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  • The Writing in The Indus Script

    Enviado por

    Vijaya Bhaarati
    585 visualizações92 páginas
    This work brings out the latest research findings on the Indus Script. Who were the people who created the Indus script and what they wrote in the seals? Archaeology has established the continuity in the Indian culture and civilization from IVC to the present. Some of the staunch supporters of the proto-Dravidian Indus civilization concept have realized their mistake.Some scholars blinded by cow dust created by themselves still believe the inscriptions contain no writing at all ! But finally here is the unequivocal truth . The Indus Valley Civilization is established as the Bharata(vedic) Civilisation. Illustrative readings of the Indus Inscriptions are also given. The Indus Valley Civilisation can now be called,without a trace of doubt, The Bharata Civilisation itself.

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    The Writing in the Indus Script

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    This work brings out the latest research findings on the Indus Script. Who were the people who created the Indus script and what they wrote in the seals? Archaeology has established the continuity in the Indian culture and civilization from IVC to the present. Some of the staunch supporters of the proto-Dravidian Indus civilization concept have realized their mistake.Some scholars blinded by cow dust created by themselves still believe the inscriptions contain no writing at all ! But finally here is the unequivocal truth . The Indus Valley Civilization is established as the Bharata(vedic) Civilisation. Illustrative readings of the Indus Inscriptions are also given. The Indus Valley Civilisation can now be called,without a trace of doubt, The Bharata Civilisation itself.

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    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    585 visualizações92 páginas

    The Writing in The Indus Script

    Enviado por

    Vijaya Bhaarati
    This work brings out the latest research findings on the Indus Script. Who were the people who created the Indus script and what they wrote in the seals? Archaeology has established the continuity in the Indian culture and civilization from IVC to the present. Some of the staunch supporters of the proto-Dravidian Indus civilization concept have realized their mistake.Some scholars blinded by cow dust created by themselves still believe the inscriptions contain no writing at all ! But finally here is the unequivocal truth . The Indus Valley Civilization is established as the Bharata(vedic) Civilisation. Illustrative readings of the Indus Inscriptions are also given. The Indus Valley Civilisation can now be called,without a trace of doubt, The Bharata Civilisation itself.

    Direitos autorais:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Baixe no formato PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 92

    The Writing in the Indus script

    The language and contents of the IVC inscriptions

    Vijayabhaarati

    Contents

    1 2 3 4

    Preface Acknowledgements References The decipherment of the Indus script

    Preface

    This work is a sequel to Bharata the Language of the Harappans,The deciphered IndusHarappan(Indo-Anatolian) inscriptions etc. By this we further confirm that the language of the inscriptions is Bharata(veda) and it is logo-syllabic.The inscriptions generally contain financial terms and praises to the throne/king. The fine nuances of the language in several inscriptions are brought out in a crystal clear style.For example the conjoined bull and elephant and the conjoined woman and tiger are identified as the same bhadraasana karsha. Some of the ardent supporters of the Proto-Dravidian Indus script concept have changed their stand and now many support a Para Munda Indus script hypothesis. Careful study of this work will change their mind

    and they also will finally accept that the script is Bharata(veda) itself. I am not sure whether I will be able to write further on the Indus script.Working in a factory for twelve hours a day and seven days a week for my daily bread and doing research in late hours has taken a heavy toll on my life as a whole. Some of my works could not be given the finishing touches due to the limited time at my disposal. However I am satisfied that the final decipherment is here. I hope,researchers and scholars will find this work highly useful for further studies on the Indus script.

    Vijayabhaarati

    Acknowledgements

    I am greatly indebted to the articles and works of many scholars and researchers in this field without whose works this volume would not have been possible.The sources for this volume is shown in the reference list. I gratefully acknowledge my thankfulness to those authors and their

    publishers whose articles I have used in this work either in whole or in part. Special mention may be made of Harappa.com,Ancient scripts.com,Dr.Asko Parpola,Dr. I.Mahadevan,Dr.Brian Wells, Dr.Kalyanaraman,Dr.J.M.Kenoyer, Dr.Subhash C
    Kak ,Dr.Nupam Mahajan,Dr.B.B.Lal,Roger D.Woodard,Lionel D.Barnett , Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball ,Dr. Roy Davies and Glyn Davies , Dr.Colin Narbeth , Dr.Marvin A.Powell,Dr.Jimmy Dunn,Dr.T.S.Subramanyan, et al

    in this context whose articles

    constitute the main body of this work.I have tried to contact all the original authors for their permissions,but due to non availability of addresses some of them could not be contacted .However I utilize this opportunity to express my indebtedness to them and thank them.

    Vijaya Bhaarati

    References
    1.Wikipedia.com. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indus_valley_civilization;Articles on atalhyk, Gbekli Tepe, Neval ori (PrePottery Neolithic B) etc.; palm/olive/cinnamon branch; Abrus precatorius; Tola (unit) ; Ratti; Grain;

    Garuda; Coins ; Shekel; Gharial

    2.Harappa.com

    64. Monkey figurine; 27. Bull seal, Harappa; 154. Unicorn seal; 42. "Priest King."; Inscribed storage jar,M-1196;
    126. Inscribed mold fragment; Ravi Phase Pot ; 102.Ravi Phase Motifs ; 124. Inscribed Ravi sherd; 133. Unicorn seal; 60. Seal Fragment; 25. Unicorn Seal, Mohenjo-daro; 145. Unicorn seal 3.Archeologydaily.com

    Worlds Oldest Erotic Picture

    4.Dr.Asko parpola for his works

    1.

    a) Asko Parpola . 1994. Deciphering the Indus script/DTIS. 1994. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge

    b) Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus civilization Dr.Asko Parpola http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79062/sanskrit-has-contributed-indus-civilisation.html C) The Indus script and the wild ass

    http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article481104.ece

    5 .B. B. Lal, Director General (Retd.), Archaeological Survey of India Lecture given at the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi ).
    Why Perpetuate Myths? A Fresh Look at Ancient Indian History

    http://www.cycleoftime.com/articles_view.php?codArtigo=54).
    6. Roger D.Woodard
    The Ancient languages of Asia minor- H i t t i t e , The Lycian alphabet;

    7 Lionel D. Barnett
    Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan

    8. Ancient scripts.com Luwian

    9. Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball


    Hittite

    http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/hitol-BF-X.html 10. http://www.hindubooks.org/scriptures/manusmriti/ch8/ch8_191_200.htm


    Manusmriti: The Laws of Manu 11. www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15621229.html The Oxus river Civilization: the Bronze Age of central Asia.

    12. P Gopakumar

    In his Hindu article The Viiraraaya FaNam

    13. http://www.taxguru.in/accounting/history-of-accounting-and-accounting-

    standards.html#ixzz0vMIuX0Tp

    Accounting existed in Vedic India

    14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/334517.stm
    Earliest writing found 15.

    Roy Davies & Glyn Davies, 1996 & 1999

    A Comparative Chronology of Money 16. Colin Narbeth

    Colin.Narbeth@btinternet.com

    The cowry shell as money

    17 Marvin A. Powell Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 39, No. 3 (1996)
    Money in Ancient Mesopotamia 18. Nupam.Mahajan@moffitt.org

    Ancient Indian coins

    19.

    http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandmeasures.htm l
    Shekel

    20. JewishGates.org
    The History of Coins: How We Got From Shekels to Sela'im 21.

    www.Mehrangroup.com/rice/ricegrain)

    Rice grain 22. Jimmy Dunn The Sed-festival

    23. T.S. Subramanian


    Bull-baiting of yore The Bhirrana potsherd

    Harappan link
    http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091255372200.htm

    24. Iravatham Mahadevan, May 6 2006 |

    A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery

    25. The Australian coin collecting weblog


    Proclamation Coin - Indian Rupee

    26.

    Subhash C.Kak

    The Indus Script-Its Connection With Brahmi 27. J.M. Kenoyer

    Hariyupia and the Rg Veda

    28 .Akkadian dictionary Association Assyrophile de France Akkadian

    29. http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/Corpusmain.htm Corpus of Indus Inscriptions

    30 The Indus script: texts,concordance and tables(ITCT).Iravatham Mahadevan.1977.ASI,New Delhi. 31.An Introduction to Indus writing (AIIW). Bryan wells. The University of Calgary . 1998. Canada. 32.Sumer. Wikipedia 15.2.2008(SWP). 33.Ancient Egypt Myth and History (AEMH). Geddes and Grosset Ltd. 1997. New Lanark. Scotland. 34A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (ACDME). Raymond O Faulkner .1991. Griffith Institute. Oxford. 35The Hebrew Greek Key Word Study Bible. 1996. AMG International Inc. U.S.A.

    36.Sanskrit - English Dictionary. Sir Monier Monier Williams. 1999. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 37Sanskrit Malayalam Dictionary. Kanippayyuur Sankaran Naambootirippaatu. 1996. Pancaangam Pustaka Saala, Kunnamkulam, Kerala. 38 Sabdataaraavali. Sriikantesvaram G. Padmanaabha Pilla .April 2000. National Book stall , Kottayam, Kerala. 39 Puraanic Encyclopedia (PEP). Vettam Maani. 1991. Current books, Kottayam. Kerala. 40 The Rigveda (RV). OMC Narayanan Nambotirippatu. 1995. D. C. Books .Kottayam. Kerala. 41 The Vedic people (VP). Their History and Geography: Rajesh Kochhar. 2000. Orient Longman. Hyderabad. India. 42 A Phrenologist Amongst The Todas (APATD). William E. Marshall. 1995. Asian Educational Services. New Delhi. 43 Iythareya Brahmanam(IB) .V.Balakrishnan,Dr.R.Leela Devi . 1992 .The Vidyarthi Mithram Book Depot,Kottayam,Kerala. 44.Life In Ancient India In The Age of The Mantras : P.T.Srinivas Iyengar .Asian Educational Services-1991

    45.Dawn.com

    Rare Indus seal discovered in Cholistan

    List of abbreviations
    DTIS-Deciphering the Indus Script by A.Parpola Grk-Greek Hitt-Hittite Lat-Latin Mal-Malayalam RV-Rig Veda AV-Atharva veda. Sumer-Sumerian

    The decoded Indus script


    Analysis of the IVC inscriptions (Refer Bharata the

    Language of the Harappans,The decoded Indus scripts and the true vedic soma, The deciphered Indus Harappan-Indo-Anatolian inscriptions etc. available on
    scribd.com) has clearly shown that the language is Bharata(svara-soundvedaliterary works of IVCbhaasha-language), a member of the Indo-Anatolian family of Aryan languages including Luwian,Hittite etc. and the writing adopts the logosyllabic style.The inscriptions contain mainly the theme Bhadraasana(throne,royal command) karsha(weight,gold,count,sound) paNa(aksha ,karsha , =money,

    praise, price,prize, sun,house, agreement,gambling/chess/dice,barter,market etc.), though a few have different contents.Synonyms and praises of the king, gold and money are profusely used in the inscriptions. Bhadr(svar-sun,sky,tiger/lion)aasana(seat)=simh(lion,tiger;hamsaswan)aasana=seat/the throne/king;bhadra(king,patra-writ,)aajna(command),ajina(hide of goat or black antelope used as cloth or parchment for writing ),amsa(portion,division) etc. Karsha=weight of 16maasha(cf.maa-to measure;maana-maatra-measure)=80 rettis or 12 maasha=96 rettis(cf.satamana=100 rettis) paNapanasa(article for trade)panca(5) karaja(digits=5 or 10,claws)mana(maana-house,measure)aksha( gaming die,5,eye,wheel,snake) sana(daana-donation,gift).

    Karsha being panca(5) ,the average script number of the inscriptions were generally five to indicate the count (gaNita-gaNana-count,kanaa-woman,naagaelephant,snake) of five by sound(garja-roar). paNa

    phaNa(snake)

    paana(jar,paala-king,bhaara-weight,Vishnu)

    baaNa(sara-arrow,5 ,water cf.karshaka-head+sara-sira-head-raaja-king) vana ( tree,house,water,nava-9;vriksha-karsha) vaana(mat,dress,net)

    naava(boat,praise) pa( vana-leaf,king, cipher,water; vatiger,hand,bull,river);vakra-curve(va-kara-hand,bhuj-bent,bhuja-arm/hand,bhoga-phaNasnake cf. the bent arm indicate vakra-cakra-karsha paNa;cakra-wheelkarsha,vana-water,paaNa-hand)-na(fight,pearl,praise,prize,wealth cf.fight with tigers indicate karsha paNa;tiger-karsha,va-tiger,na-two.Hence two tigers=paNa).

    Patra(writ) is shown by paatra

    ,patra

    pa-tra

    , . The

    etc.

    PaNa is gold,copper,silver etc. having the weight of a karsha vana(water) symbol is a

    phaNa(snake) symbol as well which with the

    karsha(ka-head,sara-arrow,tra-tri,raaja-king,raaza-naada-sound) makes karsha paNa.PaNa(palm having the shape of the hood of a snake,sama-equal,sanadaana-gift,vaNa-sound) is scales(libra sa-bird + bhaara-weight + Nasvar-

    man=svarNa-bharma-gold/wages cf.libra pound.count-sound-pound sound-pound+ Na-man=svarNa-gold;svar-sun,heavenbhaara-

    weight,vishnuvaara-roof,tail,sivaviira-hero,kingpaana-cup-sa-bird,god whence svarNa= svarNa= paana-jar svarNa=gold) or aksha(balance baaNa-arrow ,

    cf . pan of scales

    vaana-jaala-net virgo-karsha

    vaama-woman.Hence in several inscriptions ,the woman symbol is also used with other karsha indicators).

    Some of the karsha indicators are the elephant(garja-roar,gajaelephant),tiger(garja),vriksha(tree,karsha;sikhara-branch,sekhara-crown,vanatree-paNa,dru-tree,druu-gold etc.),nakra(graaha,garja-gharial),sarpa(cakrakarsha;svara-garja),horn(Grk.keras-horn),leg(caraNa-paada-foot,veda-pada-vacaword,bhadra-king,Lat.crus),ass(raasabha from raaza-sound and raajaking,garddabha from garja-roar and garta-throne),ibex(deer from rohita-rakta-red and garja-roar and raaja-king,hariNa-deer ,gold;nripa-king) etc. Hence in the seal M-304 the deer(rohita,hariNa=bhadra=gold,nripa-king,rohita-rakta-karsha) supports the bhadraasana(garta).PaNa(money) was the word of the king or the chief priest(cf.Kohen Gadol) and it was equivalent to the word of god.The kings roar(garja-words) reached the nook and corner of the country with the

    accompaniment of

    drums and

    conchs or

    horns(shofar) .

    paNa(barter;pa-king,water;na-equal,fight,pearl)vart(trade,karsha-money;garjasound;harsha-erection) vaartaa(news,trade,Durga) bhadra(king,gold,Durga;vrisha-bull,Virgo)

    Hence VanaDurgapaNa Durga. Durga-devi-ravisunsuurya-sunSakra-Indracakra-wheel cf.Mal.cakram-moneykarshaharta-sun(Heb.Heres)-paNa-Vishnu.Word is god and money.The written word of the king (writ/bulla/paNa) was traded as sama(equal) of dhana/saamaana- goods.

