Network Analyzer Basics

Network Analyzer Basics
Network Analyzer Basics www.agilent.com/find/backtobasics

Network Analysis is NOT.…
Router
Bridge
Repeater
Hub
Your IEEE 802.3 X.25 ISDN

switched-packet data stream
is running at 147 MBPS with
-9
a BER of 1.523 X 10 . . .

What Types of Devices are Tested?
High
Duplexers RFICs
Diplexers MMICs
Filters T/R modules
Couplers Transceivers
Bridges
Splitters, dividers Receivers
Combiners Tuners
Isolators Converters
Circulators
Integration
Attenuators VCAs
Adapters Amplifiers
Opens, shorts, loads Antennas
Delay lines VCOs
Cables Switches VTFs
Transmission lines Multiplexers Oscillators
Waveguide Mixers Modulators
Resonators Samplers VCAtten’s
Multipliers
Dielectrics
Low
R, L, C's Diodes Transistors
Passive Device type Active

Device Test Measurement Model
Complex
84000 RFIC test
Ded. Testers BER Full call

EVM sequence
VSA ACP Pulsed S-parm.
Harm. Dist. Pulse profiling
LO stability Regrowth
SA Intermodulation
Image Rej. NF Constell.
Distortion
Eye
VNA Gain/Flat. Compr'n
Response
Phase/GD AM-PM
TG/SA Isolation
Rtn Ls/VSWR
SNA
tool
Impedance
S-parameters
NF Mtr. NF
Imped. An.
LCR/Z
Param. An. I-V
Measurement
Power Mtr. Absol.
Simpl
Power plane
Det/Scope Gain/Flatness
e
DC CW Swept Swept Noise 2-tone Multi- Complex Pulsed- Protocol

freq power tone modulation
RF
Simple Stimulus type Complex

Lightwave Analogy to RF Energy
Incident
Transmitted
Reflected
Lightwave
DUT
RF

Why Do We Need to Test Components?
• Verify specifications of “building blocks” for more

complex RF systems
• Ensure distortionless transmission
of communications signals
– linear: constant amplitude, linear phase / constant group
delay
– nonlinear: harmonics, intermodulation, compression, AM-
to-PM conversion
• Ensure good match when absorbing
power (e.g., an antenna)
KPWR FM 97

The Need for Both Magnitude and Phase
S21
1. Complete
S11 S22
characterization of
linear networks S12
2. Complex impedance 4. Time-domain
needed to design characterization
matching circuits
Mag
3. Complex values Time

needed for device
modeling High-frequency transistor model 5. Vector-error correction
Error
Base
Collector
Measured
Emitter
Actual

Agenda
What measurements do we make?

Transmission-line basics
Reflection and transmission
parameters
S-parameter definition
Network analyzer hardware

Signal separation devices
Detection types
Dynamic range
T/R versus S-parameter test sets
Error models and calibration

Types of measurement error
One- and two-port models
Error-correction choices
Basic uncertainty calculations
Example measurements
Appendix

Transmission Line Basics
+ -
I
Low frequencies
wavelengths >> wire length
current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power
transmission
measured voltage and current not dependent on position
along wire
High frequencies
wavelength ≈ or << length of transmission medium
need transmission lines for efficient power transmission
matching to characteristic impedance (Zo) is very important
for low reflection and maximum power transfer
measured envelope voltage dependent on position along
line

Transmission line Zo
• Zo determines relationship between voltage and current
waves
• Zo is a function of physical dimensions and εr
• Zo is usually a real impedance (e.g. 50 or 75 ohms)
1.5
Twisted-pair
1.4 attenuation is
Waveguide lowest at 77 ohms
1.3
a 1.2
normalized values
50 ohm standard
1.1
b
1.0
Coaxial
εr h
0.9
0.8
h
0.7 power handling capacity
peaks at 30 ohms
w1 0.6
w
w2 0.5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Coplanar Microstrip characteristic impedance

for coaxial airlines (ohms)

Power Transfer Efficiency
RS
For complex impedances, maximum

RL
power transfer occurs when ZL = ZS*
(conjugate match)
Rs +jX
1.2
1
(normalized)
Load Power
0.8 -jX
0.6
0.4 RL
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RL / RS
Maximum power is transferred when RL = RS

