c l u d i n g Easter I s l a n d and S a l a Y Gomez

F i g u r e 10 Figure 1 1 F i g u r e 12 F i g u r e 13 F i g u r e 14 F i g u r e 15 F i g u r e 16

Index map and p r e l i m i n a r y bathymetric c h a r t of a p o r t i o n of t h e E a s t P a c i f i c R i s e Preliminary bathymetric c h a r t of Tuamotu Archipelago p r e l i m i n a r y topographic map of S a l a Y Gomez S u r f a c e temperatures

Peru C u r r e n t Region

Temperature p r o f i l e a c r o s s t h e r e g i o n of t h e Peru Current from bathythermograph d a t a S u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s , E a s t P a c i f i c Ocean Temperatures a t 200 meter d e p t h s , East P a c i f i c Ocean

Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21

Deep Sea Camera Photograph of Ocean Floor Chart of zooplankton studies, East Pacific Ocean DPstribution of Euphausiids, East Pacific Ocean Distribution of plankton species i n the region of the Peru Current

FIG. 1

125'

115'

CHART OF PORTIONS OF THE

CLARION AND CLIP

w-

Conlour inlerval: 400fothorns (0-1MX)falhoms) 200folhorns (>-1600folhoms)

Track at '

NAUTICAL MILES

125'

120'

130'

INDEX MAP AND PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRIC CHART OF

FRENCH OCEANIA
Supplementary soundings from U. S . H 0. Chart 0824 and Navy tracks. Contours 2600 2400 2200, 2 0 0 0 , 1600 and 8 0 0 ' - fathdms.

NAUTICAL MILES
H W.Y h 0.C.K

Hydrographic cost (smoll core on cost ) Blologicol net tow

Rad~o isotope water sample

MARQUE SA S

ISLANDS

T U A M O T

TUAMOTU SPECIAL SURVEY

OW.5-7
H-13

N-13 HD-16

BC-21-26 80-4-5 Ph-5-7 LIP-21

150

145O 25O

140

FIG. 3

IWW

20 S

140

INDEX MAP TO EXPEDITION TRACK SOUTH OF

FRENCH OCEANIA
Supplementary soundings from U S H 0 Chart and Navy tracks. 0824 Contour interval 2 0 0 fothorns (400 fothorns nw islands)

NAUTICAL

NILES

Trock of R/V Spencer F Eoird Track of R / V H o r h /shwf;ng run} Seismic refraction slotion Temperature probe

----

1 small core on cosl I Gravity core / 8uirdl

Botfom photograph Radio #sotopewoter sample

H.WM 6 D C K

FIG. 4

1 w

1P 2
I

1 loo
I

looo
I

INDEX MAP AND PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRIC CHART OF A PORTION OF THE

4P-

,
/

, %0 6

CENTRAL SOUTH

PACIFIC
60 8 2 4

Track of R / V Spencer F Boird Track of R/V Horizon /shmting run)

----

8 8

Supplementary swndings from US.H.0 Charts 0 8 2 3 and Navy tracks. Contour interval 2 0 0 fathoms

- 4P

NAUTICAL MILES

Seismic refraction station Temperature pobe Net tow Hydrographic cast Gravity core /Boird/ / Hor12onJ Triple core (HorironJ Rock dredgelHorizonl Bottom photograph Radio isdope woter sample

m
Pr

N
H

B6
H6 HT HD Ph

C"

50 0

H.W Y.
I

D.C.K.
I

-500
T

130'

10 20

110"

lW

95O

85"

75O

supplementary soundings from U.S H 0 Chart 0 8 2 3 ond Navy tracks Contour lntervol 2 0 0 fathoms, 4 0 0 fathoms near islands

NAUTICAL

MILES

35"

Seismic refraction station Temperature probe Gravity core f BairdJ Triple gravity core [Horironl Rock dredge f Hor~zonl

Radio isotope sample Track of R/V Spencer F Bo~rd Track of R/ V Horizon

40"

90"

85 O

80"

75"

90' W
INDEX MAP AND PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE

80'

75"

70'

NASCA RIDGE
Supplementary soundings from U.S.H.O. Charts 0823,1178,1218,1955-6 Woods Hole 0.1. expedition, Navy tracks.