    Na(naaga-snake,war) svar(ravi-sun;sky) = aksha dyuuta(dice/chess/fight) =


    HiraNya(gold)-aksha(5,karsha;aakaasa-the sky.The sky is naaka and the snake is naaga.Naga-sun is paNa-sun-Vishnu.) ,the enemy of Vishnu. (karsha-horn of ram cf. aja-ram;aksha-karsha)dyu-sky,fire,fight;dva(ravasun,sound-count-pound)-two;svar-sky,sun;hari-Indra,tiger,lion,snake,gold+ paNa aksha dyuuta(gambling,chess)dyumna(wealth,garja-roar,karsha-paNa-money) hiraNyaaksha(killed by VishNu) RaavaNa(killed by Raama;raa-gold,paNamoney,vaNa-sound-count-pound).Vishnu-sun is paNa.

    Raama is nri(king,god king).Raa is gold.Hana(killing,havana-sacrifice,hvaanacall,svana-sound,simha-lion/tiger,himsa-hana,garja-roar,sankha-cowry cf.tiger cowrysvar-sun,sound;sankhya-count) is paNa(price,money,praise,prize,bali-sacrifice,tax). Thus HiraNyaaksha=Raa-vaNa=Aja(Indra-netra-king)=paNa(money).

    Cf.

    www.harappa.com/indus/89.html

    Dyuuta(game,fight) is dyu(fire)-ja(born)/uttha(risen) which indicates the smelting and moulding of ayas(copper and gold cf.ayas-aajya-aadya-aadya maasha-a unit of weight.Aajya is related to aja-goat,ram,Indra or sa-god,snake,bird.Many seals with the naaga-mesha-ram indicate raaja-king ,naaga-copper and hema-gold). PaNa (money,namas-praise cf.the cupped hands in praise form the fish) being pa(king,snake,water,leaf;sa-god,snake,fence,bird cf.the use of these symbols in the IVC money seals)-na(fight cf.raNa-war and ha-riNagold), sama(equal), hana(killing), hala(plough), gala(neck),kala(count),kara(hand,tax;krii-to buy) ,vana(tree,leaf,house,water),nava(new,9,praise) etc.such stories were created.SvarNa(gold) is the equivalent or fight(na) of svar(the sun-vishNu,suuratiger).The golden colour and the heavy roar of the tiger made it a favourite symbol of the garta(throne) and the karsha paNa.PaNa is also paaNa(palm,hand .The shape of the palm is similar to a serpents hood or head and trunk of an elephant represented by the unicorn).

    The Anatolian tradition


    Worlds Oldest Erotic Picture
    http://www.archaeologydaily.com/news

    February, 26 2011

    German Herald

    Scientist's found the world's oldest erotic picture - an image of a 12,000-year-old erect penis.DruuNa(scorpion) is taruNa( a youth).Compare this with the Kalibangan seal K- 65 where the druuna is replaced by tarunii(woman) and druma(tree).

    ka/sa(bird)+

    sa(scorpion,sarpa-snake) +

    na(

    sa)

    nishka(money),moksha(heaven),mushka(scrotum),saasana(daana-gift,command) aasana paNa( money,praise).

    bhadra

    The image was found carved on a stone(bhadra-petra-Bharata) by a German team digging in Turkey at the world's oldest temple- the Gobekli Tepe temple- that predates the Stonehenge by seven thousand years - and shows a headless man with an erect penis(phaNa-snakepaNa-praise) romping with mythical creatures. Jens Notroff, a spokesperson for the German Archaeological Institute, said: "In the picture you can clearly see on the carving a man's body with an erect penis."The erect penis , shows harsha(erectiongarta-thronebhadraasana-thronekarsha)

    which is also shown by the aasana(seat) on the patra(bird,bhadra-gold).Bhadra(king)s aasana(seat) is garta(throne).Bhadras aajna(vrata-order) is garja(roar).

    Bhadra(king,gold,Bhadra kaali-Durga)patra( girl,virgo)paala(king)

    leaf,writ,

    bird) baala(

    paada(

    feet)deva(god)raaja(king)

    There is also a giant vulture(Garuda-garta-bhadraasana-simhaasana-throne;garjatiger-simha-lion;hamsa-swan,ha-heaven) and a scorpion - and a strange disk that could be the sun(paNa-praise,prize,price,Vishnu cf.pasa whence pada-caraNafoot;bhaanu,bhaama-the sun,maapa-scale).. Images of naked women(bhadra-patra-phaNa-paNa) believed to be fertility symbols have been found that are of a similar age but this is believed to be the first showing a naked and aroused man.

    The scorpion(druuNa
    leaf(asvattha,patra svar),

    ),the bow and arrow(druuNa,bali ,paNa

    ),the peepul

    ),the tuft(cuuda,kuutasuura-the sun), tiger-lion-svar (suura),the tree(dru-

    the unicorn(bhadraasva or bhadra vrishabha) etc. point to the Bharadvaaja(Bharata-Deva- DroNathrone) clan and its spread from Anatolia to the IVC .

    Sanliurfa museum, God of Reproduction. http://www.turkeyforholidays.com/Gobeklitepe-tour.html

    The scorpion(druuNa-Drona-sroNa-throne naaga-snake,aasana-seat) which is headless agrees with the kabandha or sroNa/sroNi-a headless body indicating aasana or throne on patra(leaf,bird,writ;bhadra-gold,tiger,king,elephant,girl,wheel,head) or hamsa(swan,sankha-conch;hamsaha-heaven,aasana-seat cf.the seat of the sungod is the heavens and the seat of the god king is the throne) / simha(lion,tiger cf.Leo is the heavens;simhajina-sun,ha-sky) or linga(phallus/palace).Gaatra(the body,karsha,garta-throne) and harsha(sikhara-erection,crest) is hamsa/ garudawinged manking/ garta-throne.In another portrait the erected phallus is held in the hands to indicate harsha-erection, garta-throne , harta-the sun and karsha-paNamoney,praise(karsha paNa-money,garta/harsha paNa-praise to the throne/palace).PaNa(hand, praise) is saya(hand,sex).Sisna(phallus,naaga-phaNasnake,baaNa-arrow,vana-leaf,paNa-hand) saasana(command,daana-gift). , indicate

    VishNu(hamsa-the paNa/sun bird) is traditionally portrayed with a conch , wheel,club etc.also.This indicates the reach of the Anatolian Aryans in the Indus valley probably from the early Mehergarh period or latest by 6000- 4500 B.C. as indicated by Dr.B.B.Lal(cf. Why Perpetuate Myths? A Fresh Look at Ancient Indian History . http://www.cycleoftime.com/articles_view.php?codArtigo=54 )

    A royal golden proof to the language of the Indus script.


    This is svar(the sun,sky)-na(gem,like).SvarNa is hiraNya(hariNa-gold).HiraNya is bhadra(king,bull,elephant,gold).Bhadras aasana(seat) is bhadraasana(throne).So if is seen on

    an aasana it is bhadraasana .Now note

    etc. indicating with

    bhadraasana(simhaasana-throne,throne of svarNa-gold).Similarly note hiraNya aksha(snake,eye,wheel) making HiraNyaaksha (gold money) in

    etc.

    Note that ka(head, ) is ra(va=kara-hand,bull;raaja-gaja) also.

    sa(bird,god cf.ears are wings) and pa(king

    ) .Sa is

    Dual use of the glyphs-as alphabet and as word/rebus word symbols- was a common practice.Dr.S.R.Rao,Dr.Madhusudan Mishra,Dr.N.S.Rajaram et al.have given more importance to the latter aspect.

    Shekel is karsha
    Shekel (8.33 gr.) is almost identical in weight to the karsha(9.03 gr.). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekel http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandmeasures.html 03/21/2012/Dr. Mitchell G. Bard JewishGates.org

    Karsha
    H-764 ka-tra(karsha cf.three headed bull) pa-tra(writ;bhadra-

    king,gold;netra-king,eye,sacrifice;satra-sacrifice) patra,daatra(gift cf. ) ka(kha,pa,na,ma,ha-cipher)-tra(karsha cf.kahead,knot),raaja(king),rakta(red,copper),bhadra(king,gold),satra(sacrifice) cf. karasa

    vakra(curve,virgo;va-hand,bull,tiger,varuNa;kara-hand,tax) is cakra(wheel),bhadra(gold,virgo) ;arka(sun-paNa);argha(price-paNa-sun);karsha(vabird,VaruNa=sa-bird,god).PaNa(sun) is karsha(harta cf.Heb.Heres also).

    Karsha

    sankha(cowry

    banglarmati-banglarjol.blogspot.com) nagna(naked

    cf.H-3305) nagna(cf. genitals resemble phaNa-snake/sankha-cowry.Sanga is sex.Surata-sex is purada-gold.)

    Hence the inscription in H-764 is karshakarsha-3

    as in

    m318a aasana(paNa-house cf.

    karsha

    suvarNa(hiraNya)

    bhadra (aksha-5)

    paNa-aasana-seat,naaga-snake/elephant is phaNa,naaga-naaza-

    nose-raaja-king cf.nose money of the Chinese which is paNa itself.Mal.piNa=sava=dead body );

    m179

    karsha(paNa-money,gaja-elephant,raja-king,netra-king,Indra ) .

    Traya(3)kraya(purchase)srava(ear,rice)drava(fish)
    wealth/gold/Lakshmi).

    cf.Akshaya tritiiya(festival of

    Gaja(karsha) Lakshmi is Vana(paNa) Durga(karsha-suurya-sun).

    SvarNa is svar(sun-paNa;sound;haKrii( to buy) kari(gaja-elephant)

    )-na(pearl) and sva(wealth;dva-two cf.

    )-nri(king).

    grii(swallow)giri(hill)hari(lion,tiger,gold,snake,swan,Indra,Vishnu)

    Kara(hand,tax,ray

    ) kala(count,mark

    ) gala(neck)gaja(elephant)kaca(hair

    cf. gira(word,hill

    note the kaca of the gaja)gara(grii-swallowing cf.graaha


    )paNa(vaNa-sound-count;phaNa-snake,paaNa-kara,paana-paatra-jar

    ) sara(arrow,5 cf.

    )hara(ass

    cf.kara-paNa-hand,money cf.M-

    290a)haraNa(hand,makaragharial)hariNa(deer,gold)hari(lion,tiger,gold,snake,swan,Indra,Vishnu)

    Water is money

    paNa is

    vana(

    water,

    tree,

    house;

    phaNa-snake cf.9) h728b

    vana(tree)-

    paNa(sun,money)-bali(tax,sacrifice) patraasana(seat of patra-leaves or bhadra-king cf.deity in tree is king on throne);vriksha(tree)-karsha(paNa);dru(tree)-druu(gold)-patra(leaf)-bhadra(king,gold)drava(fish ).

    Water(bhadra-light) mark is kings mark.It is light of paNa(sun-god-king).Note the kings well Kuupa-well,bhuupa-king shaped like a patra(leaf) .Garja(lion) is garta .

    Synonyms of gold
    svarNa,suvarNa,

    karsha,kanaka,hiraNya,

    saatakumbha,

    haataka, hema,gangeya, bharma(wages,gold cf.Mal.sambaLawagessama-equal,paNa-money), jaataruupa, caamiikara, kaartasvara, karbura,kaancana,tapaniiya, jaambuunada, , rukma, , ashtaapada,mahaarajata, sringi(cf,sringa-horn and horned deities indicate sringi-gold as in K-50, M-1186,K-65,M-1181,M-305 etc.) Karsha , (cf.
    karsha,nakra-alligator,nose;karaNa-deed;hariNa-gold,sanka-cowry)

    is 16 maasha

    (paana-jar,paaNa-hands;naaza-nose cf.nose ).Tola is often taken as half karsha

    money,mesha-ram cf.

    whence tola=8 maasha.Ashta(eight-8) is denoted by naaga(snake,mesha,gaja cf.ashtanaaga,ashta gaja etc.).

    Muruku sign
    A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery
    by Iravatham Mahadevan, May 6 2006

    Vana(paNa,nava)

    Durga(karsha,hariNa-haataka-krisana-sringi-gold)

    Vana(dru cf.draviNa) -sikhara(saakha-branch cf. (money)karshapaNa(praise)-garta(throne).

    )paNa

    bhadra(king,gaja-elephant,simha-lion) , paNa,8 aasana(seat,sroNabuttocks,DroNa,bhadraasana-throne is sarpaasana-seat on snake),svarNa-gold.

    karsha(kara + ha/ca),bhadraasana(aasana of 3 pa cf. , , etc.),paNa,sringa(sringi-gold cf.Mal.naaranga-lemon.Naaranga is placed on a sringa to worship and as a raksha-cakra(kavaca-amulet).For this rakta-rohita-kumkum is also applied on it.),saaranga, hariNa,karsha
    cf.Saarnga is a bow of Vishnu made of ivory and saarngapaaNi(saarngadhara) is Vishnu (cf.naagaking,naatra-praise,netra-king,maatra-measure,haatra-wages,haaraka-nishka,haataka-gold)

    paNa( .

    cf.karsha-hariNa-parNa-karNa,nava-nine,vana-tree)

    Karsha paNa suvarNa paNa sringi paNa saarangapaaNipaNa(Vishnu)

    aasana

    bhadra,gaja

    hariNa(haataka,sringi,karsha)

    paNa,kara

    aasana(seat,naaga-snake;sroNa-seat;talpa-bed,sarpa-naagasnake,8;droNa-shodas-16)sroNa(buttocks)druNa(druuNa vriscika-scorpion,
    ,

    beetle,

    bow)triNa(

    grass,

    druma-vriksha-tree)droNa(Bharadvaaja, seer.)

    a trough,a

    crow,scorpion,owl, a measure=4 aadaka=32 seer.DroNi = a trough,128

    Drona(king,draviNa-svarNa-gold) can be read as shodasa(Sudaasasu-raaja) and surata(sex,purada-gold) from its components. 16(shodasa=drona=netra=king) maashas make a karsha.

    h408

    In this seal the phaNa(snake,paNa cf.sisna-phallus-palace) with the is clearly visible. naaga(8,5

    harsha(erect)-garja(hiss)-garta(throne)-aasana(seat)

    gaja-elephant,karsha; aksha(karsha,paNa,5,snake),paNasa,panca
    cf.hastaashta-8,panca-5),svarNa bhadraasana,svarNa sa,ka anka(mark,9),anga(limb,6) svarNa

    paNa

    naga,naka(Sanaka,sankha-cowry,sangha-sreNisankha(from sa-tail,na-cipher,ka-karsha) paNa

    business group;Mal.tanka-kanaka-gold) svarNa(hiraNyaaksha) Hence bhadraasana

    naaga =kara=bhuja(arm,bhoga-naaga-snake)=panca(cf.naaga pancami;simha, ,

    lion cf.Leo,sign of naaka-the sky and naga-the sun) aksha(eye,wheel,snake,5) , etc.

    Patra(pa-leaf,bhadra-head,king,gold,sarpa-snake) on aasana(seat) is

    patraasana(tree , ) , bhadraasana(throne, praasana-feeding,eating cf.patra=pa whence patraasana-bhadraasana-praasana) etc.Hence Vishnu is said to rest on the sarpa(Ananta) and patra( Ficus leaf) both indicating talpa(bed) and bhadraasana(throne). The human body(gaatra) being seat of bhadra(head,paada-feet,raaja-king) is bhadraasana(garta-throne) and is hence associated with the tree(patraasana-seat of leaves,vriksha-garta-karsha) in seals like H-178 B,H-179 etc.Srona(droNa) is druma(tree,marta-nara-man,drava-matsa-fishcf.Mal.naranman,maram-tree) whence (bhadraasanasiirshaasana-standing on head)

    (karsha)

    (bhadrapaada-standing on bhadra/wheel-

    bhadraasana bhadra/ka aasa/sa nanishka) (patraasanabhadraasana cf.bhadra-hill). Bhadraasana has asana(eating) of bhadra(srava-anna-rice,dravafish,patra-leaf cf. fish eating alligator in M-410 and leaf eating hare in C2B7 from Mohenjo-

    daro.Anna is paNa-sun and aanana-face.cf.Sumer.paNa-face.Anna praasana is anna bhraajana-rise of anna-paNa-sun.Thus rice is rise and price.Also nishka is bhuushaNaornament-of gold.BhuushaNa agrees with bhojana-food as well!)

