Signals

Amandeep Singh
ECE deptt, Lovely Professional University Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
khera.amandeepsingh@yahoo.com Abstract This paper gives complete information about signals and their types and applications. Keywords Delta function, Time Advancing, Ramp Signal,

Time Scaling, Amplitude Scaling, Time Folding I. INTRODUCTION A signal is a function of one or more independent variables which contain some information .It may be a function of time, temperature, position, pressure, distance etc .In electrical sense, the signal can be voltage or current. The signal can be generated naturally or synthetically. The signal can be one dimension or multidimensional signal. Some signals in our daily life are radio signal, T.V. signal, computer signal etc. . II. CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS The signals are broadly classified into two types: A. Continuous time signal A continuous signal is one which has continuous amplitude and time. It may be defined as mathematical continuous function which is continuous in time domain. The signal which have some value at every instant of time. The continuous time signal are represented by x(t) where x represent the shape of signal and t shows that variable is time. For example: cosine wave.

Fig. 2 Discrete Time Signal graph

III. TYPES OF SIGNAL A. Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Signal1) Deterministic Signal: Deterministic signal are those signals which can be completely specified in time. The pattern of this type of signal is regular and can be characterized mathematically. The nature and amplitude of such a signal at any time can be predicted. For example :

Fig. 3 Discrete Sine Wave

Fig. 1 Graph of Cos t with respect to time

B. Discrete-time signalA discrete time signal is one which is represented only at discrete input of time. It is defined at certain instant of time. For discrete-time signal, the amplitude between two time instant is just not defined. For discrete time signals, the independent variable is time n. A discrete time signal is represented by x(n).

2) Non-Deterministic Signal: Non-Deterministic signal are those whose occurance is always random in nature. The pattern of such a signal is quite irregular and cannot be determined. The nature and amplitude of such a signal at any time cannot be predicted. These are also known as random signals. For example: noise generated in electric circuit.

C. Even and Odd Signals1) Even Signal : A signal is said to be even if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(-t) where x(t) = value of signal for positive t and x(-t) = value of signal for negative t It is also known as symmetrical signal.
Fig. 4 Random Signal

B. Periodic and Non-Periodic Signal1) Periodic Signal: A signal which repeats itself after a fixed time period is called periodic signal. The periodicity of a signal can be defined mathematically as under x(t) = x(t+T0) where T 0 is called as the period of x(t). In other words, signal x(t) repeats itself after a period of T0 sec.
Fig. 7 Even Signal

2) Odd Signal : A signal is said to be odd signal if it satisfies the condition x(t)= -x(-t). It is also known as antisymmetrical signal. For example- Sine Wave.

Fig. 5 Periodic Signal

2) Non- Periodic Signal : A signal which does not repeat itself after a regular interval of time is called NonPeriodic Signal.
Fig.8 Odd Signal

D. Energy and Power Signal1) Energy Signal: A energy signal is one which has finite energy and zero average power. i.e. 0 < E < and P = 0.
Fig. 6 Non-Periodic Signal

Where E is energy and P is power of the signal.

2) Multidimensional Signal: If the signal is function of multi-independent variable then it is called multidimensional signal. For Example :Picture displayed on the TV screen. Mathematically, it is represented by P(x,y,t) .
Fig. 9 Energy Signal

Fig.12: Multdimensional Channel

2) Power Signal : A power signal is one which has finite average power and infinite energy. i.e. 0 < P < and E = . A. DC signal1)

IV. SOME STANDARD SIGNAL

Continuous Time DC signal : A dc signal is shown. As seen from the waveform, the amplifier of direct current signal remains constant and independent of time. Mathematically, x(t)=A for - < t < .

Fig.10 Power Signal

E. Multichannel and Multidimensional Signal1) Multichannel Signal : A signal generated by multiple sensor or multiple sources. The resultant signal is the vector sum of signal from all the channel. For example : ECG waveform

Fig.12 Continuous Time DC signal

2) Discrete Time DC signal : A discrete time DC signal is shown. It is sequence of samples each of amplitude A and extending from - < n < .

Fig 11: Moore Industries Award-Winning miniMOORE Multichannel Signal

Fig.13 Discrete Time DC Signal

B. Sinusoidal SignalThe sinusoidal signal include sine and cosine signals. Mathematically they are represented as Sine Signal : x(t) = A sint Cosine Signal : x(t) = A cost

D. Rectangular PulseA rectangular pulse of unit amplitude and duration.

Fig. 16 Rectangular Pulse

Fig. 14 Sine Function

E. Delta Or Unit Impulse Function ( t)The Delta function is an extremely important function used for the analysis of communication systems. The impulse response of a system is its response to a delta function applied to input.

C. Unit Step SignalIt has constant amplitude of unity for the zero or positive value of time t whereas zero for negative values . Mathematically, u(t) = 1 for t > 0 0 for t < 0

Fig.17 Delta Function

Fig. 15 Unit Step Signal

F. Unit Ramp Signal A discrete time unit ramp signal increases linearly with sample.Mathematically, ur(n) = t for t > 0

0 for t < 0

Fig.18 Unit Ramp Signal

V. OPERATION ON SIGNALS

A. Transformation in Independent Variable Of Signal1) Time Delay/Advancing : Time Delay can be given in a signal.The time can be delayed or advanced by any amount of time.

3) Time Scaling : Time Scaling is defined in two forms- Time compression and Time Expansion.

Fig. 18 Time Delay in unit step function

2) Time Folding: Time folding operation is used in covolution. Let us conside the continuous time signal x(t).The time folded signal is obtained by replacing t with t i.e. y(t) = x(-t)

Fig. 20 (c) refers to original signal; (b) is compressed form of (c) and (b) is further compressed to form (a) and (d) is expanded form of (c)

B. Transformation on Amplitude Of Signal 1) Amplitude Scaling: The amplitude of the signal can be changed with amplitude scaling.

REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] Dr. Sanjay Sharma, 8th revised edition January 2012, Signals And System, 4760/23, Ansari Road, daryaganj, Newdelhi -110002, S.K. Kataria & Sons (2001) Wikipedia [Online].Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)
Roland Priemer (1991). Introductory Signal Processing. World Scientific. p. 1. ISBN 9971509199 "Aims and scope". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing (IEEE).

Fig. 21 Amplitude Scaling

2) Addition and Subtraction: Let x1(t) and x2(t) be two continuous time signals.Then addition of x1(t) and x2(t) can be given as y(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) Similarly, subtraction can be given as y(t) = x1(t) - x2(t) 3) Multiplication and Division: Let x1(t) and x2(t) be two continuous time signals.Then multiplication of x1(t) and x2(t) can be given as y(t) = x1(t) * x2(t) Similarly, division can be given as y(t) = x1(t) /x2(t)

VI. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge about types of signal, classification and various operations on them is clearly understood. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The research on this project must not have been complete without the guidance of Mr. Vikram Kamboj ECE Deptt. Lovely Professional University and showing his belief in me.