Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-1

Problem 2-1
Show T
3
/T
2
= T
4
/T
1
for an Otto cycle
Solution:
(a) From the cycle analysis of Section 2.2:
(b)
1
4
2
3
3
4
1
2
1
3
4
1
1
2
1
)
1
(
T
T
T
T
and
T
T
T
T
r T
T
r
T
T

2
1
2
3
2
1
4
1
2 3
1 4
2 3
1 4
1
1
1
1 1
) (
) (
1
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
T T
so
T T mc Q
T T mc Q
Q
Q
in
out
out
in

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-2
Problem 2-2
Derive the imep equation, equation 2.8
Solution:
(
,
\
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
r
r
V
Q
P P
imep
r
r
V V V V
r
V
V
V
V V
r
Q W
V
W
imep
in
d d c
d
c
c
d c
in
d

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-3
Problem 2-3
Derive (T
3
/T
2
)

= T
4
/T
1
, and Equations 2.12 and 2.13 for a Diesel cycle
Solution:
(a)
(b)

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

1
4
2
3
1 4
1
1
4
3
3
4
1
1
2 3
2
3
2
3
1
1
2
T
T
T
T
T T
r V
V
T
T
T r T T
T
T
V
V
r
T
T
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 13 . 2 .
1 1
1
1
: 3 2
12 . 2 .
1
1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
2 3
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
2 3
1 4
Eq
r V P
Q
so
c
R
T R
V P
m
c m
Q
T T from law first the of n Applicatio
T
T
Eq
r
T r T r
T T
T T c
T T c
Q
Q
in
p
p
in
p
v
in
out

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-4
Problem 2-4
For equal maximum temperature and work done, is Diesel or Otto more efficient ?
Solution
The T-S diagram below shows the two cycles (1-2-3-4), labeled as d:Diesel, and o:Otto. The
constant pressure line (P) has a smaller slope than the constant volume line (v), since constant
pressure processes will have a smaller temperature rise than constant v processes for the same
heat input.
Since the Diesel cycle compression is greater than the Otto cycle compression, T
2d
> T
2o
Therefore, s
3d
< s
3o
at T
max
and for an isentropic expansion from 3 to 4, s
4d
< s
4o
q
out,d
< q
out,o
. Since q
in
= q
out
+ w, q
in,d
< q
in,o
Now
d
= w/q
in,d
and
o
= w/q
in,o

d
>
o
. The Diesel cycle is more efficient.
v
v
P
T
S
Tmax
1
2o
2d
3d
3o
4o
4d
ds T q
out

1
4
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-5
Problem 2-5
Diesel cycle compression ratio needed to have same thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle with a
compression ratio of 9
Solution:
Let d:Diesel cycle, and o:Otto cycle. Choosing representative values of = 1.3 and Q
in
/P
1
V
1
=
30, we have:
( )
7 . 20
, ,
923 . 6 1
1
30
3 . 1
3 . 0
1
1 1
1
483 . 0
1
1 1
1
483 . 0 9 1
1
1
3 . 0
3 . 0 1
1 1
1
3 . 1 1
1

+ +

d
d
d
d d
in
d
d
o
o
r
solver equation an with r for solution Upon
r
r r
V P
Q
r
r

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-6
Problem 2-6
Show that gas Otto cycles have the imep of Q
in
(-1)/P
1
V
1
in the limit as r 1
(The Diesel cycle has a different limit, see Fig. 2-5)
Solution:
( )
( ) 1
1
1
1
1 lim
lim lim
' '
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

V P
Q
imep
and
is r as
r r
r r
So
b
a
b
a
rule s Hopital l From
r r
r r
V P
Q
r r
r
V P
Q
imep
in
in in
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-7
Problem 2.7
What are the parameters , , for a given Dual cycle?
Solution
The maximum pressure P
3
is 8000 kPa, the compression ratio r is 17:1, Q
in
/P
1
V
1
= 30, and the
inlet conditions are 101 kPa and 320 K. Assume = 1.3
From Eq. (2.17)
= (1/r

)P
3
/P
1
= (1/17
1.3
)(8000/101) = 1.99
From Eq. (2.16)
From Eq. (2.15)
104 . 2
1 3 . 1
1 99 . 1
17
1
30
3 . 1 99 . 1
1 3 . 1
1
3 . 0

]
]
]
,

+
529 . 0
)) 1 104 . 2 ( 99 . 1 3 . 1 ( ) 1 99 . 1 (
1 104 . 2 99 . 1
17
1
1
3 . 1
3 . 0