    Hence maasha(cf.mesha-ram,naaga-elephant,snake,ram,8) paNa(karsha,panca-5) in K-100. It has alternate values as na,pa(paNa) sa,na(aasana,naaga) 16,8,5

    ka,ra,sa(aja-ram,gaja-elephant,naaga-ram,naasa-nose,ravi-sa-sun bird,kalasa-paana-pot;paala-raaja-king;raajaraa-gold,sagod)nishka-money-shekel-sulka-price; naaNaka-coin; panca-5 also. eg.k-100.

    Na(nayana-netra-cakshu-eye)

    + sa(sarpa-naaga-snake cf.talpa-aasana-naaga-seat)

    ka(gaja-naaga- elephant,kanaa-woman)

    nishka(money,vessel/ornament of gold)

    naasika(nose,nose money)

    na(anna-suuna-grain,soma-madhu-liquor)+

    droNa( a

    measure,soma jar;praasana-feeding cf.anna praasana- food offering is popular in Hindu temples even today ) + paNa(trade,money,praise;maa-measure)

    Nishkacashaka(cup of gold;saasaka-king) cf.nishka on cashaka in K-100 a potsherd from Kalibangan with a

    post-firing graffito.

    DTIS page 65.K-100.

    Karsha

    (kara-hand,sa-vi-bird) is paada-foot/pada-foot,word/bhadra-

    king,gold,feet,1/4(cf.Lat.crus-foot,crux-cross;garta-throne-Christking;paada-feet,raja-king) whence we have Cf. 5) ashtaapada=gold.

    kara(ka,ra;hara-bhadra-bhuja-bhoga-sa=god,snake,siva,king,stop) ka-tra(karsha,raaja-king,15,vana-tree)
    kara(10,paNa)

    paNa

    sa(sara-

    ka+ra-sa(bird)garja(tiger)gaja(elephant,kara-

    tax,hand,trunk)kaca(hair)kasa(liquor cf.Kasyapa)raaja(king)saaza(king)saha(strength)

    Bhadra(bull,elephant,

    mountain,

    girl),patra(

    birds,

    fish,

    leaves),sarpa(naaga-snake,hema-gold),ashtaapada,druu etc .indicate gold. Kausika


    (Owl cf.Athenian owl money) indicates the treasurer also.Pingala(naaga,mongoose,monkey,lion ) can be brass as well.

    Haataka(gold-hariNa,bhadra-gold cf.ha-na-pa-ma-cipher.water drop), ,kataka(crab, karkafire,thorn,crab), taaraka(star),Taataka(cf.RaamaayaNa) etc.indicate gold and karsha.

    HaraNa(hand,nakra-gharial) is hariNa-gold. carama(death).

    CaraNa(leg) and hariNa(deer,ibex) is gold and

    Fish (bhuja-hand,pada-foot) miina-Pisces maana(measure,house)maasha(5 rettis= karaja-5 fingers).Hasta(hand) is matsa(fish,mushti-fist).PaNa(sun,money) is palm as well.It is bhaama(sun),paana(jar),soma(wind,sky,madhu-alcohol),suura(sun),daana(gift),daama(house cf. savana(netra-sacrifice cf.netra-king,eye ) etc.

    ,5

    ),

    Sikha kaasi(sun,handful=paNa=sun)-kaparda(hair bun,pearl cf. ka-head,parda-hair);

    Karshaka(head)-tra( 3,sira-head, sara-5,arrow cf. karsha-garta-throne,kiriita-crown;vana-tree,paNa-money)

    );sekhara(crown,sikhara-branch-

    Naa(man)

    naaga(snake,elephant) X=ka

    Gaatra(body) Karshavarta(trade) svara(sound) Aja(Indra,ram,goat) ayas(gold) aksha(karsha-gold) aakaasa(sky) gaja(elephant-unicorn) naaga(snake,elephant,naga-sun)naaka(sky,arrow) svarNa(svar-sun,sky) hiraNya(gold).Aja

    is often linked to aksha hence to make hiraNyaaksha..cf.

    etc.

    Synonyms of copper
    taamraka,sulba(cf salabha-butterfly Sumer.griskarsha),mlecchamukha,dvyashta,varishtha,udumbara

    Synonyms of bronze

    aarakuuta,riiti cf.

    synonyms of silver
    durvarNa(cf.suvarNa-gold,RVhiraNyam rajatam-gold silver.For the IVC silver was also gold),rajata(cf.dasra-ass M-457 m457a ),ruupya(cf suurya-sun cf.

    karsha(bhadraasana-crux,sun-paNa=karsha paNa cf.ghasra-harta-sun Heb.Heres-sun;karta-karsha-furrowing cf.karta on gala-neck shows garja/karsha) paNa(bhadra-ravi-sun cf.viira raaya fana) aasa(face Sumer.pana-

    face)24,naava-paNa-praise cf.

    ),kharjura,sveta.

    svarNa(svar-hari-Gold-Heres,na-pearl;sva-wealth,nri-king) is usually indicated by the bhadra(bulls) and hari(gold,Tiger,lion) seals.

    Copper is the naaga(snake,rohita,elephant) seals. Arka(sun,copper,12) and rakta(red,copper,rohita-deer,raksha-amulet cf.copper amulets and taamra saasanas-copper tablets) is karsha and copper. Cf.Indra, VaruNa, Kubera, Yama, Marut,Suurya,Agni etc.denote the king as per Manu.7.7.Money is the king.God is the king.Hence god is money and it is worshipped by touching the netra-eyes to praise the king) . Arka(the sun,copper) is argha(price) as shown in the painted sherd inDTIS page55Fig.4.4.b.

    kara-saghasra-harta-sun-karsha crossed and the head is bowed

    karsha(svastika) paNa(sun).The arms are

    when praising/worshipping the lord(king).While welcoming(namas) the hands are

    held together to form a fish (paNa-money,praise) karsha(sankha-cowry) paNa(money)garta(throne)/kiriita(crown)-paNa(praise). karsha(paNa Gr.chrysos-gold-garta-throne-svarNa,Gr.phainesthai-to appear,Lat.crus-foot,cornu-horn,crux-cross;Mal.,Pers.sarkaar-government,Grk.kerashorn;Heb.heres-the sun)garta(throne;ka-head,raaja-kingkiriita-crown,sikharapeak,harsha-erection)bhadra(king,gold,bull,girl,elephant,star) panca(five,savana-yajna-sacrifice)Daksha(prajaapati-king, a year)DurgaSakra(Indra).

    Bhadraasana(the throne,crown,royal writ) and its representations Bhadra(Bharata)

    The symbol for


    leaf,bhadra-king,gold),

    (bhadra-hill) ,

    (patra-bird,writ),

    (patra-bhadra),

    (patra-

    bhadra(cipher,king,gold),

    patra-bhadra,

    patra-bhadra-satra,

    bhadra(elephant,king,gold,girl),

    bhadra(bull,king,gold,auspiciouness),

    patra(bird,bhadra),

    bhadra-girl etc.

    Bhadraasana indicate the aasana(seat,vaahana-vehicle) of the bhadra(the king,paada-feet,raaja-king) on a bhadra(bull,elephant,tiger,lion,petra cf.Peter as the bhadra-head and bhadra-rock for the Holy Church,sarpa cf.Vishnu on Ananta naaga ) , an aajna(order) by a patra(writ,bulla) etc. Bhadr(head)aasana(seat) is gala(neck;kara-hand,gala-neck,kala-count,gaNa-groupcount;paNa-money,vaNa-sound,hara-fire,ass;hala-plough).The daama(rope,cord,wreath,garland cf.galahaara,

    )/vali-fold/kala-mark on

    the neck of vrisha(bhadra-bull) is daana(gift)/karsha bali-tax/paNa. Gala(kanthathroat cf.kantaka-thorn-throne draviNa-gold ) is the seat of garja(gartakarsha).

    Note the second glyph from the left making a kantaka(karka-drumara-thornthrone)-draviNa-gold.Water(bhadra,Sumer.badur-water) drops (drapsa cf.Drupada-king,kaNasa-drop by drop,kaNisa-ear of corn/flower ,sakala-scale,nishka-shekel;kaNa-drop,kala-gaNa-calculate;haaragarland,hiira-garland of pearls,hema-gold;paana-jar,vana-water,paNa-money) on the paatraasana also indicate bhadraasana paNa. Cf.

    ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekel

    http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandmeasures.html 03/21/2012/Dr. Mitchell G. Bard JewishGates.org

    The bhadraasana svarNa paNa symbol in L051a

    carry the same sense.

    Drachma from Lucania, c. 535510 BC


    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNGANS-1202.jpg

    bhadrapaada (seat on bhadra-wheels)is bhadraasana(throne).


    seat in bhadra(drava-varsha-water) is bhadraasana.Seat on leaf,bull,elephant etc.is bhadraasana. Sara is arrow, water and 5.Bhadra(gold,king) is pacf.Patra-birds have wings and drava have fins-wings-

    sara(raaja-king cf.drava

    kings.).Hence sarasayya(bed of arrows cf.Bhiishma of Mahaabhaarata) indicate bhadraasana of the king as in ,

    Aasana(seat) amsa(part,division,due) amza(shoulder,cf patra-leaf on the amzashoulder of the unicorns and other karsha symbols) asana(food .Eating patra-leaf by

    a hare,goat etc.

    indicate patraasana-bhadraasana.Note the

    aasana-seat between patra-leaves in the inscription also.This is a usual practice in the inscriptions where the scripts narrate the picture. Sasa(hare) + na(grass)saasana(vrata-order,daana-gift)

    svarna(gold)
    panca(5),draviNa(gold)

    kara(hand,paNa-money)

    raaja(king,15),sa(god)

    bhadraasana(throne) svarNa karsha(gold money)

    panca(5) bhadraasana(throne).

    Asana-eating grass-graze is karsha cf.Gaja-elephant,karsha is kusa-grass.TriNa-grass is netraking,Indra and Mitra.),

    azana(throwing) by a bhadra(bull cf.M312 bhadraasana throne, panca-5 ,gaatra-body-karsha) daana(gift) naaza (nose) naada (sound,cf. roar-garja-is karsha;raaza-sound is raaja-king) saasana(daana,command) sana(daana-gift) paNa(pasa,jina-sun) aapaNa(market) etc. Bhadra(head,bull,king,elephant,girl,mountain,cipher,gold) is na(cipher) , drava(fish) and asva ( cf. bhadraasva bhadra=asvapatra of avasa-kings writ).Hence the unicorns indicate the bhadraasana bhadraasva-writ from the kings throne.This is garja(roar,gharsha-scratch) by gaja(elephant,aksha-karsha),tiger(garja-gartathrone),karta(throne),karaja(finger,claw;the fingers being 5 the karsha is usually of aksha/panca=5),gaatra(body-karsha ) ,karsha(weight,money),cakra(wheel),sikhara(branch),sekhara(crown), Sakra(Indra),Durga(goddess cf Vana Durgakarsha paNa) etc.

    Karsha is karsha paNa.Kara(hand,tax) is kala( ,count) ,gaLa(neck cf.the kala on the gala of the unicorn indicate paNa),gaNa(group;gaNana-count,kanaa-woman,naagaelephant,snake),hara(garddabha ),hala(plough ) etc.

    PaNa is vaNa(svana-sound).Garja ( paNa-karsha) is sabda(sound). Sound is count and

    pound(libra). Sabda(sound,garja-roar) is sapta(seven).. cf.

    H-9.

    Bhadraasana karsha(unicor n) paNa sapta(7,sabda-garja-karsha). Sound-sabda-sapta-count-pound. In M-1186 sapta(7) kanaa(women) are employed to indicate gaNana(count,kanaa-woman) by sabda(paNa-vaNa-garja-karsha-sound-count).

    PaNa is maana(house cf.miina-fish and svarNa-gold ), vana( water,tree,house;nava-9,phaNa-snake),sana(gift,food) and saya(sex,hand).Counting with the index finger is simulating saya(sex act). bhadra(king,bull,gold,girl,cipher)=paNa=kaasara(buffalo)=ka(water)cara(going=drava=fish akshanetra-eye,king=karsha=gaatra-body cf

    All these seals contain the idea of bhadraasana karsha(paNa).

    The fish is the ibex.HariNa(ibex,gold) is haraNa(handhasta-masta-matsa cf. DTIS Fig.10.13).Hasta(bhuja-hand-fish) is matsa(fish) and masta(head-ka;ka-tra is karsha on bull- bhadra aasana.Hence it is bhadraasana karsha.) Bhadra(head,king) being paada(foot,deva-god,veda-word),in the last seal bhadra(head) is made paada(foot,siirshaasana-standing on head) and the paada(caraNa-feet,vaajafood,raaja-netra-king) is touched/kissed by bowing to show namas(obeisance.cf .touching netra-eyes with paNa-money). Bhadra - bull,elephant,king,gold,girl,cipher Garja(roar) gaja(elephant,garja-roar),tiger(garja-roar),graaha(gharial),karsha(paNamoney,praise),garta(throne,kiriita-crown),cakra(wheel),rakta(copper,rohitaibex/markhor),Sakra(Indra,Durga),sikhara(branch,sekhara-crest),harsha(erection) The elephant(garja-karsha) on bull(bhadra) is the same as bhadra(baala-girl,paala-king) on tiger(garja-karsha).

    Seated goddess on a throne flanked by two lionesses(simhaasanabhadraasana-raajaasana-paadaasana-throne) from Catalhoyuk.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk

    Note the

    paNa-fish(pa-water,king;bha-sun;na-pearl,gift;Na-dot,ornament cf.