Transmission Line Terminated with Zo
Zo = characteristic
Zs = Zo impedance of
transmission line
Zo
Vinc
Vrefl = 0! (all the incident power

is absorbed in the load)
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo

behaves like an infinitely long transmission line

Transmission Line Terminated with
Short, Open
Zs = Zo
Vinc
Vrefl In-phase (0o) for open,

out-of-phase (180o) for short
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in a

short or open reflects all power back to source
Transmission Line Terminated with 25 Ω
Zs = Zo
ZL = 25 Ω
Vinc
Vrefl
Standing wave pattern does not go to zero

as with short or open

High-Frequency Device Characterization
Incident
Transmitted
R
B
Reflected
A
REFLECTION TRANSMISSION
Reflected A Transmitted B
= =
Incident R Incident R
Return Group
SWR Gain / Loss Delay
Loss
S-Parameters Impedance, Insertion
S11, S22 Reflection Admittance S-Parameters Phase
Coefficient S21, S12 Transmission
R+jX,
Γ, ρ G+jB Coefficient
Τ,τ
Reflection Parameters
Reflection Vreflected ZL − ZO
Coefficient Γ =
Vincident
= ρ Φ =
Z L + ZO
Return loss = -20 log(ρ), ρ = Γ
Voltage Standing Wave
Emax
Emin
Ratio
Emax 1+ρ
VSWR = =
Emin 1-ρ
No reflection Full reflection

(ZL = Zo) (ZL = open, short)
0 ρ 1
∞ dB RL 0 dB
1 VSWR ∞
Smith Chart Review .
o
+jX Polar plane 90
1.0
.8
.6
.4
0 +R
∞→ + 180o .2 o
0
-
0 ∞
-jX
Rectilinear impedance -90 o

plane
Constant X
Z L = Zo Constant R
Smith Chart maps Γ= 0
rectilinear Z L = 0 (short) ZL = (open)
impedance Γ= 1 ±180
O
Γ =1 0
O
plane onto polar

plane
Smith chart
Transmission Parameters
V Incident V Transmitted
DUT
V Transmitted
Transmission Coefficient = Τ = = τ∠φ
V Incident
V Trans
Insertion Loss (dB) = - 20 Log = - 20 log τ
V Inc
V Trans
Gain (dB) = 20 Log = 20 log τ
V Inc

Linear Versus Nonlinear Behavior
A * Sin 360o * f (t - to)
A
Linear behavior:
input and output frequencies are
Time
to the same (no additional
frequencies created)
Sin 360o * f * t A
phase shift = output frequency only undergoes
to * 360o * f
magnitude and phase change
Time f Frequency
1
Input DUT Output
Nonlinear behavior:
f Frequency output frequency may
1 Time
undergo frequency shift
(e.g. with mixers)
additional frequencies
created (harmonics,
f
1 Frequency intermodulation)

Criteria for Distortionless Transmission
Linear Networks
Linear phase over
Constant amplitude over bandwidth of
bandwidth of interest interest
Magnitude
Frequency
Phase
Frequency

Magnitude Variation with Frequency
F(t) = sin wt + 1/3 sin 3wt + 1/5 sin 5wt
Time
Time
Linear
Network
Magnitude
Frequency Frequency Frequency

Deviation from Linear Phase
Use electrical delay to
remove linear portion of
phase response
Linear electrical length
Deviation from linear
RF filter response added
phase
(Electrical delay function)
Phase 45 /Div
Phase 1 /Div
o
o
+ yields
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Low resolution High resolution

Why Measure Group Delay?
Phase
Phase
f f
−d φ −d φ
dω dω
Group
Delay
Group
Delay
f f
Same p-p phase ripple can result in different

group delay
Why Use S-Parameters?
relatively easy to obtain at high frequencies
measure voltage traveling waves with a vector network analyzer
don't need shorts/opens which can cause active devices to oscillate or self-
destruct
relate to familiar measurements (gain, loss, reflection coefficient ...)
can cascade S-parameters of multiple devices to predict system performance
can compute H, Y, or Z parameters from S-parameters if desired
can easily import and use S-parameter files in our electronic-simulation tools
Incident S 21 Transmitted
a1
S11 b2
Reflected DUT
S22
Port 1 Port 2 Reflected
b1
a2
Transmitted S12 Incident
b1 = S11 a1 + S12 a 2
b 2 = S21 a1 + S22 a 2