Contour interval 2 0 0 fathoms ( 4 0 0 fathoms in trench)

NAUTICAL

MILES

Seismic refraction station Temperoture probe

Trock of R / V Spencer F Boird Track of R / V Horizon (shooting run)

-- --

90' W

85'

800

75O

70

120"

115'

110"

105"

9' 5

25'

Track of R/Y SpencerFBo,id Track of R / V Horizon f shooting run) Seismic refraction station Temperature probe

-----

309

EAST PACIFIC RISE INCLUDING EASTER ISLAND AND SALA Y GOMEZ

Supplementary soundings from U S.H.O. Chart 0 8 2 3 and Contwr interval 2 0 0 fathoms

Rock dredge f HorkonJ

NAUTICAL

MILES

35O 1200 llSO llO" 105"

9' 5

115'

110

105"

o0
2 2 0

INDEX MAP AND PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRIC 0 1 CHART OF A PORTION OF THE

EAST PACIFIC RISE

Supplementory sound~ngsfrom U.S. H. 0. Charts 0 8 2 3 , 0 8 2 4 , from S 1.0. Capricorn Expedition ( 1952-53) and Navy tracks Contour interval 2 0 0 fathoms

5 O
NAUTICAL MILES

10'

15O

Track of R/V Spencer F Baird Track of R/V Horizon

- - - --

Seismic refraction station Temperature probe

20"

Hydrographic cast ( small core on cast ) Gravity core ( Boirdl

Rock dredge l Horizon)

25O S 115' 110" 105O

2

FIG. I 0

S A L A Y GOMEZ
EXPLORATION BY R/V SPENCERFBAIRD 31 JANUARY 1958
Contours : 10,20,-100 150,200,300,-600 fathoms

.
x

Baird soundlnq
Pre - Downwlnd sound~nq (after U.S.H.O. 1119)

Location of Temperature section

PERU CURRENT REGION

35O /

FIG. 1 3

1208.5'S. 19O42'S. 77' 1 'W. 8 I SURFACE SALINITY 8157'w. l p ne mq a qn z g ~ g ~ P~*- C~ s- s w ~ ~s O P -n ~ n ,or O*? ~en ~ d : d : q ~ ~ ~ r ; ! ~ P- a,I IC O N m d m d ~ N O * c o Pm
m m m m m m m m m % % % % 3 % ~ ~ ~ ~
l ~ l n l n r n l n~o o l nm n m ~ ~ $ ~

d : o s s $ : " m
m m

d m

d m

m m mm m

2 2

loom150m -

v\160\
Temperature profile across the region of the Peru Current, from Bathythermograph observations. Position of the line is shown in Figure 13

Downwind Expedition,

/SO'

/40

/30

/Zoo

/lo0

100"

90"

80"

70"

3 0'

2" 2 -23"---&

'

DOWN WIND
S u r f a c e Temperature ( " C . )

-30"

-2G

2" 6-

10"-

2' 7

0'
0

26"

40"-

25'

15' 14' 1' 4 /3' e 13--012'

0

/50a

/40

/30a

/Zoo

110"

9' 0

80"

150"

/40

/30

120"

/lo0

/OoO

90"

80"

70"

3 0 '

DOWNWIND
Temperature at 200 m, ("C,)

-0 3'

zoo-

-20"

I 1 -0
10"-

I- --&--

7 --------- O
0
0

FIG . 6 I

L I F T I N G EYE

N E L TYPE I l l DEEP S E A CAMERA

CAMERA CASE

ROBOT CAMERA

CONNECTING TUBE

TRIPPING SWITCH

JUNCTION

BOX

--ALUMINUM REFLECTOR
TRIPPING

ELECTRONIC F L A S H TUBE IN P L A S T I C PROTECTOR

LEVER

T R I P P I N G W E 1 GHT

Downwind Expedition.

Volume o f zooplankton s e t t l i n g i n f l u i d , with one-meter net.

i n standard 0 - 400 rn, tow

Positions of plankton stations a r e shown.

FIG.19

/50

/30

/2U "

//O0

100'

90"

80"

70'

D O W NWIND
Zoogeography, Euphausiids

150"

140"

130"

120"

//0

100"

90"

80"

70"

DOWNWIND EXPEDITION.

Pelagic Zoogeographic Zones,

Indicated by Assembloges of Euphausiid Species.

FIG.20

Downwind Expedition. Distributions of plankton species i n the region of the Peru Current. FIG. 2 1

Dec. 1957 - Jan. 1958,

ORDERING R P R S EOT
Standing Orders-Standing orders can be placed f o r all titles published in the General Report Series. Publications on standing order a r e mailed r a s issued, postage prepaid, and a r e billed f ~ periodically a t a 15% discount from list price.
Z~zclividual Orders-Prepaid orders help to keep prices of publications low. Remittances must accompany orders of one dollar or less; UNESCO book coupons a r e accepted. Checks and money orders should be made payable to the National Academy of Sciences. 10% discount is given t o public Institutional a n d quantity discounts-A libraries and to college and university libraries on orders of more t h a n one dollar. Quantity discount rates a r e a s follows: 5-24 copies of a single title on one order, 15% discount; 25 o r more copies of a single title on one order, 2070 discount; special consideration will be given to large orders. report in this Series will be priced a t $1.00, postage preOrders-Each paid. Orders should be addressed t o the Publications Office, National Academy of Sciences, Washington 25, D. C.