    , -paNa) and the aasana-seat of the gaja-elephant on the bhadra-bull to indicate bhadraasana karsha paNa(royal gold money,praise to the king ) or simply hasta(bhuja-hand) paNa(the conjoined palms of both hands make a fish or hasta/bhuja anjali-cupped palms). Bhadra(head,drava-fish,patra-leaf,bird) is
    masta(ka-head cf. masta-ka-head).Masta(head cf.mast) nasta(nose) nashta(loss) hasta(hand-saya-paNa) matsa(fish-miina) sadma(sadana-bhavanamaana-paNa-house,sun,money,barter. cf.bha/pa/ha(svar) on vana bhavana-house as in
    , , etc.make svar-Na,svar-ga(ha) etc.

    bhadra(soma-madhu-liquor,bull;netra-raaja-asva-avasa-bull,king,sun)bull,king,gold,eye,sacrifice;paNa-barter,chess,palm,praise,prayer;patra-leaf;dravafish,dru-tree cf.fish+tree+leaf in M-414;srava(suuna)-rice,ear;kraya-purchase Kraya krii(buy)kara(hand,tax)+aya(4,chess cf. four digits of palm).Hence fish can have values like ka,ra,na/ma etc. bhadraasana paNa , paNya(cf.aya-four,good luck,chess=paNa) With a vaara(roof=paNa=house) it is viira bhadra(svarNa-gold cf.kaasi-sun,handful and Mal. Raasipon-gold coin)/paNa paNa(aasana=vasana=paNa=house. For the single hand to form paNa,the thumb has to form a roof on it.) palm(kara-hand,paNa-money,hasta-hand,raaja-king,asva-bull,avasa-king,sun) has karaja(fingers,claws cf.claws of tiger/lion) on it to make karsha(garja-roar,harshaerection,gharsha-clash,scratch).The four fins are four fin-gers or two thumbs and arms when bot hands are cupped(anjali) in praise(paNa) or to receive or give gifts. netra=sacrifice,eye,king(raaja.Hence raaja-kingpaala-kingpaNa-money paana-cup,jarcf.soma-madhu paana/chalice , baaNa-arrow) and viirabhadraasana/viirabhadra

    Matsa(fish,bhuj-bent,bhuja-hand)-masta-

    hasta-

    gaja-

    aksha(eye,wheel,karsha,die for chess,5)-kaasi(sun ,handful)-mushti(fist-fish) netratraaNa(salvation),caraNa(foot,leg),saraNa(refuge),carama(death),Sarama (a dog),Naarada(sage),ntr(Egy.god),Indra(god),Mitra(god),triNa(grass),dharma (duty,law,justice) etc. ka=na=ma=ha=pa(cipher,water).Thus paNa /nava is pa + na= + ,

    K-50

    H-94

    K-50 bhadraasana(buttocks of the bhadra-girl)-karsha(tiger)-paNa(vana-tree,sekhara-sikhara-crownkarsha) karsha(gaja cf.Sumer.kas-trader, garash- straw karsha cf kusa-darbha-sara-grass)

    4.Vana(tree,paNa-sun) Durga(devi-ravi-suurya-sun) is paNa karsha. H-94 indicates bhadraasana(buffalo head)-karsha(tiger,raksha-protection,amulet,rakta-blood,red,rohita-ibex,raajaking Sumer.hurasham-gushkin-gold)

    Sumer. sukur , - spear, lance cf.the trident on the head of deities.PaNa(sun) is karsha(sukursekhara-kiriita-crest,sikhara-branch,suula-spear,cakra- weapon of Vishnu,Sakra-Indra,garta-throne).

    h094

    karsha paNa (paaNa-the hand is made paNa

    .A kaksha karsha(

    buffaloe,bhadra-bull,paatra-paana-taala-dish with the tiger-garja makes it karsha paNa). panca-5,gaatra-body-karsha) paNa

    .Note the bold karaja(claws) of the tiger to indicate

    karsha.Tiger(svar) +paana(na) is repeated in the glyph as gaatra+paaNa(cf svarNa-puraaNa-gold coin)

    Graasa(graaha-alligator,gras-grabh-swallow) is karsha. Hence is karsha(gras-graasagraaha-nakra-hariNa-karsha) paNa.Grass grazing hare is its equivalent(copper tablet M-C2B7).

    Bhadraasana(throne) or simhaasana(throne) is also indicated by by standing or sitting on toe-

    harsha,standing on bull,elephant,wheel,hill etc.as in

    (Vana- a tree being aasana-seat of patra-leaves is patraasana and bhadraasana-throne.Sometimes birds sitting on trees also serve the same purpose to become bhadraasana karsha) etc.Vriksha(vana-tree) is karsha.
    , ,

    Hence a tree is bhadraasana karsha paNa. Saasana(command,gift;suudana-promise,aasanaseat,daana-gift,naaga-snake,hema-gold;sa-naaga-sarpa-snake,god) is shown by sazana(killing) of the kaasara(karsha) or sasa(hare-hari) with na(tri-na=grassnetra-king,sacrifice,eye).

    Karsha paNa is Word Money. suudana(promise;nikshepaNa-deposit) is suurya(sun,naaga-nagasun) and puraaNa(suvarNa,money).It was the paNa(word,agreement) of the god king.

    Hearth(bharata,karsha,harta) and heart(hrit) is karsha paNa. Note the paNa(fish) in the hrit(heart,harta-ghasra-sun) of the gaatra(deha-body) indicating karsha paNa in

    DTIS page 55 Fig.4.2 Gaatra(body)is karsha. Hrit(heart,harta-sun) is karsha.Fish(paNa) at the heart of the gaatra indicate karsha paNa.

    Sangharsha(fight) indicate karsha paNa. Bulls and lions fight to indicate karsha paNa. In k065a bhadraasana karsha is made by making the tiger(karsha) the aasana(seat,buttocks) of the bhadra(kanaa-woman) and also by making a bhadra(virgo-karsha) as the aasana(seat) of the

    crossing

    spears(sangharsha karsha paNa) which is the equivalent of karsha paNa

    k065a

    karsha(ka)

    traya(3,tra) bhadraasana karsha(tiger seat

    of bhadra) paNa(vana-

    tree,

    fight).Ka-tra is karsha(Durga-simha).

    Druma(tree) snake,elephant)droNa(

    druuNa(vriscika-scorpion,vriksha-tree,sekhara-crown,naagabali-archer)mudra(seal,symbol)

    Sikhara(branch)/sekhara(crown) indicate karsha.

    Sound(garja-roar) is count and karsha(raja-king,raaza-sound).Bhadra(kanaa-girl;gold,king ) is svar(sun,sky cf. svarNa )and sarpa(naaga-snake ) .Garja is cakra and sarpa.Drum is
    , , .Hence the drum is

    paNa(soundcf.sabda-pataha-drum) and garja(gharsha,karsha) cf.


    shown with the tiger(garja-karsha) in H-182.

    Parda(hair) is bhadra(king,gold) and karsha.Hence the hair is seen to raise on arms of deities( so called bangles),the back of elephants,the neck of bulls and unicorns etc. to indicate karsha by harsha( rise of hair,sex organs,hands,feet etc.).

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    sa,ka(head,bird) ka,sa ra

    pa(snake,water)

    nri,rna,rdasvarNa(kaparda-gold,pearl)

    sa karsha(cf.

    kara-hands,,va-vaaha-handpaNa-money,pa-water

    kara-sabird-wordkarsha

    karsha)

    Note the bhadraasana

    : :,

    indicated by the aasana(hoof cf.vartaka-

    hoof,trader,worshipper,bronze) of the bhadra(bull),the harsha stand of the feet(caraNa , Lat.crus-karsha),the patra(leaf) formed by the bent and dent of the thighs and legs,the harsha on the hands and the sekhara vana( karsha paNa ) crown.

    Bhadraasana(throne ) is also bhadra(king, paada-leg/foot,deva-god,veda-word)aasana(seat) whence the deity is made to sit(aasana) on the upright feet/toes(paada/bhadra cf.bhadrapada as in also.

    DTIS page 91. H-3305 .An amulet from Harappa. Bhadraasana Karsha(bhadra-virgo on toe with raised hands in a garja/harsha pose) paNa(paana-jar,vaama-vanita-woman,vaNija-trader).

    The bhadra(bull)/gaja(elephant) combination result is achieved by the particular

    pose of the bhadra(girl,gold,king) itself .Karsha is raksha(kavaca-amulet cf.


    ,

    etc. has svar-sun,heaven as raksha or kavaca-protection.Svar-paNa-sun is karsha-ghasra-harta-

    Heres-sun. Bhadraasana(king) paNa(praise,money) is the equivalent of modern praise the lord(cf.karsha-gartathrone-Lat.crux-cross-Christ-the Xaviour. kara

    kara-sakarsharaksha-salvationrakta-

    blood,rohita-ibexraaja-kingdasa-10dos-hand.Hence dasaraaja-10 kings and Dasaratha- king with ten ratha-chariots also. The Roman numeral has its source in IVC.)

    Naaga(snake,gaja-elephant,mesha-ram,paana-jar,raaja-king,hema-gold,nagnanaked,sankha-cowry) ka(head),sa(bird,god) cf.gaja(elephant) is ka(head) of sa(god,bird,snake). Cf.aadhaka(kamsaGunjagarjakarsha)=1/4 droNa=8 saraava=4prasthas=16 kudavas=64 palas=256 karshas=4096 maashas=nearly7lbs.11ozs.avoirdupois

    nagna( gna,sankha na)naaga(snake,elephant,ram;hema-gold;8) gnaa(know)naanaka(coin)kanaa(woman)kanaka(nishka-gold) simha(lion,tiger) Harsha(erection,joy) shows harija(horizon),garta and harta(sun,Heb.Heres). Harsha of nagna(naked) +paatra(jar) 8(nagna-naaga) karsha(harsha) writ(patra,paNa).
    The price(paNa) of the amulet was probably 8 karsha.

    Bhadra

    bha(sun,star;pa-water)-sara(arrow,water;sira-head);vajra-weapon of

    Indra;cakra(weapon of Vishnu)parda(hair)pajra(soma) patra(writ,wing,leaf)paatra(jar,patrawrit,leaf,bird)paartha(king,bhadra-king,Bharata)paana(cup) paaNa(hands)bhaama(the sun)naava(boat,praise) Naaga(elephant,snake,gaNana-counting) is ashta-8 which means it is the anjali with both hands(8 digits).

    paNa(money,praise) is phaNa(aksha-eye,snake,wheel)

    ,naava

    naaka(arrow)

    naaga(

    snake,elephant)

    kanaa(woman)

    Paana/paNa/saasana(daana) is sazana(killing,sacrifice cf.yajna or medha) and sa(god,snake,bird,with)-aasana(seat),sadana( daama,dhaama-house;daana-gift) etc. , , , house,cf.

    ka,pa + ka,pa + ka,pa ka-tra (karsha-paNa,phaNa-hood) patra(bhadra-king,gold;naatra-siva,praise;netra-eye,king)vi(patra-bird,bhadra-asvabull,arrow) sa(bird,god cf.king is god) karta(throne) garta(throne) karaja(finger,claws) garja(roar cf voice of the king . Winged bull is kings bulla)gaja(elephant,Sumer. kas-trader)tiger(garjaroar)cakra(wheel)bhadra(virgo) varta(barter,trade) vrisha(bull)varsha(year)harsha (saya-paNa).

    ka(head)-tra(tri)karsha.It is seated(aasana) on a bhadra(bull,king,gold,girl).Hence this is bhadraasana karsha.Its equivalents are seen in bhadra(bull,buffalo)+garja(lion,tiger,elephant) ;bhadra+gaja(elephant) etc.

    ka-tra(karsha)

    ka-tra(karsha cf.H-764) gaatra(karsha)

    ka(kha)-tra(karsha;ka=granthi-knot cf.H-147) gaja(garja-karsha)

    gaja(elephant,visa-man,trader cf.Sumer. kas-trader,aksha5,karsha)naaga(elephant,snake,ram/goat/ibex,raaga-raaja-king)naaka( arrow,sky)kanaa( woman cf.woman+elephant in seals)naaza(nose cf.elephants


    )hema

    nose as the uni-hor n)mesha(ram)maasha(weight of 5 rettis cf.

    (gold)

    Even now some of the rupee notes issued by the Reserve Bank of India(http://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/Ancient.aspx ) whose

    emblem

    contain the tiger(karsha) and the palm(paNa,Mal-pana-palm cf.

    show the garja(lion- from the lion capital,tiger,elephant,snake) symbols being the descendant of the karsha paNa/punch(cf.karsha-panca-5,gharsha-punch) marked coins as seen

    karaja-finger,palm;taalapaaNa-palm;taala-daana-sana-gift ,dhana-wealth etc.)

    in these banknotes

    , Compare the first note with the three-headed bull(karsha). Note the watermark(white area).Water(vana,bhadra) is money(paNa,svar)

    cf.

    vana(water)nava(nine)phaNa(hood of snake)paNa(money,praise).

    Note the boat(naava=paNa)

    in the third note.

    These will help us make the following reading for M-290a.

    M-290a

    bhadra(paada-foot/legraaja-paala-kingdeva-god,1/4,baala-girl) aasana(ass;raasabha-garddabha-asskarta-garta-thronegarja-roarkarsha-Mal.kezha-ibex cf.

    ::

    ) .The ibex (rohita-rakta-redgarta-thronekarsha .Mal.kezha) and the ass (garddabha

    Mal.kazhuta) has the same role of indicating karsha by garja(bray,roar).

    paNa(palm-parNa-

    leaf,nripa-king,hariNa-gold;ass-sa+parNa =svarNa)

    karsha(garja-tiger).

    Bhadra(gold,paada1/4,rishabha-bull) being hiraNya and aasana being aksha(sa) bhadraasana is the equivalent of hiraNyaaksha in several inscriptions.

    Compare

    parNa(leaf,palm) with

    varaNa(fence,wall,Indra,camel cf.nripa-king).

    The RBI emblem has the palm and the tiger itself,a true Harappan inheritance and continuity of the IVC tradition into the present(cf.J.M.Kenoyers classification of IVC).The RBI issues rupee (cf.rupya-coins of gold or silver ;rupyasuurya-sun-paNa ) notes in the place of the karsha paNa issued by the IVC priest kings.

    PaNa(prize,praise,price) is vana(

    cf.

    olive branch-vana given away palm vana performs paNa-praise

    as prize and praise-paNa.On palm Sunday, of Christ-garta-kiriita-the king.)

    DTISpage55. Fig.4.4

    Crux(cross,cakra-wheel,Sakra-Indra,karsha) is garta(throne,cf. crus-foot) and karsha(sankha-cowry). PaNa(money,Vishnu;arka-sun,copper) is harta-sun cf.Heb.Heres.PaNa(sun)+Cross(sa-bird) panca(five)karsha.

    H093

    ka-sara(karsha) cf.

    karsha-patra(writ)-bhadra(king,gold,elephant).

    cf.

    ka+

    sara(baaNa-arrow,paana-cup,paNa-money,praise)karsha.

    Karsha(paNa-money)garja(roar)gaja(elephant).

    Karsha(gaja ) = paNa (cf.baaNa) ; pa-sara (bhadra gold,king;garta-throne; Bharata ; vajradiamond;pajra-strong,rich;varta-trade;varsha-year; drava-fish;srava-ear,rice;Durga;sarva-whole;Sarga, etc.) naaga(king,elephant,8,copper).Bhadra naaga(Mahaa bhadra) is the unicorn itself.Bhadra(elephant) indicate bhadra(king,gold,girl) and bhadraasana(throne). Hence this is bhadraasana karsha . Aksha (karsha,5)karshakaraja(finger)garja(roar)gaja(elephant)ka(head/bull)sa(god,snake) kaca(hair)kasa(whip,liquor)saka(year)saha(strength,a month)

    ka

    +sa = = (bird,= ma,sa,na cf.M-Z-N sama-equal) kaca(hair,kesa-vishnu-

    sun),gaja(karsha;naaga-elephant,8) maasha(naaza-nose,raja-king)mesha(ram)

    (ka-

    head,bhadra-head,king,gold,sa-god,bird,naaga-snake,elephant;kanaa-woman;kanaka-bhadra-gold;patraleaf,writ,bird,word cf.H-3305)

    Thus aksha(karsha,5,eye,wheel,snake) aja(ram,Indra)gaja(elephant)saha(strength)sa(god,bird,snake) gaja ksha(narasimha-nritunga-great king) ka(head,ha-moon,sky,vishnu,siva)sa(god,snake),ca(moon) saka(year,a warrior tribe) saha(powerful,the month Maargasiirsha;sama-equal)

    H096

    H0168a

    K085a1-1

    M300

    M302

    M303

    The conjoined bhadra(bull

    ,paatra-palm,vessel cf.