Measuring S-Parameters
S b2
Incident 21 Transmitted
a1
Z0
S 11
Forward Reflected DUT Load
b1 a2 = 0
Reflected b1
S 11 = = a
Incident 1 a2 = 0 b2
S 22 = Reflected
b = a a1 = 0
Transmitted 2 Incident 2
S 21 = = a
Incident 1 a2 = 0 b
Transmitted 1
S 12 = = a
Incident 2 a1 = 0
a1 = 0 b2
Z0 S 22
DUT
Load Reflected Reverse
a2
b1 Transmitted S 12 Incident

Criteria for Distortionless Transmission
Nonlinear Networks
• Saturation, crossover,
intermodulation, and other nonlinear
effects can cause signal distortion
• Effect on system depends on amount
and type of distortion and system
architecture
Time Time
Frequency Frequency

Measuring Nonlinear Behavior
Most common measurements:
using a network analyzer and power
sweeps
gain compression
AM to PM conversion
using a spectrum analyzer + source(s)
harmonics, particularly second and
third
RL 0 dBm ATTEN 10 dB 10 dB / DIV
intermodulation products resulting
from two or more RF carriers

8563A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz
LPF DUT
CENTER 20.00000 MHz SPAN 10.00 kHz

RB 30 Hz VB 30 Hz ST 20 sec
LPF

What is the Difference .
Between Network and

Spectrum Analyzers?
SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5
8563A GHz
Amplitude Ratio
Amplitude
Measures Measures
known unknown
signal signals
Frequency Frequency
Network analyzers: Spectrum analyzers:

measure components, devices, measure signal amplitude characteristics
circuits, sub-assemblies carrier level, sidebands, harmonics...)
can demodulate (& measure) complex signals
contain source and receiver
are receivers only (single channel)
display ratioed amplitude and can be used for scalar component test (no
phase phase) with tracking gen. or ext. source(s)
(frequency or power sweeps)
offer advanced error correction

Agenda

Appendix

Generalized Network Analyzer
Block Diagram
Incident Transmitted
DUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT REFLECTED TRANSMITTED

(R) (A) (B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY

Directivity
Directivity is a measure of how well a
coupler can separate signals moving
in opposite directions
(undesired leakage (desired reflected

signal) signal)
Test port
Directional Coupler

Interaction of Directivity with the
DUT (Without Error Correction)
0
Data Max
DUT RL = 40 dB
Directivity
Return Loss
Add in-phase
Device
30
60
Frequency
Device
Data Min
Device
Data = Vector Sum

Add out-of-phase Directivity
Directivity
(cancellation)

Detector Types SOURCE

Reflected
DUT
Scalar broadband SIGNAL

SEPARATION
Diode (no phase INCIDENT (R)

REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)
information) RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
DC
RF
AC
Tuned Receiver
RF IF = F LO ± F RF
Vector
ADC / DSP (magnitude and phase)
IF Filter
LO
Comparison of Receiver Techniques
Broadband Narrowband
(diode) (tuned-receiver)
detection detection
0 dB 0 dB
-50 dB -50 dB
-100 dB -100 dB
-60 dBm Sensitivity < -100 dBm Sensitivity
higher noise floor high dynamic range

false responses harmonic immunity
Dynamic range = maximum receiver power - receiver noise floor

Dynamic Range and Accuracy
Error Due to Interfering Signal
100
10 -
+
Error (dB, deg)
1
phase error Dynamic range
is very important
magn error
for measurement
0.1 accuracy!
0.01
0.001
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70
Interfering signal (dB)

