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  • Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online

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    The 'transcendental analytic' of the critictique breaks new ground. It argues that the most fundamental categories of thought are themselves human products. The key to Kant's argument is the claim that knowledge is always expressed in a judgment. He then argues that certain characteristic forms or 'logical functions' of judgment must also provide the basic concepts for conceiving of objects.

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    Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) _ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online

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    The 'transcendental analytic' of the critictique breaks new ground. It argues that the most fundamental categories of thought are themselves human products. The key to Kant's argument is the claim that knowledge is always expressed in a judgment. He then argues that certain characteristic forms or 'logical functions' of judgment must also provide the basic concepts for conceiving of objects.

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    44 visualizações3 páginas

    Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online

    Enviado por

    gypsybri0
    The 'transcendental analytic' of the critictique breaks new ground. It argues that the most fundamental categories of thought are themselves human products. The key to Kant's argument is the claim that knowledge is always expressed in a judgment. He then argues that certain characteristic forms or 'logical functions' of judgment must also provide the basic concepts for conceiving of objects.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Baixe no formato PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) : Routledge Encyclopedia of Phil...

    http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/DB047SECT6

    H OM EH EL P HO ME HE LP A rttiic e|Bibliography|RelatedArticles|Links Ar clle

    K a n t , I m m a n u e l (1724-1804)
    FullyupdatedandrevisedFebruary29,2004

    6 P u r e c o n c e p t s o f t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g
    The'TranscendentalAnalytic'oftheCritiquebreaksnewground, arguingthatthemostfundamentalcategoriesofthoughtaswell astheformsofperceptionarethemselveshumanproductswhich arenecessaryconditionsofthepossibilityofexperience.Likethe 'TranscendentalAesthetic',itsfirstsection,the'Analyticof Concepts',isalsodividedintoa'metaphysical'anda 'transcendentaldeduction'(B159). InthemetaphysicaldeductionKantintendstoprovideaprinciple toidentifythemostfundamentalconceptsofthought,the categoriesoftheunderstanding,andthentoshowthatour knowledgeofanyobjectalwaysinvolvesthesecategories.The keytohisargumentistheclaimthatknowledgeisalways expressedinajudgment(A68-9/B93-4);hethenarguesthat therearecertaincharacteristicformsor'logicalfunctions'of judgment,andthatinorderforourjudgmentstobeaboutobjects, theselogicalfunctionsofjudgmentsmustalsoprovidethebasic conceptsforconceivingofobjects.ThusKantfirstproducesa tableofthelogicalfunctionsofjudgment,basedonthepremise thateveryjudgmenthasaquantity,quality,relationandmodality, andthenproducesatableofcategories,underthesamefour headings,showinghowobjectsofsuchjudgmentsmustbe conceived.Thus,judgmentsmaybeuniversal,particular,or singular,andthentheirobjectsmustbeunities,pluralities,or totalities;judgmentsmaybeaffirmative,negative,orinfinite,and objectsmanifesteitherreality,negation,orlimitation;judgments mayrelateapredicatetoasubject(categoricaljudgment),orelse relateonepredicate-subjectjudgmenttoanotherasantecedent andconsequent(hypotheticaljudgment)orasalternatives (disjunctivejudgment),andobjectsmaycorrespondinglymanifest therelationsofinherenceandsubsistence,causalityand dependence,orcommunityorreciprocity;finally,judgmentsmay beproblematic,assertoric,orapodeictic,thustheirobjectseither possibleorimpossible,existentornon-existent,ornecessaryor contingent(A70/B95;A80/B106). Kant'sschemeisintuitivelyplausible,andhemakesuseofit throughouthisworks.ButphilosophersasdiverseasHegeland

    1Lifeandworks 2Kant'sworkto1770 3TheInauguralDissertationof 1770andtheproblemof metaphysics 4TheprojectoftheCritiqueof PureReason 5Space,timeand transcendentalidealism 6Pureconceptsofthe understanding 7Theprinciplesofjudgment andthefoundationsofscience 8Theillusionsoftheoretical reason 9Thevalueofautonomyand thefoundationsofethics 10Dutiesofrightanddutiesof virtue 11Freedomofthewillandthe highestgood 12Tasteandautonomy 13Designandautonomy 14ThefinaldecadeofKant's publicandprivatecareer
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    Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) : Routledge Encyclopedia of Phil...