    ) and gaja(garja-karsha)

    in these seals indicate bhadraasana(bhadra-bull)karsha(gaja-

    elephant).Hasta(hand) is gaja(unicorn-elephant)+ta(sa-bull) as in H096,M-300 etc.Hasta-hand,palm matsa-fish masta-headnasta-noseashtaeightpanca-5 Daksha-Prajaapati etc.

    m312

    bhadraasana(throne) panca(5) karsha cf.Note the azana-throw of the gaatra-

    karsha by the bhadra(kaasara-karsha)-bull . It is performing

    azana-throw to indicate

    bhadraasana.Kaasara-buffalo is karsha.Gaatra-body of man is also karsha.

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    Iraavata (svar-the sun, Iraavata is svar reversed.Mal.savaari-journey.) is the gaja(elephant;garja-roar,aksha-wheel) used by Indra(netra-king;cf.gajendra-gaja that is Indra) as his vaahana(vehicle cf.va-tiger+va-tiger+kanaawomanvaahanaaasana-seatazana-throwdaana-gift). Tiger(garja-karsha) is fire(ra-Jaatavedas).Ra+ra+saraaja(bhadra-king,woman,elephant,bull,gold,vartabarter).Raa is gold/gift and Iraavata is Revata(devata-god) and raapada(foot,word) also. The woman(bhadra-karsha.Kanaa(kanya-virgo,kanaka-gold)-woman is naagaelephant cf.Hitt.gazan-lady;gin-shekel.Heb.kenaa-smith,kaanaa-to earn,save) is sa/sha.She is the equivalent of the bull in M-312 and the woman in K-50,K-65,,H3305 etc.employing bhadraasana karsha(she is bhadra-woman on the aasana-

    seat of the bhadra-elephant and is performing azana-throw of the tigerskarsha).Karsha(tiger) on the aasana of bhadra(elephant,woman) is bhadraasana karsha.Since the tiger is svar(suura-tiger,va) two of them(na) and the fight(na) make svarNa and paNa . With the aksha or the same as coin) Note harsha(erection) by kaca(hair) of gaja(bhadra-elephant) , the gazan(lady), the wide open mouth(garja) of the tiger and the aksha(cakra-wheel;gaja). Hence bhadraasana karsha(harsha) is shown by the elephant(bhadra) and the woman(bhadra) also. Cakra(aksha-wheel) is bhadra(gold,king),karsha,rakshaprotection,raaja-king, Sakra(Indra) etc.Aksha(bhadra-cakra-wheel cf hiraNyaaksha , ,the elephant is gaja-naaga- bhadra or and naaga(elephant) is 8. If we add the two(tiger) na above it becomes svarNa(hiraNya) aksha svar, na , na indicating

    hiraNyaaksha(svar-Nagold Mal.svarNa cakram or tanka naaNayam-gold

    bhadranaaga-the unicorn) is 5

    and one(sa) woman to it,the total is 16.There are 16 maasha(each weight of 5 retti;naada-soundcountgaNana-countkanaa-womannaagasnake,elephantnaaNaka-coin).Thus the number of naada(paNa-vaNa-sound) in the inscription indicate the maasha(naada) or karsha(garja-sabda-sound). The inscription becomes bhadra(elephant) aasana(woman+tigers) karsha(cakrawheel).

    DTIS page 183.Fig.10.7 2karsha(taaraka-star,tilaka-bindi,kaasara-buffalo,tolaka-sulka-money,tax. PaNa is sama-equal shown by the tulaa-scales and the principle of barter trade).

    Bhadraasana(throne (two taarakas).

    ) paNa(

    cf.paNa granthi-purse) karsha(taaraka) 2

    PaNa(money,praise) is saya(sex,hand)

    Harappa.com http://harappa.com/indus2/160.html

    kri-giri-sana(conch,gold ) and tri(giri

    ) fingered karsha paNa hand

    available on www.Harappa.com. Srii(the sun,light,word,wealth) is tri(three) . Athari(finger) is adri(mountain,aatreya-king) .Karasaakha(finger) is prakaasa(light).Karabha(finger)-na(like,two) is girvaaNa-praisepaNa..Kabri(made up hair bun-pa)-na(two) is also girvaaNa/paNa. Prakaasa is pra(sira-head)-kesa(hair). The Harappan gods were given trident like kirii-ta (crown;giri-hill,da-hill tri-dathree hillsTritagartakarsha) .The word of the priestking is the word of god or veda.In the kurbaana
    ( karsha + paNa-roof Mal.vaana-sky) ,

    (svarNa) note the ghar(karasa cross-cup; Heres-harta-sun) formed by the priest by crossing the paNa(bhuja) holding the kaaza(cashaka-cup) and piilaaza(paatra- plate). The money unit Kaakinigagana(nabha-paNa) san-kha shell cypraea moneta
    or (svarNa,paNa)

    (hiraNya-svarNa-gold)

    PaNa wt . of copper used as a coin 20 maasha 4 kaakinii 4x5 (=20)maasha Kaakini Maana

    a Gunja seed,the shell Cyprea Moneta,20 kapardas or cowries or PaNa


    ;gunja,a cubit,the fourth part of a Danda or 5maasha

    or

    Kaparda-a small shell or cowrie used as a coin 80 (16x5=8x10)kaparda

    (kanaa-girl,naaga-

    elephant,hema-gold.Gold is ashtaapada-eightfooted and ashtanaaga make naaga the number eight-

    8.)1 paNa or as a die in gambling; braided and knotted hair


    Kaakaa crow, tilaka ,a measure( cf. droNaa crow )

    Kabandha RV,AV (a large cask or barrel, a headless body

    ) can be a kaparda(cowrie

    ) whence we

    have

    and the double buns

    Harappa.com .KarNa-ear is karsha.KarNanakra(nose)

    haraNa(handkarsha

    ) hariNa(deer,hiraNya-gold).Kaparda(bun

    ) being paNa

    kara(gaja-garja-karsha) +

    paNa karsha paNa.

    Kapardin RV.10.102.8 wearing braided and knotted hair, Rudra and Pushan , author of RV.1.60.1.

    The Hoof Evidence to the script


    The hoof : : indicates the seat of the bull(bhadra-king,gold,good luck) or bhadraasana(throne).It is aya(4,good luck cf.ayasgold).Vartaka(hoof,trader,bronze) is kaparda(shell,hair-bun) also.

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    M-1181 svarNa karsha(garta)/karsha paNa .

    Sa(naaga-elephant,patra,bhadra,gaja)rna(nara-man,nri-king.Svarna

    va(pa-water,vana-paNa cf.water mark of the present Rupee)-

    is sva-wealth and nri-king.)ka rsha(kaasara-buffalo,kalasa-pot,sulka-tax, lakshamark,nishka-money) or ka-pa-rda-karsha.Note the vana(tree,bun-paNa-vana) on the head indicating paNa and the harsha(erection of hair) on the hands indicating karsha apart from the bhadraaasana(hooves) and hiraNya utthaana paada(harsha by the seat on toe or feet-paadaraajaking ).Bhadraasana(throne,bhadra-raaja-king) is aasana(seat) on paada(feet,raaja-king,devagod,veda-word of godking).

    Money is paNa and mana/mina. Cash is( kaasi-sun,handful),karsha,gaja,kaaca and Sumer.kas etc.

    Kola is karsha(ghasra-harta-sun-paNa,Heb.Heres-sun)

    m507b ananta bhadra (Ananta naaga-hema-gold is seat of paNaVishnu-sun) padmavyuuha which killed Abhimanyu(Mbh.).Bhadra(king,gold) is sarpa(snake,cakra-wheel-karsha-Sakra-Indra).

    m508b padma vyuuha

    ananta bhadra

    Kola(cf.tola) is suura(harta-sun).It ivolves bhaata vandana (worship of dawn) by bandhana(endless knot) of the bharta(husband,bhadra-lord)s paada(feet) by the woman.kola(PaNa) is praise.

    Bali(Sacrifice) is paNa(Money,praise)
    (kara-hand,tax;paNa- money, sun, praise,barter,chess; bali-sacrifice,tax,archer;

    asva-bull,avasa-king,sun; mesha-ram,maasha-5 retti; hana-killing;havana-sacrifice; hara-fire,ass,Siva-paNa; hala-plough; kala-count;gala-neck note kala on gala of the hariNa-ibex,gold)

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    A deity with a horned headdress(karsha paNa,Daksha) and


    bangles(harsha-karsha) on both arms, standing in a pipal (sacred fig;vriksha-karsha) tree (bhadraasana,tree is patraasana-aasana of patra which again is paatraasana-aasana on paatra which is a normal symbol in the unicorn seals ) . A human head(bhadra) rests on a small stool(aasana) over the sapta(devata,divasa,dvija;sabda-sound/count or the simple word bhadra-king,auspiciousness.Sapta bhadra is the sabdavoice of bhadra-the king/auspiciousness) kanaa(bhadrawoman;naagaaasana.Hence bhadra naaga/bhadraasana is indicated.This agrees with the paatra/patra aasana for the godking.). A ram( bhadra naaga-mesha-maasha) is shown.The bhadras wear a single plumed headdress(kaparda with harshakarsha;parda-hair,bhadra-woman,king,bull,gold), and bangles on both arms(harsha-karsha) . PaNa is bali(netra-sacrifice).MoneynaaNya

    nayana(eye)netra(sacrifice,nayana,king) Bhadraasanapuruda(gold,purusha) aasana (seat) purodaasa(Holy bread) Karsha garta(throne) rakta (blood cf.rohita-ibex) This is the eucharist.Thus money is sacrifice and praise to the god king.This principle of paNa(money) as bali(sacrifice) is truly vedic and can be seen in several seals.
    The chopped bhadra(head ) on a stool(aasana) and the paatra(vessel ) aasana(seat) indicate bhadraasana. Karsha is shown by the deity with the horned(karsha-keras-sekharacrest) head and the hair harsha on the hands of the deity and the karsha(bhadra-virgin,gold) virgins.The ficus(paNa-vanatree) and its leaves (vana) indicate paNa(sun,karshamoney,praise).Naaga(hariNa-ibex,deer;mesha-ram,hemagold,raaja-king;garja-roar-karsha;Mal.kezha-cry.Sans.rohita-red

    deer cf.Mal.kazhuta-gardabha-ass from its bray or cry.) indicate medha-sacrifice,maasha-5 retti weight etc.also. A Rohita(cf. purohita-priest) indicates karsha by its rakta(red) varNa(colour,parNa-leaf- hariNa-deer,gold) and garja(paNavaNa-sound). Sazana(hana-havana-sacrifice;saasana-daana-gift,order;hanapaNa;sadana-house). patra(writ=garja-roar=karsha=paNa)

    is bhadra(good luck,king,gold,girl) ,Bharata, drava(fish),satra(sacrifice) etc. Sapta(7) bhadra(girl;kanaagaNana-count,vaama-woman-paNa,vanita-vanija-trader) indicate sabda(garja-karsha)

    Bhadra(karsha) and is similar to

    svarNa (Daksha cf.

    nrinarasha)

    paNa-money,hand;kara-hand,tax;haraNa-hand;nakramakara-gharial;hariNa(gold,cf.ibex),ma karsha cf. ta(tail ,kara+ta-

    daatra-gift,raatra-satra-sacrifice,raaja-king-karsha )

    -paNa-karsha), na(nakra),5,bhadra(raaja-king cf. , aksha/karshapanca(5),bandha(bond),mana(paNa),

    maasha(maana-maatra-measure,medha-sacrifice) patra(paatra-jar,paNa,satra-sacrifice,saadara-with respect,bhadra-king/gold,karsha cf.. , ,

    etc.)

    Hence the inscription is

    svarNa

    karsha( hariNa,paNa raaja-karsha,aksha-panca5) - bhadraasana karsha paNa (horned deity-karsha paNa on paatra aasana-pot seat with patra-vana-leaf)patra(writ,bhadra-gold) -sapta karsha paNa(vaama-virgokarsha,sapta-7,sabda-sound-count-pound)

    The horned(horn

    is the crosssa

    god, horn-sound-count) deity

    (karsha,harta-sun) is placed in a tree(vrik-ksha karshasha-man) to show prakaasa-light, Vrishaa(Indra) and bhadraasana(throne).

    The bharata(fire,praata-dawn,pa-tra

    writ,bird;paatra-

    jar,bhaarata-fire) symbol

    ka,sa(gaja) is placed close to the foot of the

    deity along with the head(bhadra) of the sacrificial victim on the altar(standaasana) and the praying chief priest(paNa-praise).It shows bhadraasana(gartaroyal throne),amsapatra(deed of partition),bhadra aajna(royal order or

    command),ajina patra(writ on animal hide) etc. Bhadraasana (kings seat, royal order, girvaaNa)is also shown by the deitys seat(aasana-seat,aajna-order) on the paatra(jar) with patra(leaves,writ) and also by the sapta(seven,sabdavoice,word,garja-garta-karsha) bhadra(women,king) at the bottom of the sacrificial scene.The seven women also show the seven flames(saptaarchis) of the fire and savitri. Prakaasa(light) is prasaada(divine food) and vriksha(tree,preksha-sight,karsha).

    Vriksha(patraasana-bhadraasana paatraasana cf.

    or the

    paatraasana of the deity in this seal.The karta-garta-seat is covered with patra-leaves and bhadrasandal,turmeric,gold and placed on vartaka-hooves,bronze etc. to make it bhadraasana) is

    vrika(wolf,jackal,tiger,kshatriya;bharga-arka-the sun;nripa-king)-sa(god),ta(tail)

    cf.

    etc.

    The Egyptians sacrificed their king(vrika) in the Sed(vrika-ta,sa,bulls tail) festival and ate him as the divine food(prasaada-divine foodprakaasa-light).The Christians eat the body of
    the Christ in the same belief.

    Note the yajnavriksha(Fig tree) in which the agna(fire,king) god is seated like the Christ on the cross. Yajnavriksha is agnaprakaasa(sunshine). Now let us look at the inscription in this seal.

    salabha-butterfly, silpa-ornament;sulba-copper,sacrifice; siri-locust-trikrii,Sumer.giris-butterfly,mothkarsha-garta(throne)-garut(wings cf .Garuda).

    ghar- sa(cf.ghar-paNa-house with sa is karsha-paNa and gaatra-

    deha-body as in

    -5,

    -5,

    -5,

    -5)

    khala- sakalasa

    karsha-paNa/karaja-finger,claw/garja-roar;gaja-elephant/pancafive/Durga-goddess/Sakra-Indra/simha-lion,tiger/harta-sun.