T/R Versus S-Parameter Test Sets
Transmission/Reflection Test Set S-Parameter Test Set
Source Source
Transfer switch
R R
A B A B
Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Port 2
Fwd DUT Fwd DUT Rev
RF always comes out port 1 RF comes out port 1 or port 2

port 2 is always receiver forward and reverse
response, one-port cal measurements
available two-port calibration possible
Processor / Display
DUT 50 MH-20GHz
NETWORK ANYZER
ACTIVE ENTRY
CHANNEL
Reflected RESPONSE
SOURCE
SIGNAL
STIMULUS INSTRUMENT R CHANNEL
SEPARATION STATE
T R L S
INCIDENT REFLECTED TRANSMITTED
(R) (A) (B)
HP-IB STATUS
PORT 1 PORT 2
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
markers
limit lines
pass/fail indicators
linear/log formats
grid/polar/Smith
charts

Agilent VNA Solutions
PNA-X, NVNA
Industry-leading performance
10 MHz to 13.5, 26.5, 43.5, 50, 67GHz
Banded mm-wave to 2 THz
Test Accessories PNA

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10 MHz to 20, 40, 50, 67, 110 GHz
Banded mm-wave to 2 THz
PNA-L
World’s most capable value VNA
300 kHz to 6, 13.5, 20 GHz
10 MHz to 40, 50 GHz
ENA Mm-wave
World’s most popular
economy VNA solutions
9 kHz to 4.5, 8.5 GHz Up to 2 THz
300 kHz to 20.0 GHz
ENA-L
Low cost VNA PNA-X receiver
300 kHz to 1.5/3.0 GHz 8530A replacement
FieldFox
RF Analyzer
5 Hz to 4/6 GHz
Page 47
Agilent’s Series of HF Vector Analyzers
Microwave
PNA series
PNA- L series 110 GHz in
6, 13.5, 20, 40 GHz coax
economical highest
fast, small, integrated accuracy
test mixers, high-power modular,
amps flexible
advanced connectivity pulse systems
RF
ENA series
ENA-L 3, 8.5 GHz
series flexible
1.5, 3 GHz hardware
low cost rich feature set
LAN offset and
harmonic RF
sweeps

Spectrum Analyzer / Tracking Generator
RF in
IF 8563A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz
LO
DUT
Spectrum analyzer
TG out
DUT
f = IF Tracking generator
Key differences from network analyzer:

one channel -- no ratioed or phase measurements
More expensive than scalar NA (but better dynamic range)
Only error correction available is normalization (and possibly
open-short averaging)
Less accurate
Small incremental cost if SA is required for other measurements
Calibration Topics
What measurements do we
make?
measurement errors
what is vector error
correction?
calibration types
accuracy examples
calibration considerations
Appendix

Measurement Error Modeling
Systematic errors
due to imperfections in the analyzer and test setup
assumed to be time invariant (predictable)
Random errors
vary with time in random fashion (unpredictable)
main contributors: instrument noise, switch and
connector repeatability
Drift errors
due to system performance changing after a calibration
has been done

primarily caused by temperature variation
Errors:
SYSTEMATIC
Measured Unknown
Data RANDOM Device
DRIFT

Systematic Measurement Errors
R A B
Directivity Crosstalk
DUT
Frequency response
reflection tracking (A/R)
Source Load
transmission tracking (B/R)
Mismatch Mismatch
Six forward and six reverse error terms

yields 12 error terms for two-port devices

Types of Error Correction
response (normalization)
simple to perform
only corrects for tracking errors
stores reference trace in memory, thru
then does data divided by memory
vector
requires more standards
requires an analyzer that can measure phase
accounts for all major sources of systematic error
SHORT
S11a OPEN
thru
S11 m LOAD

What is Vector-Error Correction?
Process of characterizing systematic error terms
measure known standards

remove effects from subsequent measurements
1-port calibration (reflection measurements)
only 3 systematic error terms measured
directivity, source match, and reflection tracking
Full 2-port calibration (reflection and transmission
measurements)
12 systematic error terms measured
usually requires 12 measurements on four known standards
(SOLT)
Standards defined in cal kit definition file
network analyzer contains standard cal kit definitions
CAL KIT DEFINITION MUST MATCH ACTUAL CAL KIT
USED!
User-built standards must be characterized and entered into
user cal-kit
Reflection: One-Port Model
Error Adapter
RF in Ideal
RF in 1
ED = Directivity
S11A ERT = Reflection tracking