]
]
]
,

,
+


Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-8
Problem 2.8
Derive the Miller cycle efficiency and imep equations, 2.20 and 2.21
Solution
We need to get and imep as a function of , and . Using a state by state cycle analysis
1-2: T
2
= T
1
r
c
-1
2-3: Q
in
= m c
v
(T
3
T
2
)
3-4: T
4
= T
3
r
e
1-
4-5: Q
out
= m c
v
(T
4
T
5
) + m c
p
(T
5
T
1
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
) 20 . 2 . (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 4
1
1 2 3
1 5 5 4 1 5 5 4
1 5
1
5
1
5
1 1
5 5
1
5
2
1
3
5
Eqn
V P
Q
r
T c
q
r
T c
q
r
r
c
q
T T
cv
q
r T
mc
Q
T T
mc
Q
T T T T
Q
T T mc T T mc
Q
Q
T T
T
T
RT
RT
V P
V P
V
V
V
V
V
V
r
r
in
c
v
in
c
v
in
e
e
v
in
in
c
v
in
v
in
in
v v
in
out
c
e

+

+
+ +
+

+

) 21 . 2 . (
1
1
/
1 1 1
1
1 1
2 5
Eqn
r
r
V P
Q
P
imep
r
r
V
r
V
r
V
r V V V
Q W
V W imep
c
c in
c
c
c c
e d
d

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-9
Problem 2.9
For Otto and Miller cycles that have equal compression ratios, what are the thermal efficiencies?
Solution
Note that the imeps are not equal. The Otto cycle has a greater imep.
( )
( )
56 . 0
3 . 0 30
3 . 1 ) 3 . 0 ( 5 . 1 5 . 1
15 1
1
1
1
498 . 0 10 1 1
3 . 0
3 . 0
1 1
1
1
3 . 0 1

V P
Q
r
r
in
c Miller
c Otto

0 . 12 56 . 0
1 15
10
30
1
6 . 16 498 . 0
9
10
30
1
1 1 1
1 1 1

(
,
\
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

Diesel
in Diesel
Otto
in Otto
r
r
V P
Q
P
imep
r
r
V P
Q
P
imep

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-10
Problem 2.10
Develop a complete expansion cycle model where P
4
= P
atm
.
Solution
The PV diagram for the complete expansion cycle is shown below:
T
4
/T
3
= (V
3
/V
4
)
-1
= (1/)
-1
T
2
/T
1
= (V
1
/V
2
)
-1
= (V
1
/V
4
)
-1
(V
4
/V
2
)
-1
= ()
-1
Therefore:
(T
2
/T
1
)(T
4
/T
3
) =
-1
T
2
/T
3
=
-1
(T
1
/T
4
)
Since P
1
= P
4
, we have from the ideal gas law
T
1
/V
1
= T
4
/V
4
or
T
1
/T
4
= V
1
/V
4
=
) / 1 (
) / 1 (
1
) (
) (
1 1
3 2 3
4 1 4
2 3
1 4
T T T
T T T
T T c
T T c
Q
Q
v
p
in
out

1
1
1
1
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-11
Problem 2.11
Plot the heat release fraction curve for different n values
Solution
(a)
n where x
b
= 0.1 where x
b
= 0.5 where x
b
= 0.9
2 -5 +5 +17
3 0 +10 +21
4 +5 +15 +23
As n increases, the ignition delay increases and the heat release occurs later in the compression
and expansion process.
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-12
Problem 2.12
Determine the effect of the heat release duration on the engine parameters
Solution
Assuming the engine speed is 3000 rpm (the default applet value), the input to the finite heat
release applet for = 40
o
(Engine 1) and 20
o
(Engine 2) without heat transfer is shown below,
Also shown are the Results Table, and the pressure profiles. Since the ignition onset was 10
degrees, burn durations of 10 and 5 degrees will complete during the compression stroke,
reducing the net work and other parameters, relative to longer burn durations that extend into the
expansion stroke. The largest net work, power, imep, and efficiency occurred for = 20 degrees,
which had a peak pressure at +10 degrees.
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-13
Problem 2.12 (cont.)
Table Summary of Performance Data