    The

    sa(svar-heaven) of

    sara(baaNa-arrow,paNa-sun) or

    kusa/gaja/Indra/netra is god .

    rna

    va,sa

    sha,gaatra-karsha (marta Mitra,Marut-wind,Dharma-

    law,mudra-seal,srii-nri-king,krii-purchase,panca-5.Panca paana is pancabaaNakaamadeva).Hence the inscription can imply

    Srii (Sarva srii)

    Bharata

    netra(king,sacrifice)

    From paatra(jar)- patra(leaf)- aasana(seat) we have bhadraasana(royal throne) .

    pa

    ra or sa

    is

    bhadra(king,bull,happiness,auspiciousness), bharata(fire,paartha-king), praata(dawn) and patra(writ). The seven women(kanaa) make gnaavas(praise) and bhadra(karsha) sabda(auspicious speech or word of the king).Bhadra sabda is AUM or garja(karsha-karas-deed/action,saras-head) Hence the inscription reads: Srii(His highness/holiness) Bharata netra(king Bharata) tridasa(divine) bhadraasana(throne,order) patra(writ) gnaavas(praise,speech) which means writ of praise to His Highness King Bharata and his sacrifice or an order of King Bharata .It is also svarna silpa (nishka)karsha bhadraasana patra(writ).This seal is thus very closely related to the svarna karsha seal M-1181.

    http://www.harappa.com/Indus/25.html

    Sisna(phallus-palace,saasana-daana/order,paNa-money,pa) god,karsha,15,na) karsha(paNadraviNa-svarNa-gold)

    raaja(aadara-obeisance,sanaaga(king,naaNaka-coin;nagnasvar,pa,aa na

    naked,gaNana-count,ankana-mark,hema-gold,8,sanka-paNa shell money)


    sa,dru-tree,druu-gold;vana-tree,paNa;maasha/draviNa/aasana

    patra(bhadra-

    king,gold;writ),vi=sa=bird.Hence the inscription is

    bhadra

    aasana

    naaga(8,naaNaka,sankha paNa)

    svarNa

    paNa

    ( cf.

    pa

    na paNa

    -drava-fish,patra-leaf,bhadra-king,gold)

    Bhadraasana is shown by the patra(leaf) on the aazana(shoulder) of the gaja(unicorn-karsha),by the gharsha/laksha-scratch marks on its gala(neck,garja-cry).The unicorns keras(horn cf.kara-trunk of gaja,hand,taxpaNa) shows karsha by its harsha( hair erection/whorls).

    The paatraasana(pot seat-bhadraasna-throne) is decorated with drapsa(drops) of bhadra(water=vana=paNa) to make it bhadraasana paNa.

    h728b vana(tree)-paNa(money)-bali(tax,tree); patraasana(seat of leaves)-bhadraasana(throne) paatraasana(seat as paatra-jar);vriksha(tree,karsha.Hence trees denote bhadraasana karsha paNa)

    h742b paatraasana cf.M-1186 seat on paatra-jar(patraasana-seat on patra-wings bhadraasana-simhaasana-paNa-kings seat or throne).cf.mahaapaatra-chief minister;mahaabhadra(Siva-Mahaarudra,Ganga);Mahaaviira-Vishnu,Garuda,Lion,a sacrificial vessel etc.

    Viira(hero)bhaara(weight,Vishnu)vaara(roof,cup)paana(cup,jar)baaNa(arrow) cf.
    ,

    The tree and the stand convey the same bhadraasana(throne) message.

    k026

    bhadraasana karsha paNa(Note the replacement of the paatraasana


    paana-pot-paatra-sarpa which agrees with the patra-parNa-vana-leaf

    by the

    . Patra +naaga is

    bhadranaaga(bhadraasana-karsha-vrisha-unicorn).Note the garja(cry/roar) -kharsha(vali-fold/whorl) on the gala(neck,kala-count-sound-pound) to indicate bali(paNa-money).

    Patra(leaf,writ; drava-fish)pa(va-2)+tra(tri3)=panca(5)bhadra(king,bull,elephant,gold,good luck,virgo,paNa,karsha,paada1/4)paatra(paanapot,paNa) shown in front of the unicorn(gaja-karsha). Unicorn(gajagarjakarsha) + leaf(patra,parNa,vana-pa) + pot(paana-phaNa-naaga-na) karsha paNa

    k034

    karsha paNa.HariNa(deer,gold;hemanaaga pa,bhabhadra naagaunicorn,rohita-

    rakta-red;garja-garta-karsha-Mal.kezha) paNa.The pot/snake fish .Aja is Indra.Garja (bray or cry) of kezha(rohita-red deer,ibex,rising red sun) and kazhuta(raasabha,garddabhaass) make them garta/karsha symbols. Thus unicorn(garja-gaja-roar)elephant(garja-gaja-roar)ibex(kezha-garja-roar)ass(kazhutagarddabha,raazabha-garja-roar)tiger(katuva-garja -roar)gharial(mutala-garja-roar)karsha All these animals indicate Karsha paNa or garja paNa(vaNa-sound-count-pound). Added to these are the gharsha(pounding-sounding-counting) instruments that produce garja and indicate karsha like karsha paNa , , .cf. H182a

    kara(arms) paNa(palm,sun,money,praise,price,phaNa-hood of snake)bhadraasana(garta-throneka-rashaka-la-sashekel;sulka-price,tax;nishka-money) . Tiger is garja(karsha-panca-5).The three glyphs syllabically denote karsha paNa as done by the tiger(karsha) and the drummer(paNava-drum,paNa-money).The garja(hiss) of the kaasara(buffaloe) is karsha.A druuNa( seat;sroNa-buttocks-throne) or scorpion, sarpa(cobra) is karsha . A

    sa(bird,god;va-hand,tiger,VaruNa)

    bow) is aasa(face,aasana-

    garta(throne,chair;aasana-seat;aajna-order) and Panjara(body) has a panca(5,karaja-digit) in it


    ,

    gaatra(panjara-body cf.panca-5) is karsha. and panca , is karsha( , aksha,

    sara,

    kara) cf.H-182b.

    karsha(cakra-wheel,Sakra-Indra,panca-5 whence five karsha-svastika-signs are there.) sa kara paNa(price,praise;patra-bird,writ;bhadra-

    king,gold,auspicious)bhadraasana(gartakarshaka-la-sashekel;sulka-price,tax;nishkamoney;Sakra-Indra-king.Karsha paNa is price by the king and praise to the king). The harsha(erection) of kaca(hair cf. garja of gaja) is also karsha and is visible on the back of the Gaja in

    www.harappa.com/indus/90.html Karsha/garja-roar/gaja elephant is matched by the cakra(aksha-bhadra-wheel karsha-Sakra-Indra) placed at the top.Cakra-wheel is taaraka(star cf.M-305) and tilaka(bindi).All indicate karsha.Vriksha(tree) and vrisha(bhadra-bull,virgo,elephant) have taaraka(kv) in them.Hence star(karsha,vrisha)+tree(vana-paNa) or bull(bhadra-vaaha-paaNa-paNa cf.DTIS page213.Fig.12.3) indicate karsha paNa.

    cf.H-179b karsha(taaraka-star,gaatra-body) paNa(vana-tree,nava-9,new,praise)patraasana(seat of leaves,bhadraasana-throne)

    m305
    number,

    suvarNa

    bhadraasana-throne(raajanya,kanya,gaNya,paNya,yajna,sankhyapaNa

    : :caturanga-paNa-chess,aya-4,good luck,chess die) aksha

    Cowries counted in singles .

    etc.and in fives (kara=ka,rakala-countgaNa-group)

    is vetra-yashti-danda-rod,kara-hand,bhadra-stop,rod,king etc. Aksha(akshaya-Vishnu,aakaasa-sky-svarsvar-Na-gold) indicate kshaya(destruction cf bhadra-cipher) also.cf.

    ka+sa/ra+aya(4)kshayakraya(purchase).sraya(refuge)traya(three)srii(prosperity,sun)

    Naaga(elephant,ram,snake)/kanaa(woman) /nagna(naked,gaNana-calculation) shows naaNaka,gaNana and copper. Copper(cobra-sarpa-naaga-snake;nakra-gharial) is kubera(svar-sun cf.Nava nidhi nine treasures of Kubera is paNa nidhi of copper.PaNa(money) is phaNa(snake).Its bera(body) is bent(ku-evil,su-good) The bhadra(bull,tiger) indicate gold(karsha)..

    k027

    hiraNyaaksha (gold; cf.rohita-red deer;rakta-red;garta-throne;karsha)

    Rare Indus seal discovered in Cholistan


    http://dawn.com/

    7 February,2012

    th

    LAHORE, Feb 6: The Punjab University archaeology department has discovered a rare Indus seal in steatite material with carved figure of Ibex with two pictographs from Wattoowala, Cholistan, during a survey of different sites near Derawar Fort along the ancient bed of River Hakra.

    The seal dates back to 2500-2000 BC.

    Karsha suvarNa aksha(karsha,5) /viira bhadra aksha(karsha,5).

    Bhadraasana(suvarNa,Karsha,panca) paNa aksha(5,karsha,trade).Note the karsha(aksha) on the tail,body,neck ,head and horn of the ibex(rohita-rakta-raajaking).Vaara(tail,cup,times,ta) is paana(cup) ,paaNa(kara) , paNa(money,praise) and viira(king,hero cf.viira raaya faNa of Kerala).Vaara with the sa(cross) is varsha-rain(cf.vana-waterpaNa),vrisha (bull,Indra) and karsha.The aasana(amza) has the patra(leaf,bhadraking,gold,auspicious) mark.Laksha(mark) is aksha(karsha).Capra is karsha and vrisha(bhadra cf.pardos).The long horn of the hariNa(horn,ibex,gold) indicate karsha.If the garja(roar
    cf.pradaaker,pundariika,pandara etc.) of elephant,tiger,lion,snake,leopard/panther(cf.Grk.Leon,pardos),jaguar,alligator etc. make them Karsha significators the ibex qualifies for this by its garja(cf.Mal.kezha-garja-karsha) its

    rohita(rakta-red,garta-karsha) varNa(colour,nripa-king,parNa-palm,leaf keras(sekhara- crown) also. Karsha is denoted by garja(roar-

    ) and

    gaja, tiger,lion,snake,gharial), vrisha(bull,buffalo),vriksha(tree,asvattha,palm,saal etc are patraasana and bhadraasana),harsha(rising hair,sex organs,hands,feet ) etc. The ibex is karsha(garja-roar,Mal.kezha)..

    The first glyph is derived from svarNa(gold)

    sa+

    patra(parNa-leaf;bhadra-gold) +

    na

    The second glyph is aksha(karsha,5,snake) paNa(sun,sound;phaNa-snake).

    cf.sarpa(aksha-snake)-svar(sun)-

    Hence this is svarNa aksha or hiraNya aksha(svarNa karsha ) itself.

    The ibex as hariNa(deer) indicate gold.But as rohita-rakta-red is rakta/arka-copper.

    aksha(karsha,5,snake)

    dasa -10(da cf.

    dasa-10

    dasa-10

    sata-100,sara-5

    The Dholavira sign board

    va(hand,haraNa-hand,nakra-makara-graaha-alligator,netra-king),ma,a(aksha,akshara) na,ka,ha,pa,ra-cakra-bhadra-cipher na(anna, manana-homage,reverence cf. Mal.mannaking,mahaa-great,naama on the forehead of Brahmins,Raama cf.naranri;raaja,srii etc.indicate manana) ra,a ka sa na,ra(rakshaNa, akshara-final beatitude,lakshaNa,KrishNa)

    bhadra(head,king;patra-leaf),ka(head,kaparda-hair bun) aasa-seat,raaja-king,dasa-10,ksha na(aksha-bhadra-cipher;pearl;raaja-king;ratha-wheel,chariot)

    in the inscription on the copper tablet C2B7.

    This is the bhadraasana(palace/temple) of king/god Manana/Mahaa/Anna/Raama- RakshaNa/krishNa or Raama Akshara. aasana is also kshaNa(feast/festival).

    Bhadraasana being KrishNa it can also indicate Anna RakshaNa KrishNa(Anna rakshaNa bhadra dasa raaja/ratha.Dasa raaja is ten kings of the Vedas.Dasaratha is father of Raama in the RaamaayaNa) .

    ma,va,bha haa,raa,naa,aa bhadra,kara,ra,ka ka,sa sa kaparda(cf.bhadra-head,king,gold;patra-leaf,raaja-kingkaasa -lightkesa-hair .Note the double bun(cf.horn-hariNa-deer,gold) in several seals indicating hair/hariNa/harsha/garta/karsha

    Harappa.com

    Bhadra-king,bull, cipher,head,girl,gold,elephant

    is Rudra-Siva. Mahaakesa(Mahesa,Mahesvara) is

    Siva.Mahaakaparda is a conch(sankha-shell-Sanaka-Janaka-kanaka-gold).The kaasa-light of the sungod is the kesa-hair of the godking.


    Panca-5bhadra-bull,kingkarsha Gaja-elephantkaaca-swingkaasi-sun,handfulraaja-kingraasi(cf Mal.raasi pon paNa) svarNa-goldpuraaNa-coindharaNa-coin haataka-goldnaaraka-lemonbhaarata-firebharma-gold

    hariNa-goldhari(tiger,lion,gold,monkey

    http://www.harappa.com/indus/64.html)-na(naari-woman,naaga maaNikya)

    vanita-woman=vanija-trader

    bha-dra

    varta(barter,trade)

    vaama=va+na=paana=paNa=bhaama=vaana=nava bhadra=nri=raja=daasa=dasa

    Male deities are Sakra.Female deities are Durga(sulka,sukra,simha). Vana(tree) sikhara(sekhara) is paNa(Vishnu-sun) Durga(surya). svarNa(sva-nri) is hari(indra,svar)-Na.Nri is hari(indra,lion,tiger,snake,monkey)

    http://www.harappa.com/indus2/135.html Patra(bird,writ,leaf) or paatra is pa + sara.Bhadraasana is aasana(seat) with patra(bird,wing,leaf).From the two Da s of the dhanus(bow,sara-arrow) and Na/sa of nara(man) we have daana(donation,desa-country,raaja-king,saaza-king,daasa-servant,fisherman,dasa-ten,traaNaprotection, dharaNa- 10 palas,grain etc.).Vana(dru-tree
    va-hand+ va)

    is paNa(paana-

    daana;ka-trakarshara+ra+saraaja-king).

    is paNa(palm).Hence this is bhadraasana(throne,daana patra-gift writ)/desaraaja/dasaraaja/Dasaratha/ karsha paNa;raaja raaja paNa etc. The Dholavira sign board has

    Dasaraaja/Dasaratha

    Pa(bha-palm) + tra(tri,sara,tara,15,raaja) + aasa-na bhadraasana (paretaasana,pretaasana-burial urn) bhadraasana-15-paNa(draviNa). Sara(water,arrow,5,taarastar)jarsaraava (a measure)saraasa(treta-3,kreta-purchase)pa-tra(bhadra-king/gold) or karsha paNa or PaNasa(vasna panca-5. sara-5,tra-three kara-5) Paana(pot)-paaNa(hand)-baaNa(arrow)-pan(scales).It is the scales of maa-tra and haa-tra.

    Sumer.<sar d-> offer, take --

    Bharata.saraasa-waterjar

    graasa-grass

    Cf.

    (vakra-curve,bhadra-cipher,darbha-grass,patra-leaf)

    paNa

    tra(tur)

    saasa/kshe/vaaja

    tra

    ksha,kshekshetra(kshatra)

    paNa or saastra paNa or sastra paNa or Turvasa paNa or trippaada(kings foot) paNa(praise,money .

    Patra(writ,paatra-jar,bhadra-king,vaasara-week,darbha-grass,sarpa-snake) is pa(va-two)sara(arrow,kara-hand).