ED ES S11A
ES = Source Match
S11M S11M
S11M = Measured
ERT
S11A = Actual
To solve for error terms,

S11A
we measure 3 standards S11M = ED +
to generate 3 equations ERT 1 - ES S11A
and 3 unknowns
Assumes good termination at port two if testing two-port devices
If using port 2 of NA and DUT reverse isolation is low (e.g., filter passband):
assumption of good termination is not valid
two-port error correction yields better results
Before and After One-Port Calibration
0
2.0
data before 1-port

calibration
20
1.1
Return Loss (dB)
VSWR
40
1.01
data after 1-port

60 calibration
1.001
6000 12000
MHz

Two-Port Error Correction
Reverse model
Forward model Port 1 Port 2
E RT'
Port 1 EX Port 2
S21
a1 A b2
S21A b2 E L' S11 S22 A ED'
ETT A E S' a2
a1 ES b1
ED S11A S22 A a2
b1 EL S12 A
E TT'
EX'
E RT S 12
A
ED = fwd directivity EL = fwd load match

ES = fwd source match ETT = fwd transmission tracking
ERT = fwd reflection tracking EX = fwd isolation
ED' = rev directivity EL' = rev load match
E S' = rev source match ETT' = rev transmission tracking
E RT' = rev reflection tracking EX' = rev isolation
Each actual S-parameter is a function

of all four measured S-parameters
Analyzer must make forward and
reverse sweep to update any one S-
parameter
Luckily, you don't need to know these
equations to use network analyzers!!!

Errors and Calibration Standards
UNCORRECTED RESPONSE 1-PORT
FULL 2-PORT
SHORT
SHORT SHORT
DUT OPEN
OPEN OPEN
thru
Convenient LOAD
LOAD LOAD
Generally not
DUT
accurate
No errors removed DUT
Easy to perform thru
Use when highest
accuracy is not For reflection
DUT
required measurements
Removes Need good termination for
high accuracy with two- Highest accuracy
frequency
Removes these
response error port devices
Removes these errors: errors:
Directivity Directivity
ENHANCED-RESPONSE
Source match Source, load
Combines response and 1-port Reflection tracking match
Corrects source match for transmission Reflection tracking
measurements Transmission
tracking
Network Analyzer Basics Crosstalk
www.agilent.com/find/backtobasics
Calibration Summary
Test Set (cal type) SHORT
Reflection S-parameter
T/R
(one-port) (two-port)
OPEN
Reflection tracking
Directivity LOAD
Source match
Load match
Test Set (cal type)
Transmission T/R S-parameter

(two-port)
(response, isolation)
error can be corrected
Transmission Tracking
error cannot be corrected
Crosstalk
* enhanced response cal corrects * )
for source match during Source match (
transmission measurements
Load match

Reflection Example Using a One-Port Cal
Remember: convert all dB

values to linear for
Load uncertainty calculations!
match: (-dB )
18 dB ρ or loss(linear) = 10
20
(.126)
Directivity: DUT
40 dB (.010) 16 dB RL (.158)
1 dB loss (.891)
.158
Measurement uncertainty:
-20 * log (.158 + .100 + .010)
= 11.4 dB (-4.6dB)
(.891)(.126)(.891) = .100
-20 * log (.158 - .100 - .010)
= 26.4 dB (+10.4 dB)

Using a One-Port Cal +
Attenuator
Measurement
uncertainty:
-20 * log (.158 + .039)
= 14.1 dB (-1.9 dB)
Load match:
18 dB (.126) -20 * log (.158 - .039)
= 18.5 dB (+2.5 dB)
DUT 10 dB attenuator
Directivity: (.316) SWR =
40 dB (.010) 1.05 (.024)
16 dB RL (.158)
.158 1 dB loss (.891)
(.891)(.316)(.126)(.316)(.891) = .010 Low-loss bi-directional devices

generally require two-port calibration
(.891)(.024)(.891) = .019 for low measurement uncertainty
Worst-case error = .010 + .010 + .019 = .039