d
Work Power (kW) imep
40 985 24.16 14.6 0.387
30 1011 25.28 15.0 0.397
20 1022 25.55 15.2 0.401
10 1016 25.4 15.1 0.399
5 1006 25.17 15.0 0.395
Pressure Profiles for = 40
o
(Engine 1) and 20
o
(Engine 2) without heat transfer
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-14
Problem 2.13
Design an engine with a equal bore and stroke to produce 25 kW per cylinder.
Solution
Using the finite heat release applet for Engine 1 without heat transfer, the bore and stroke
required for 25 kW are 102 mm, as shown below:
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-15
Problem 2.14
Develop a four stroke Diesel cycle model with r=22, =1.3, T
i
=300K, P
i
=101, P
i
/P
e
= 0.98,
M=29 and q
in
= 2090
Solution
Properties: R = R
u
/M = 8.314/29 = 0.287, R/c
p
= (-1)/ c
p
= 1.24
Cycle analysis
Since we dont know T
e
and f, we will make a reasonable guess, and iterate until converged.
Assume f = 0.05, T
e
= 1000 K
T
1
= (1-f)T
i
+ f T
e
[1-(1-P
i
/P
e
)((-1)/)] = 334.7 K (Equation 2.54)
P
1
= P
i
= 0.98 P
e
= 0.98 bar
P
2
= P
1
r

= 54.5 bar
T
2
= T
1
r
-1
= 846 K
T
3
= q (1-f)/c
p
+ T
2
= 2446 K
P
3
= P
2
= 54.5 bar
T
4
= T
3
(/r)
-1
= 1330 K
P
4
=P
3
(/r)

= 3.89 bar
T
5
= T
4
(P
e
/P
4
)
(-1)/

972

e
= T
5
= 972 K
We can now recalculate f. f = 1/r (T
4
/T
e
) (P
e
/P
4
) = 0.016, . Using a Table, we have good
convergence within three iterations.
i f T
1
P
1
T
2
P
2
T
3
P
3
T
4
P
4
e
1 0.05 335 0.98 846 54.5 2446 54.5 1330 3.89 972
2 0.16 310 0.98 785 54.5 2442 54.5 1358 4.28 972
3 0.148 310 0.98 783 54.5 2442 54.5 1359 4.28
Therefore = T
3
/T
2
= 3.119
The cycle parameters are
( ) ( )
514 . 0
1 119 . 3 3 . 1
1 119 . 3
22
1
1
1
1 1
1
3 . 1
1 3 . 1 1

r
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-16
pmep = P
i
/P
e
= 0.02 bar
imep
net
= imep - pmep = 12.21 bar

net
= (1-pmep/imep) = 0.513
bar
r RT
f
q P
r
r
V
Q
imep
in
23 . 12
/ 1 1
1
1
1
1
1

(
,
\
,
(
j

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-17
Problem 2.15
Determine the effect of inlet throttling on the peak pressure of a four stroke Otto cycle
Solution
As shown in the plot below, the effect is linear. There is a linear relationship between the peak
pressure P
3
and the inlet pressure P
i
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
20 40 60 80 100 120
Pi (kPa)
P
3

(
k
P
a
)
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-18
Problem 2.16
Determine the indicated power of the engine of Example 2.3 given n
c
, bore, stroke, and rpm.
Solution
Given: n
c
= 4, b = 0.1 m, s = 0.08 m and N = 2000 rpm
From Equation 1.9,
For a two stroke engine, the indicated power would double.
kW
N V imep W
N V
W
imep
d i
d
i
0 . 28
60
2000
08 . 0 1 . 0
4
4 669
2
1
2
1
2
2

(
,
\
,
(
j

Chapter 2 Gas Cycles

Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-19
Problem 2.17
Why is the exhaust temperature T
e
during the constant pressure exhaust stroke not the same as
the average temperature of the gases exhausted ?
Solution
Gases at temperatures greater than T
e
are also exhausted during the blowdown phase. The
average temperature of the gases leaving the engine depend on the definition of average. A time
average, mass flow rate average, and enthalpy average are all different, since the mass and
enthalpy flow varies with crank angle.
Chapter 2 Gas Cycles
Ferguson and Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines 2-20
Problem 2.18
Derive Eq. (2.65)
Solution
The heat input per kg of gas mixture m is
q
in
= Q
in
/m
= m
f
/m q
c
The equivalence ratio = F/F
s
so F = F
s
The air-fuel ratio is
F = m
f
/m
a
So m
f
= F m
a
= F
s
m
a
The mixture mass m is
m = m
f
+ m
a
= m
a
(m
f
/m
a
+ 1)
= (1+F)m
a
= (1 + F
s
) m
a
Therefore
Q
in
= F
s
/(1+ F
s
) q
c