    http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/DB047SECT6

    Quinehavequestioneditscoherenceandnecessity.Whatis troublingforKant'sownproject,however,isthathedoesnot showwhywemustuseallthelogicalfunctionsofjudgment, hencewhywemustuseallthecategories.Inparticular,hedoes notshowwhywemustmakenotonlycategoricalbutalso hypotheticalanddisjunctivejudgments.Withoutsuchapremise, Kant'sargumentsforcausation,againstHume,andfor interaction,againstLeibniz,arenotadvanced.Itisunclear whetherKantrecognizedthisdefectintheargumentofthe metaphysicaldeduction.Butheaddressedpreciselythisproblem inthesubsequentchapteronthe`SystemofallPrinciplesofPure Understanding',whichdoesattempttodemonstratethenecessity oftheuseofeachofthecategories.Thischapterwillbe discussedinthefollowingsection Kant'saimandhisstrategyinthetranscendentaldeduction remaindebatable,despitehiscompleterevisionofthissectionin thesecondeditionoftheCritique.Someviewthetranscendental deductionasa'regressiveargument'aimedatempiricism,meant toshowonlythatifwemakejudgmentsaboutobjectsthenwe mustuseaprioriconcepts.ButifKantalreadyestablishedthisin themetaphysicaldeduction,thetranscendentaldeduction becomesredundant.Itseemsmorenaturaltoseethelatteras intendedtofixthescopeofouruseofthecategoriesbyshowing thatwecanhavenoexperiencewhichisimmunefrom conceptualizationunderthem,thusthatthecategoriesenjoy universalobjectivevalidity.Becausethesecategoriesoriginatein thelogicalstructureofourownthought,Kantholds,wemust conceiveofourselvesastheautonomouslawgiversforallof nature(A127-8,B164). Therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwoversionsofthe transcendentaldeduction,butbothemploythefundamentalidea thatwecannothavesomeformofself-consciousness,or 'transcendentalapperception',withoutalsohavingconsciousness ofobjects,whichinturnrequirestheapplicationofthecategories; then,sinceKantholdsthatwecanhavenoexperienceatall withoutbeingabletobeconsciousthatwehaveit,hecanargue thatwecanhavenoexperiencetowhichwecannotapplythe categories.Thesuccessofthisstrategyisunclear.Thefirsteditiondeductionbeginswithadebatableanalysisofthe necessaryconditionsforknowledgeofanobject,whichslides fromtheconditionalnecessitythatwemustuserulesifweareto haveknowledgeofobjectstoanabsolutenecessitythatwemust haveknowledgeofobjects,andthenintroducestranscendental apperceptionasthe'transcendentalground'ofthelatternecessity (A106).Inthesecondedition,Kantbeginsdirectlywiththeclaim

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    Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) : Routledge Encyclopedia of Phil...

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    thatself-consciousnessofourexperienceisalwayspossible, whichhasnotmetwithmuchresistance,butthenmakesthe inferencetothenecessityofknowledgeofobjectsconceivedof throughthecategoriesbyequatingtranscendentalapperception withanotionof'objectiveapperception'thatisequivalentto judgmentaboutobjects(B139-40).Thismakestheconnection betweenself-consciousnessandthecategorialjudgmentof objectstruebydefinition,andunderminesKant'sclaimtoprovide asyntheticratherthananalyticproofoftheobjectivevalidityofthe categories. Inspiteoftheseproblems,theideathatself-consciousness dependsuponknowledgeofobjectsandthusontheuseofthe categoriestoconceiveofobjectshasremainedattractive;and someofthemostinterestingrecentworkonKanthasbeen reconstructionsofthetranscendentaldeduction,suchasthoseby PeterStrawson,JonathanBennettandDieterHenrich.Others haveconcludedthatKantonlyestablishesaconvincing connectionbetweenself-consciousnessandcategorialthoughtof objectsonceheshowsthatmakingjudgmentsaboutobjects, usingthecategories,isanecessaryconditionformaking judgmentsaboutthetemporalorderofourexperience.Thisis Kant'sprojectinthenextsectionoftheCritique.

    How to cite this article: GUYER, PAUL (1998, 2004). Kant, Immanuel. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved April 17, 2012, from http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/DB047SECT6

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