Transmission Example Using Response
Cal
RL = 18 dB (.126)
RL = 14 dB (.200)
Thru calibration (normalization) builds error
into measurement due to source and load
match interaction
Calibration Uncertainty
= (1 ± ρS ρL)
= (1 ± (.200)(.126)
= ± 0.22 dB

Filter Measurement with Response Cal
DUT
Source match 1 dB loss (.891)
= 14 dB (.200) 16 dB RL (.158) Load match =
18 dB (.126)
1
(.126)(.158) = .020
(.126)(.891)(.200)(.891) = .020
(.158)(.200) = .032
Total measurement Measurement uncertainty

uncertainty:
= 1 ± (.020+.020+.032)
+0.60 + 0.22 = + 0.82 dB
= 1 ± .072
-0.65 - 0.22 = - 0.87 dB
= + 0.60 dB
- 0.65 dB
Filter Measurements using the
Enhanced Response Calibration
Calibration Uncertainty
Effective source match = = (1 ± ρS ρL)
35 dB! = (1 ± (.0178)(.126)
DUT = ± .02 dB
Source match = 35 dB 1 dB loss (.891)
(.0178) 16 dB RL (.158) Load match =
18 dB (.126)
1
Measurement uncertainty
= 1 ± (.020+.0018+.0028)
(.126)(.158) = .020 = 1 ± .0246
= + 0.211 dB
(.126)(.891)(.0178)(.891) = .0018 - 0.216 dB
(.158)(.0178) = .0028
Total measurement
uncertainty:
0.22 + .02 = ± 0.24 dB
Using the Enhanced Response
Calibration Plus an Attenuator
10 dB attenuator (.316) Calibration Uncertainty
SWR = 1.05 (.024 linear or 32.4 dB) = (1 ± ρS ρL)
Analyzer load match =18 dB (.126) = (1 ± (.0178)(.0366)
= ± .01 dB
DUT
Source match = 35 dB 1 dB loss (.891)
(.0178) 16 dB RL (.158) Effective load match = (.316)(.316)(.126) + .024
= .0366 (28.7dB)
1
Measurement uncertainty
(.0366)(.158) = .006 = 1 ± (.006+.0005+.0028)
= 1 ± .0093
(.0366)(.891)(.0178)(.891) = .0005 = ± 0.08 dB
(.158)(.0178) = .0028
Total measurement
uncertainty:
0.01 + .08 = ± 0.09 dB
Calculating Measurement Uncertainty
After a Two-Port Calibration
DUT
1 dB loss (.891)
Corrected error terms:
(8753ES 1.3-3 GHz Type-N)
16 dB RL (.158)
Directivity = 47 dB
Source match = 36 dB
Load match = 47 dB Reflection uncertainty
Refl. tracking = .019 dB
Trans. tracking = .026 dB
Isolation = 100 dB
= 0.158 ± .0088 = 16 dB +0.53 dB, -0.44 dB (worst-case)
Transmission uncertainty
= 0.891 ± .0056 = 1 dB ±0.05 dB (worst-case)

Comparison of Measurement
Examples
Reflection
Calibration type Measurement uncertainty
One-port -4.6/10.4 dB
One-port + attenuator -1.9/2.5 dB
Two-port -0.44/0.53 dB
Transmission
Calibration type Calibration uncertainty Measurement uncertainty Total uncertainty
Response ±0.22 dB 0.60/-0.65 dB 0.82/-0.87
Enhanced response ±0.02 dB ±0.22 dB ±0.24
Enh. response + attenuator ±0.01 dB ±0.08 dB ±0.09
Two port ----- ±0.05

Response versus Two-Port Calibration
Measuring filter insertion loss

CH1 S21 &M log MAG 1 dB/ REF 0 dB
CH2 MEM log MAG 1 dB/ REF 0 dB
Cor
After two-port calibration
After response calibration
Uncorrected
Cor
x2 1 2
START 2 000.000 MHz STOP 6 000.000 MHz