    Harappa.com http://www.harappa.com/indus/27.html

    Eka

    cakra(karsha,garta-throne) paNa,maasha

    bhadraasana

    paNa,karsha,shodasa

    karsha,panca

    Eka cakra /eka karsha/ekasulka bhadra naaga(mahaaraaja) karsha(panca) vasna

    Harappa.com

    www.harappa.com/indus/89.html

    An individual spearing a water buffalo(cf.medhamaasha,balipaNa) .A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on.

    www.harappa.com/indus/90.html

    O n the reverse (90),a female deity is battling two tigers(bhadra-azana


    gharsha/karsha/paNa) and standing above an elephant(naaga,gaja-garja cf.kanaalady,Hitt.gazana-a lady.). A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel(aksha-cakrakarsha) is above the head of the deity. Cf.Sumer.gur-wheel,Heb.Heres-the sun,ophenwheelcakrakarsha paNa(bali-sacrifice,tax).Buffalo(mahaafestival,sacrifice,buffalo,maagha)-bali(sacrifice,tax) Mahaabali(a legendary king,the festival of maagha etc.)

    Cf.anka(a hook,a curve,a mark,stroke,9)-ankana(marking,seal)-ankaNa(yard)agna(fire,naga-the sun,naaga-elephant)-anga(limb,the number 6),angana( a woman,a yard/court,the female elephant of the northkankaNa(bangle,bracelet,crest,necklace,ornament,ornament round the feet of an elephant)-kaNa-kala-kara-hala-karsha-cakra-aksha-gaja Both seals indicate bhadraasana by maanava( man,maapana-scale,measure) on kaasara(karsha),vaama(woman) on gaja(karsha) etc.

    H-764b

    ka-trakarshapa-tra(bhadra-king,gold)

    smasru( moustachesma-face,dru-tree)

    gaja(ksha,bha)+

    tra,dra +

    aaza-

    seatbhadraasa(na-throne).

    DTIS page 109 H-247.A kneeling man holds a vessel

    kara +

    sha (man) karsha,garta(throne). PaNa(money,copper,praise,price,Vishnu) is paana


    also.

    .It

    is karsha(keras-horn,ka-head) and paNa(trade,hand)

    sa +

    va+

    nri(king,nara-

    man)svarNa(gold,suvarNa-karsha).

    DTISpage183.Monochrome goblet painted with three star symbols from Mehrgarh.3000-2600 B.C. Taaraka(star)karsha. Taarasarasiraka(head).Ka-trakarsha.

    2 taaraka2karsha paNa ;bhaara(Vishnu,20 tulaa) New and Full moon. ; kaaca(yoke)-gaja(elephant)karsha;bhaara(weight,Vishnu)paala-king ; paNa,na+papaNa ,chair-garta-bhadraasana-karsha

    paNa

    paarvaNa-oblations offered at

    , na+gaja=nishka

    Hence bhadraasaana bhaaramaana (pramaaNa-standard) 2 karsha paNa is indicated.

    DTIS page 188.M-304.

    Pasupati is vasupati(pasu-mriga-animals;vasu=rays,gold;pati-lord).To mrig is to beg.Samaja(assembly of animals or conjoined animals) is panca(5,karsha),paNasa(articles for trade),bandha(paNaagreement),vanda(praise) and sandhaa(to unite,agree,reconcile,bring together cf.Mal.canta-market place). Ashta(8) aja(ram) + da (da-hill,dos-hand,ta-tail). svarNa-naagahiraNyaaksha(haritasva-the sun,Hariscandra-the famous king who donated his kingdom to Visvaamitra and sold himself,his wife and his son to repay his debts to him ) gaja(paNa,gana) fish=na,sa,ma(naasa,maasha) This seal employs a dual direction reading from left to right and from right to left. Ga-ja= ha-ca =candra(moon) as ha=candra ,ca=candra . Hence elephant = candra vamsa(cf.Hastina pura,capital of the Candra vamsa kings.). Tiger = hari(lion,tiger,Indra) vamsa. The titles parthiva candraa(moon),vyaaghraadi(tiger),narendra(god) etc .are applied to kings. Candra=1 ,a spot similar to the moon .cf Cand=to shine,raa=gold Candra=cand(shine)-raa(gold)sama-ta-raasamataa(equality)-raa(gold) Samaja(group of animals-panca-5-karsha)bandha(agreement)paNasa(article for trade)paNataa(paNatva-price)panca(five)karsha Tiger(hari) + elephant(candra) haridasva(the sun)Hariscandra(the famous king)

    Hari(tiger)+sa( )harit(10) + gaja(8) haridasvahiranyaaksha(18)= harit(trinanetraIndrathe sun) Thus Haridasva(sun) is hiraNyaaksha(sun=paNa=bhaama). Harit(tiger)karsha.

    hari(harit)+ sa +na+ca+ra(elephant)=hariscandra Bhadra=va-tiger,sa-god,ra-fire;ra=R=elephant=unicorn=R;bhadrakarsha

    raa(gold)+sa

    raaja=raama=nri=hiraNyaaksha=

    raaja=naaga

    raaja(king) karshabhadra(raaja-king)pa/va-tra (cf. kara=va=da=hand,tra-tri)

    drava-fish/

    Cf.

    paaNa(palm,

    phaNa-hood of snake,paNa-trade,money)

    paana(jar)

    vana(water,house,leaf,tree cf.Hindi-paani-water,nava-nine

    ) vaNa(sound cf.vaaNi-word)

    paaNa(bhavana-house)

    bhaama(the sun)bhuvana(deity)pavana(wind=soma

    Ashta pada(ashtaapada-gold)ashta vasugold .Hence pada1/4,foot,gajaka(head)-sa(god)raaja(king)raa(gold)+sa(god)/aasa(seat)

    The panca(5) garja(roar,cry) animals indicate karsha(karajafingers5).Rohita(rakta-garta-karsha)/hariNa(deer,gold,haraNa-hand cf. ) also

    + r na ,nri,raaja-king,raaza-sound =na,ha=gaja=garja=karsha indicate the same sound and count. The proto-Siva seal.The animals(hariNa,hari,kari,kaasara,khadgi etc.indicate gold,Vishnu,Indra,Siva etc. and garja,garta and karsha .The horn of the deity is karsha(keras-sikhara-sekhara) by its ability to make garja, karsha,gharsha and its cakra-vakra shape.Tri-mukha(Buddha) is sriimukha(the kings shining face,the seventh year of the 60 year cycle). The drum(paNava) seat indicate paNa (money) and paNavii(Siva,vipaNa-sale). The deity sits in the bhadraasana style.Nishka(karshagarja-harsha) is indicated on the arms,neck and horns.HariNa(deer) is hariNa(gold) , karaNa(writ,deed,scribe) and rohita(rakta-garta-throne).Va(tiger)-sa(sha-man)-na(sanaaga-elephant) is vasna(panca-5,bandha-agreement,vanda-praise) or karsha.Gaja(garja) itself is Tiger ,unicorn(gaja-kas-hassus) and kaksha(buffalo,kaasara-asva-avasa-aksha).Suura-sankha-naaga-mriga(krena) man(panca) pana-sankha pana -575 dasara sazana=saadhana samaana krena=kiranahorn,karna-ear,parna-wing,leaf patra=bhadra(head,bull,circle,star) hariNa(deer)-paNa(drum)-karsha(tiger)-Sakti(Dakshaman+elephant)-kankaNaangada(saasana cf.Kankanaangada- a name or names)-gaja(Kaca,dasa,kaacaunicorn-ra)-Kaksha(buffalo,hasta-aksha-5,karsha,kaasara-sekhara) cf.raaja sekhara.

    HiraNyaaksha

    karsha,na

    paNa,va

    bhadra(aasana)

    panca,sa paNa,raaja,nri(cf.
    )

    karsha,va

    panca,sa

    aksha(karsha) ,va

    m1393a bhadraasana(throne) karsha paNa(money,praise) .Samaja(assembly of animals cf.M-304)-panca(5)-karsha.

    m1394a

    bhadraasana karsha(samaja-panca-5) paNa .

    m1395b

    bhadraasana karsha(samaja-panca-5) paNa.

    m296a paNa(sana-money,barter)

    bhadra(aasana-throne;patra-writ;Dvaaraka cf.dvaara-door)

    karsha,bhadraasana bhadraasana aksha(karsha,hiraNyaaksha) .Note the aasana of the bhadra(bull,king,gold) gaja(karsha-unicorn) on the patraasana-tree(dru-bhadravata-Fig tree). Vana(tree) is paNa.Dru(tree) is druu(gold).Druma(tree) is Drona/sroNa(throne).Vriksha(karsha) is vri( pra,srii,tri,dru)-gaja(garja-karsha) denoted by the unicorn(gajaka-head,sa-god;gar-jaroar;sa-karasakra-Indra)

    DTIS page 219.M-489B.Astanding human couple in sexual intercourse;two goats eating leaves from a tree;a bird and a three-headed animal. What is the relation of sex to goat,bird and three headed animal? The three(tra) headed(ka) and threebodied animals show garta,gaatra,karsha, mushka etc.Karsha is harsha(sex or erection of sex organs or hair).Karsha is

    ka(head)-tra(three) and karaja(fingers,claws).Karaja(harijahorizon;hara-fire,ja-bornaya-fire,ja-bornayas-gold,copperaja-ramsagod,bird,snake) is born from kara-hand,tax/hara-fire,ass.Kara is saya(sex,hand,snake cf.the original sin.Kaama is naaga-snakenagnanakednaaNaka-coingaNana-count). Surata(sex) is puruda(gold).Saya is sa(bird,god,snake) and aja(goat) , usha(dawn,udaya-sunriseu-saya) and ayas(gold,copper,bronze).Patraasana(eating leaves) by aja(goat,eka-1) or sasa(hare ;sata-100,dasa-10 cf.C2B7 from Mohenjo-daro) indicate Aja/Sasa bhadraasana.PaNa (saya-hand,sex) is money . 2 Mesha is 2 maasha.Pan is sound and sexual intercourse(cf.buck and fuck).Count(cf.Mal.cuuntu-to point) is sound(cf.Mal.cuntulips).Counting with the pointed index finger and gunja/maasha/sankha is making sanga(sex) with the erected linga(the pointed index finger and the fist is the erected linga and the mushka). Hence this indicates karsha/gold -2 maasha/ayas-bhadraasana-sa/patrakarsha(ka-tra). .

    DTIS page 227.H-182.Obverse.karsha(tiger) paNa(paNavadrum,sabda-count-sound-pound) sa kara phaNa-hood,paNa.

    sun,money,praise .The tiger+ drum=karshapaNa.This is duplicated by

    H-182.Reverse.

    .karshapaNa.

    H182b king)- bhadraasana(svastika

    karsha(garta-throne,panca-5)-sreNi(ladder,vedic trader groups,netrain square )

    DTIS page228.H-147.Signs of fireplace and intersecting circles.

    Hearthheartharta(the sun) ha(pa,bha,na,ma,ka-cipher)-tragarta-throne


    karsha,bhadra,bharata,raaja(top to bottom),aasa(face)

    Hearthuddhaana(tax,duty;rise,the rise of the sun,hair,feet,hands etc.indicate harsha and karsha;udaka-water being udaya-rise is karsha) uddhaara(hearth,credit,wealth gained by defeating enemies)uddaama(Varuna-having raised daama-rope,dhaama-seatthe godking)

    paNa,na headed bull)

    pa-naphaNa(naaga-raaga)bhaNa or ka-tra(karsha cf.cipher=ka=headthree

    aasa/paNa/sa

    karsha/paNa

    bhadra( aasa)

    karsha

    panca-

    5,bhadraasana(throne).

    Karsha(gaja)

    harsha,paaNa,paana,paNa,paatra,patra,sa

    Hence it is raaja(bhadra) naaga(aksha-paNa)-karsha

    or paatra-aasana(bhadraasana)

    .In fact the uddhaana(hearth) is the aasana for paatra placed on it during cooking. Sa(god)-aasana(seat) is saasana(rule,daana-gift) and saadhana(articles,sex organs.Sex being harsha is garta and karsha.).

    Raaja

    karsha

    paNa.

    m309a coin

    bhadraasana-throne aksha-5

    suvarNa-gold

    karsha

    paNa-

    karsha(cf.karka-thorn) paNa aksha-5 bhadraasana-throne .Bhadraasana karsha is also shown by the man (karsha) seated on the tree(patraasana).The tiger is karsha.

    m310a

    bhadraasana karsha(seat on tree and tiger) .

    paN a bhadraasana paNa bhadraasana(Dvaaraka cf. bhadraasana is svargaheaven.Seat of the sun is seat of the king),patra(writ).

    m1516b

    bhadraasana karsha .Vrisha(bhadra-bull,king,gold) is karsha.Note the open mark on gaatra-body

    mouth garja(roar) to indicate karsha.Ka-tra(karsha,bhadra-gold,haatra-wages) is also karsha.

    m1457b anantabhadra (aananda- harsha-happiness,bhadraauspiciousness,king,gold,full)kola-karsha-harta-sun Heb.heres-sun-paNa(sun,praisecf.Mal.vaNakkamnamas-praise)

    H180a hariNa(gold,hari-natwo tigers,Va-natwo tigerspaNa;hari=va=tiger;vana-treepaNa) muulyapaNa and bhadraasana is shown by the aasana(pose,seat) on the bhadra(head-siirshaasana),karsha by the gaatra(body) and the patra(druvana-tree-paNa) on the aasana(sroNa-buttocks,druma-tree,druuNa-scorpion cf. ) of the man on siirshaasana.Bhadra(king,head,gold) is paada(aasa-seat,raja-king). The two tigers indicate karsha paNa.This is one of the best seals giving graphic expression to vedic Bharata-the language of the Indus script -which not even a blind man can doubt or dispute.Bhadraasana karsha(tola) is also indicated by the other glyphs in the seal. There is a saying inMalayalam aasanattil aalu muLaccaal atum oru taNal-Even if a fig tree grows from ones buttocks,it will be considered a shade!

    m1186

    svarNa

    patra,bhadra

    aasana

    aasana-chair in paatra-cup with patra-parNa-leaves cf.s-varNa-gold paatraasana+patraasana bhadraasana, paNa(paana)


    gold,king,Bharata,Dvaaraka karshapaNa patra-writ,bhadra-

    sapta-7 angana-kanaa-vaama-women sabda-paNa,

    ankana-mark,gaNana-count.It indicates

    Sabda-sound-count-pound-paNa-vaNagarja-roarkarshavirgosapta cf .7+fish

    in

    H-9a patra(vana-leaf,paNa).

    Bhadra(girl,vaama)

    drava(fish,paaNa)

    Bhadra(svarNa-gold)svara(sun,sound,count)sabda(sound)sapta(7)svar-Na 7-Na(naari-hari-gold) Sapta kanaa=sapta naaga(the 7 naagas or serpents) also.Naaga/paNa is aasana. Sapta bhadra is bhadra naaga(7) or bhadraasana and is a substitute for the unicorn.