ECal: Electronic Calibration (85060/90 series)
• Variety of modules cover 30 kHz to 26.5 GHz
• Six connector types available (50 Ω and 75 Ω)
• Single-connection
reduces calibration time
makes calibrations easy to perform
85093A
minimizes wear on cables and standards Electronic Calibration Module

30 kHz - 6 GHz
eliminates operator errors

• Highly repeatable temperature-compensated
terminations provide excellent accuracy
Microwave modules use a

transmission line shunted by
PIN-diode switches in various
combinations

Adapter Considerations
reflection from desired signal
adapter
leakage signal
ρ ρ ρ
measured = Directivity + adapter + DUT
Coupler directivity = 40 dB
Adapter DUT Termination DUT has SMA (f) connectors
Worst-case APC-7 calibration done here

System Directivity Adapting from APC-7 to SMA
(m)
28 dB APC-7 to SMA (m)

SWR:1.06
APC-7 to N (f) + N (m) to SMA (m)

17 dB SWR:1.05 SWR:1.25
APC-7 to N (m) + N (f) to SMA (f) + SMA (m) to (m)

14 dB SWR:1.05 SWR:1.25 SWR:1.15

Swap Equal Adapters Method
Accuracy depends on how well

Port 1 Port 2
DUT the adapters are matched - loss,
electrical length, match and
impedance should all be equal
Adapter
Port 1 A Port 2 1. Transmission cal using adapter A.
Adapter
Port 1
B
Port 2 2. Reflection cal using adapter B.
Adapter Port 2
Port 1 DUT
B
3. Measure DUT using adapter B.

Adapter Removal Calibration
Calibration is very accurate and traceable
In firmware of 8753, 8720 and 8510 series
Also accomplished with ECal modules (85060/90) Port 1 DUT Port 2
Uses adapter with same connectors as DUT
Must specify electrical length of adapter to within 1/4
wavelength of highest frequency (to avoid phase ambiguity)
Cal
Port 1 Adapter Port 2 1. Perform 2-port cal with adapter on port 2.
Adapter B
Save in cal set 1.
Cal Set 1
Cal Adapter 2. Perform 2-port cal with adapter on port 1.

Port 1 Port 2
Adapter B Save in cal set 2.
Cal Set 2
[CAL] [MORE] [MODIFY CAL SET] 3. Use ADAPTER REMOVAL

[ADAPTER REMOVAL] to generate new cal set.
Port 1 DUT Adapter Port 2 4. Measure DUT without cal adapter.

B

Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) Calibration
We know about Short-Open-Load-Thru (SOLT) calibration...
What is TRL?
A two-port calibration technique
Good for noncoaxial environments (waveguide, fixtures, wafer
probing)
Uses the same 12-term error model as the more common SOLT
cal
Uses practical calibration standards that
are easily fabricated and characterized TRL was developed for non-
Two variations: TRL (requires 4 receivers) coaxial microwave
and TRL* (only three receivers needed) measurements
Other variations: Line-Reflect-Match (LRM),
Thru-Reflect-Match (TRM), plus many others

Agenda

Appendix

Frequency Sweep - Filter Test
CH1 S 21 log MAG 10 dB/ REF 0 dB REF 0 dB
CH1 S11 log MAG 5 dB/
Cor
69.1 dB Stopba
nd
rejectio
n
START .300 000 MHz STOP 400.000 000 MHz CENTER 200.000 MHz SPAN 50.000 MHz
CH1 S 21 log MAG 1 dB/ REF 0 dB
Cor
Return loss
m1: 1
4.000 000 GHz -
0.16 dB
m2-ref: 2.145 234 GHz
0.00 dB
ref 2
Insertion lossCor
x2 1 2
START 2 000.000 MHz STOP 6 000.000 MHz

Optimize Filter Measurements with
Swept-List Mode Segment 3: 29 ms
(108 points, -10 dBm, 6000 Hz)
CH1 S 21 log MAG 12 dB/ REF 0 dB
PRm
Swept-list sweep: 349 ms