    L051a bhadraasana.

    bhadraasana paNa. Look at the head of the bhadra formed by the pegs to show
    bhadraasana,halaasana,balabhadra,hala,paNa paNa(aasana-seat,phaNa-snake),svarNa(gold)

    svarNa(gold),smaraNa(memory)

    m673a

    karsha(vriksha-vana-tree-paNa;patraasana-seat of leaves,bhadraasana-

    throne;sekhara-crest,sikhara-branch-Sakra-Indrakarsha paNa cf.7 virgo in M-1186)


    sapta(7,sabda-sound-count-pound;garja-roar-karsha) cf. etc.indicate reading in both directions. in H-9a or K-50

    m418ac-1 bhadraasana karsha(cf.patra-leaf on bhadraibex and patra-leaf) paNa(cf.phaNa-snake,naaga-snake,raaga-king,hema-gold,vana-tree,leaf)- 4 cf.Sa(sarpa) +va(patra-vi-bird)+ra(rohita-rakta-ibex)+na(vana-parNa-leaf,triNa-grass)svarNa(gold) .This indicates 4 suvarNa(karsha) of the throne.

    m410 karsha/ hariNa(gold cf.nakra-gharial) paNa( money cf.paaNa-palmhand;hasta-hand;matsa-drava-fish;bhadra-gold,king;patra-writ,leaf,bird). bhadraasana karsha(gharial) Asana(eating) is aasana(seat). Asana of drava is bhadraasana(throne).

    m312 bhadraasana(throne) panca(five) karsha (cf.Note the azana-throw of the karsha by the bhadra-bull,king,gold)

    m310a

    bhadraasana(seat on tree)karsha( garja-tiger,vriksha-tree) .

    bhadra(gold,king;patra-writ,Dvaaraka) paana-pot)

    aasana(seat,throne)

    karsha(karaja-fingers,kalasa-

    paNa(vaaha-hasta-haraNa-palm,hariNa-haataka-gold)

    . m308

    paNa

    suvarNa(hiraNya)

    karsha

    bhadraasana(throne)

    m272

    bhadra naaga(rohita-rakta-garta-karsha)

    suvarNa

    aksha(karsha), paNa

    m1224e

    karsha(sekhara-crest,gaatra-body) paNa(raised palm) bhadraasana(bulls tail).

    k50ac

    bhadraasana karsha( bhadra-girl on garja-tiger-roar) paNa(vana-tree) 4

    karsha(gaja-elephant,kusa-sara-grass;harit-triNa-grass;Indra;netra-king) -

    k41a

    garja(roar-Tiger )karsha

    h723b

    vana(tree)-paNa(sun,money,praise)-bali(tax,tree,sacrifice);patraasana(seat of leaves)-

    bhadraasana(throne) = h742b paatraasana(seat on pot)-bhadraasana(throne).With the unicornbhadranaaga(gaja garja-vrisha)-karsha it indicates bhadraasana karsha(kara-bha-elephantkara-taxpa-rulerking) paNa.

    h179b

    paNa(vana,nava)-patraasana(tree,bhadraasana-throne)

    h094

    karsha paNa (the hand is made paNa paana with the tiger-garja makes it karsha paNa).

    .A kaksha - bhadra-bull;paatra-

    aksha svarNa(hiraNya-gold) raja(king)hiraNyaaksha( enemy of Vishnu)RaavaNa(enemy of Raama(nri=king=god).RaavaNa(varaaNa-Indra,nripa-king) is raa-gold,paNa-money,sun.

    h032

    bhadra-king,gaja-naaga-elephant,sa,ka
    is karsha and nishka.

    kara-

    hand,paNakarshapanca(five) .Kalasa

    h009a
    Na(gold).

    sapta

    paNa,na sapta(7,sabdasvar-sound) paNasvar-

    Dmd001a

    sa(god,sarpa-snake,ka,karsha,cakra,aksha,arka,vakra,Sakra,Sagara),paNa(phaNa)

    Ka=Brahma,Vishnu,prajaapati,the sun,head,water,wealth,happiness,fire,sound,king etc. Ha=Siva,Vishnu,water,sky,pleasure,horripilation

    dmd003
    sagaja

    kara-sa(aksha-5,gaja-elephant,karsha,cakra-wheel,Sakra-Indra) cf.

    kara-

    Cylind-9 Karsha is ploughing/farming.Vrisha is karsha.Suuna is soma.Bhadra is bull, king and gold.Katir(ear of corn) is karsha.Hala-plough is kara-hand and paNa-money.

    Ho93a va,ka,sa sara sacrifice;karsha,varsha-year;vrisha-;rishabha-bull

    bhadra-king,gold;satra-

    k026

    bhadraasana karsha paNa(Note the replacement of the

    by the

    paana-

    paatra-pot-sarpa-snake which agrees with the patra(leaf,5 ;vana-leaf,paNa-money,sun ). Patra( paleaf,writ;bhadra-king,bull elephant)+ na( naaga-phaNa-paana-paNa or bhadranaaga)paNa; karsha(unicorn) paNa; 8 paNa(naaga8 cf.paaNa-hand)

    vana(pa-leaf ) +

    na(naaga/bhadranaaga,naasa)paNabhavanakarsha paNa.

    Naaga is bhadranaaga(gaja-elephant,bhadraasana-karsha-vrisha-unicorn)

    k027 hiraNyaaksha =raaja(sa=snake,god;naaga-snake,naasa-nose cf.raaja paNa is nose money) =dyumna(garja is dyumna RV.AV splendor,majesty,author of RV.5.53), dyumnavat-inspired or clearly sounding RV.RV.3.29.15 ,5.28.4 Aksha(karsha,snake,eye,5) is dyuuta(gambling) too.

    dvi(ravi-sun-paNa;raa-gold) + cf.HiraNyaaksha is the king.

    sa(sarpa-snake,god)dvija(a Brahmin)raaja(king)

    k049 Karsha(tiger) paNa(vana) bhadraasana(seat on patra) paNa(raised hand) aksha (balance,karsha-paNa-sama-equal) 10

    K053

    bhadraasana paNa(karsha-money,vana-leaf)

    m018a
    paNa,bhadra(gold) 12 . Also

    svarNa(karsha-ghasra- paNa-sun;bhadraasana-throne),
    12 sa vana-paNa-house12 savana(sacrifice).

    DTIS page 82 . H-94 .Tiger Cowry . Cypraea tigris.Krisana


    (gold,conch) paNa . Panca(sa)

    va(hand)

    paNa(nri-king,suvarNa-gold

    karsha)PaNa(barter)bandha(barter). Gaatra is karsha/haatra/maatra.Nri(king) is hari(Indra,tiger,lion,gold,srii-the sun,Lakshmi,Va-tiger,Varuna,hand cf.uddaama -having raised rope is Varuna/Yama.).Vrika is tiger and kshatriya.Tiger is garja and karsha. Karsha is stressed by the Tiger(garja-gaja-dasa or ta-tail+body-sadasa/sata) with bold karaja(claws,sankhasa-with,nakha-nail), a wide open mouth(garja) and a gaatra(body) full of karsha laksha(scratch/streak) and the bhadra(head) of a kaasara(buffalo,bhadra-bull,paatra-paana-paNa,garta-throne,Mal.kasera-chair Grk.boubalos cf.bhuupaala-king) or aja(ram)..This is aksha(balance,kakshabuffalo).Graduated buffalo horns(keras-karsha-garta-bhadra) were used as balances by the Harappans. Balanceaksha(pan,panca-5)bandha-agreementvanda-veneration The unicorn(bhadra=bull,tiger,elephant,buffalo) is the tiger.The paatra aasana -jar throne-is simplified as the buffalo head.
    gaatra

    karshagarja(tiger) kaasara(buffalo)

    Pa

    + na

    paNa

    This is thus karsha paNa by the tiger and paana and by the gaatra and paNa in the glyph

    The aksha(balance/kaksha-buffalo,bull,grass

    ) + tiger

    or

    aksha-karsha-

    panca-5 is corroborated by the panca-5-anga-limb-gaatra-body. .

    Note the karshagarja(gaja) sarpaharshahara-sa-god,snakeharita(tail,sa- god,snake).Vaara is bhaara , and viira .

    svarNa(hiraNya) + , aksha(snake) HiraNyaksha(killed by Vishnu;hiraNya=aksha=karsha,aksha-Sesha/Ananta is the aasana/saya

    of Vishnu.Aksha is kaasa-light/kesa-hair/gaja-elephant/kaksha-buffaloe/pakshawing/bhaksha/bhiksha-gift/vaksha-chest. Sesha is teja-splendour.).This karsha paNa might belong to Bharata-Vyaaghrapad -=author of RV.9.97.16-18 .Hence
    vyaaghraBharata. The prominent claws of the Tiger can indicate Vyaaghrapad also.

    The bhadraasana (paNa,maapana) symbol is replaced by other paNa(karsha,garta-garja) symbols like paNa
    , , , = = , maapana(maanava) , bhaNa(phaNa,paana) ,bhadra

    etc. in seals like B001a,B003,B004,M223,C017,K026,M006A,M007A,M008A,M1224B etc.

    b003 )-

    (cf.baaNa-sara-arrowpaana-pot,paatra-pot)

    paNa(sada-na is paNa cf.

    : :aya(4,good luck,die for gambling,bhadraasana-throne) .PaNa+ayapaNya(commodity to

    be bought or sold)kanya(virgo-bhadra-kanaka-gold-karsha).Kanya being ka-naka(gold) and bhadra(girl,gold,king) appears in sevarl seals with elephant(gaja-garja-karsha) and tiger(garja-karsha). Naari(lady-bhadra) is nri(king) - hari(lion,tiger)-kari(elephant) etc.

    B004
    krama-karagraaha-gharial)

    pa (sa cf.pa-king,snake,bird=sa-god,bird,snake)

    Na(na-

    8,karsha cf.rohita-rakta-garta-makhor-makara-mihira-bhadra-

    hariNa ;paNa-samapancama,vandana,naaga paNa etc.

    c017

    svarNa(karsha)

    pa(Na)

    na(nara-man,nri-king),panca(5,karsha)karsha

    paNa.Maanava-manpaNa/

    maa-pana-scale/maana-measure/bhadraasana-throne/garta-throne/karsha is confirmed by the

    substitution in front of the unicorn.Hence bhadraasana/garta/karsha/bhadra (king,gold,auspiciousness).

    m006a

    Note the bhadra(circle,cipher

    )on the paatra-cup

    and the patra-leaf on the aasana(seat,amza-shoulder,amsa-portion) of the bull (bhadra-elephant)to make bhadraasana-throne in this seal .
    bhadra aasana kara(paNa) sa(patrabird,bhadra-king)bhadraasana(throne) karsha(paNasa-article,panca-5,bandha-agreement,vandapraise).

    m007a

    m008a

    Note the addition of bhadra(dots,cipher) on the paatra(cup) and the naaga/sarpa(talpa-seat) signs on the aasana-seat to make it a resounding bhadraasana-throne.

    m1224b

    paatraasana(throne) before the unicorn(karsha) is substituted

    by the bhadra(king,cipher

    )aasana itself.

    karsha paNa

    karsha

    pa(leaf)-

    na(two=paNa)m223 panca,karsha)

    karsha

    paNa(bhadra naaga,sa)

    karsha(

    Bhadraasana is replaced by the paatra(jar) and patra(leaf) aasana of the deity and the bhadra(head) on the aasana(piitha) and the bhadraa(kanaa) and aja(naaga-mesha-maasha) in M-1186.

    The unicorn being bhadra(paada-1/4,raaja-king) naaga(bhadra- 1/4) , vrisha(bull) being karsha and vrata it can indicate karsha (1/2 vrisha or karsha16 ruttee cf.shodasa-16 and king Sudas.Hence the unicorn can indicate the Sudas series of money writs/bullas? ) also.Pritha( cf.perutah,beka etc.of shekel)is palm of the hand(Hitt.kessaras-hand-karsha),karaja(panca-5) is the fingers which make the garja(gaNita-calculation,gaja-elephant) for the karsha.The thumb forms the single horn of the

    unicorn(cf.hasta-hand,hastin-elephant-gaja-unicorn-karsha.Gr.keres-horn).The double horned bull (both hands-dos=dasa=10)can indicate the full karsha(garta-throne,vrisha-bull,vrata-command ).cf.

    note the eka(1)-cakra(wheel,aksha-snake,5;gaja-elephant,8;aja-ram;karsha) wheel.cf.aksha

    16 maasha80 ruttee1 karsha(aksha/cakra/bhadra/ha/na/ra/pa/va

    ,tiger)

    Cf.

    svar+ na(

    cipher,

    naaga)=svarNa(gold,karsha).

    1 tolaka(1/2 karsha cf.1/2 shekel-beka) , karsha(paNa)raaja(king,naagasnake/elephant,naaza-nose)paNa.Raaja paNa is nose money.

    ra/na+

    ra/na +

    sa(pan-ca) +

    paNaraaja paNa

    The unicorn is bhadra(bull,king,gold)-naaga(snake) or mahaa(great)-bhadra(bull,king) or bhadra(bull)-tama(greatest) which is the elephant(aleph-tama,sama).An elephant is the bhadra(bull,king) by its tusk(horn) , body and tail but is the naaga(snake) by its trunk(proboscis).The nakra(gharial,naaga-snake,naga-arka-the sun) with its long snout is another naaga and is often portrayed with the elephants in the IVC seals to show bhadranaaga(the unicorn).

    The bhadra (sarpa-naaga-snake ) on the head of the unicorn is the kara(trunk) of the elephant(bhadra naaga). It is the Mal.amsavati (crosier) of the metraan (bishop,netra-king cf.patron,matron,mitre) and the naaga(snake,naga-the sun,raaga-raaja-king) on the phaala(forehead,paala-bhadra-king) of the Egyptian Pharaoh(prabhu-lord).Bhadra naaga(sarpa,srava) is sarva(all) bhadra (auspicious) or bhadra(king) sarva(for all).Naaga(Mal.naaraka-

    lemon,haataka-gold) + sana(paNa) kaancanagold;naagaasana-Garuda-garta(throne)-karsha .

    aasanaamsadaananaazanaagagaanakaamamaha

    naagaasana(Garuda-eater of naagas-snakes or elephants;aazana garta-of Vishnu ) naagaazana(aazana-seat on naaga-snake,ram,elephant,naaka-arrow,the sky cf.anantanaaganaaka-saya of Vishnu or sara-naaka-naaga-saya of Bhiishmar) Garuda(paksha,patra,vi,sa-bird;visa-trader) garta(throne) garja(roar) gaja(elephant) ksha(NarasimhaVishnu) karsha karaja(finger,claw)cakra(cf.cakravaaLahorizon) harija(horizon) harsha(erection) sikhara(branch)sekhara(crest)sikha(crest,tuft of hair)sakra(Indra)saakha(branch)sivaRudra bhadra(king,Rudra,Durga)patra(leaf,bird) Garuda(patra,paksha-bird,wing) is gaja(bhadra) and is called suparNa(svarNa-puurNa-suurya cf.Anna puurNa). Bhadraasana(aasana on bhadrabull,girl,gold,simha,gaja,leaf,snake,bird throne-sroNa-droNa-

    druuNa

    -druma

    -trina

    )paatraasana
    ,

    patraasana(Garuda,Aja-Rudra-in H-178B) paada(feet, bhadra=

    bhadra

    paada=raja=nri=hari=king)

    Vriksha(druma-tree,karsha) is the aasana(seat) of patra(leaf,bhadra-king,bull,bharata-firecf.M1186,bulls tied to asvattha etc.) or is patraasana(bhadraasana) or Rudraasana(bhadra- Rudra- patrabharata - bhaarata).A vriksha being vri-ksha has a ksha(gaja,narasimha) in it. Similarly a nakshatra( bha

    ) being naaga(gaja-naaka-elephant,arrow,sky,naga-the

    sun,tree,mountain)-satra(house-star) is bhadraasana(patraasana;bhadra-patra cf.H-179,M305)

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