(201 pts, variable BW's & power)
Linear sweep: 676 ms
(201 pts, 300 Hz, -10 dBm)
PASS
Segment 5: 129 ms
Segment 1: 87 ms (38 points, +10 dBm, 300 Hz)
(25 points, +10 dBm, 300 Hz)
START 525.000 000 MHz STOP 1 275.000 000 MHz
Segments 2,4: 52 ms
(15 points, +10 dBm, 300 Hz)

Power Sweeps - Compression
Saturated output
Output Power (dBm)
power
Compression
region
Linear region
(slope = small-signal gain)
Input Power (dBm)

Power Sweep - Gain Compression
CH1 S21 1og MAG 1 dB/ REF 32 dB 30.991 dB
12.3 dBm
1 dB
compression:
1 input power
resulting in 1 dB
drop in gain
0
START -10 dBm CW 902.7 MHz STOP 15 dBm

AM to PM Conversion
Measure of phase deviation caused by amplitude variations
Amplitude Power sweep
AM can be undesired:
AM Mag(Ami supply ripple, fading, thermal
(dB)
n)
AM can be desired:
DUT modulation (e.g. QAM)
PM
(deg)
Test Stimulus Time Q

Amplitude
AM Mag(AMo
(dB)
ut)
AM - PM Conversion =
Mag(Pmout)
(deg/dB
Mag(Amin) ) PM
(deg) Mag(Pmo I
ut)
AM to PM
Output Time conversion can
Response cause bit errors
Measuring AM to PM Conversion
1:Transmission Log Mag 1.0 dB/ Ref 21.50 dB
2:Transmission /M Phase 5.0 deg/ Ref -115.7 deg
Ch1:Mkr1 -4.50 dBm
20.48 dB
Ch2:Mkr2 1.00 dB
0.86 deg
Use transmission setup

2 with a power sweep
Display phase of S21
1 AM - PM = 0.86 deg/dB
1
1
Start -10.00 dBm CW 900.000 MHz Stop 0.00 dBm
Start -10.00 dBm CW 900.000 MHz Stop 0.00 dBm

Agenda
Appendix
Advanced Topics
time domain
frequency-translating devices
high-power amplifiers
extended dynamic range
multiport devices
in-fixture measurements
crystal resonators
balanced measurements
Inside the network analyzer
Challenge quiz!

Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
What is TDR?
time-domain reflectometry

analyze impedance versus time

distinguish between inductive and

capacitive transitions
With gating:
analyze transitions

inductive
analyzer standards

transition
impedance
Zo
time
capacitive
transition
non-Zo transmission line

TDR Basics Using a Network Analyzer
start with broadband frequency sweep (often requires microwave VNA
use inverse-Fourier transform to compute time-domain
resolution inversely proportionate to frequency span
Time Domain Frequency Domain
CH1 S 22 Re 50 mU/ REF 0 U

-1
F
Cor 20 GHz
t f 6 GHz
∫ F(t)*dt
0
Integrate 1/s*F(s)
TDR -1
F
t f CH1 START 0 s STOP 1.5 ns

Time-Domain Gating
TDR and gating can remove undesired reflections (a form of
error correction)
Only useful for broadband devices (a load or thru for example)
Define gate to only include DUT
CH1 S11&M log MAG 5 dB/ REF 0 dB
Use two-port calibration
PRm
Cor
2
CH1 MEM Re 20 mU/ REF 0 U
1: -45.113 dB 0.947
PRm Gate GHz
1: 48.729 mU 638 ps 2: -15.78 dB 6.000
Cor RISE TIME
2: 24.961 mU 668 ps GHz
29.994 ps
8.992 mm 1 3: -10.891 mU 721 ps
Thru in frequency
Thru in time domain 1 domain, with and
CH1 START 0 s STOP 1.5 ns
without gating
START .050 000 000 GHz STOP 20.050 000 000 GHz

Time-Domain Transmission
RF Input
RF Output
CH1 S21 log MAG 15 dB/ REF 0 dB

Main Wave
Leakage
Triple Surface
Travel Wave
CH1 S21 log MAG 10 dB/ REF 0 dB Cor
RF Triple
Leakage Travel
Cor
Gate off
Gate on START -1 us STOP 6 us

Network Analyzer Basics

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