0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F

TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS

Pluce oI Observution:
ENGINEERING

Transformer is a static device which transforms a.c.
electrical power from one voltage to another voltage
keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic
induction.
Lransformer ls shown ln Lhe ad[acenL flgure. CurrenL passlng Lhro
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
prlmary and secondary colls.
0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F
TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS
Pluce oI Observution:
ENGINEERING (E
Transformer is a static device which transforms a.c.
electrical power from one voltage to another voltage
keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic
induction.
Lransformer ls shown ln Lhe ad[acenL flgure. CurrenL passlng Lhro
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
prlmary and secondary colls.
0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F
TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS TRAtSF0RHFRS
Pluce oI Observution:-
(E-M)
Transformer is a static device which transforms a.c.
electrical power from one voltage to another voltage
keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic
Lransformer ls shown ln Lhe ad[acenL flgure. CurrenL passlng Lhro
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
prlmary and secondary colls.
0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F
-FRONTIER
Transformer is a static device which transforms a.c.
electrical power from one voltage to another voltage
keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic
Lransformer ls shown ln Lhe ad[acenL flgure. CurrenL passlng Lhro
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F 0FSl6t At0 C0tSTRuCTl0t 0F
FRONTIER
Transformer is a static device which transforms a.c.
electrical power from one voltage to another voltage
keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic
.
ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS
1he Lransformer ls based on Lwo prlnclples:
flrsL, LhaL an elecLrlc currenL can produce a
magneLlc fleld (elecLromagneLlsm), and,
second LhaL a changlng magneLlc fleld wlLhln
a coll of wlre lnduces a volLage across Lhe
ends of Lhe coll (
Changlng Lhe currenL ln Lhe prlmary coll
changes Lhe magneLlc flux LhaL ls developed.
1he changlng magneLlc flux lnduces a
volLage ln Lhe secondary coll. An ldeal
Lransformer ls shown ln Lhe ad[acenL flgure. CurrenL passlng Lhro
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS
1he Lransformer ls based on Lwo prlnclples:
flrsL, LhaL an elecLrlc currenL can produce a
magneLlc fleld (elecLromagneLlsm), and,
second LhaL a changlng magneLlc fleld wlLhln
a coll of wlre lnduces a volLage across Lhe
ends of Lhe coll (
Changlng Lhe currenL ln Lhe prlmary coll
changes Lhe magneLlc flux LhaL ls developed.
1he changlng magneLlc flux lnduces a
volLage ln Lhe secondary coll. An ldeal
Lransformer ls shown ln Lhe ad[acenL flgure. CurrenL passlng Lhrough Lhe prlmary coll creaLes a
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS ASlC PRltClPlFS
1he Lransformer ls based on Lwo prlnclples:
flrsL, LhaL an elecLrlc currenL can produce a
magneLlc fleld (elecLromagneLlsm), and,
second LhaL a changlng magneLlc fleld wlLhln
a coll of wlre lnduces a volLage across Lhe
ends of Lhe coll (elecLromagneLlc lnducLlon).
Changlng Lhe currenL ln Lhe prlmary coll
changes Lhe magneLlc flux LhaL ls developed.
1he changlng magneLlc flux lnduces a
volLage ln Lhe secondary coll. An ldeal
ugh Lhe prlmary coll creaLes a
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
1he Lransformer ls based on Lwo prlnclples:
flrsL, LhaL an elecLrlc currenL can produce a
magneLlc fleld (elecLromagneLlsm), and,
second LhaL a changlng magneLlc fleld wlLhln
a coll of wlre lnduces a volLage across Lhe
elecLromagneLlc lnducLlon).
Changlng Lhe currenL ln Lhe prlmary coll
changes Lhe magneLlc flux LhaL ls developed.
1he changlng magneLlc flux lnduces a
volLage ln Lhe secondary coll. An ldeal
ugh Lhe prlmary coll creaLes a
magneLlc fleld. 1he prlmary and secondary colls are wrapped around a core of very hlgh
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
1he Lransformer ls based on Lwo prlnclples:
flrsL, LhaL an elecLrlc currenL can produce a
magneLlc fleld (elecLromagneLlsm), and,
second LhaL a changlng magneLlc fleld wlLhln
a coll of wlre lnduces a volLage across Lhe
elecLromagneLlc lnducLlon).
Changlng Lhe currenL ln Lhe prlmary coll
changes Lhe magneLlc flux LhaL ls developed.
ugh Lhe prlmary coll creaLes a
magneLlc permeablllLy, such as lron, so LhaL mosL of Lhe magneLlc flux passes Lhrough boLh Lhe
TYPFS TYPFS TYPFS TYPFS
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
POWER
CURRENT
POTENTIAL
FURNACE
BOOSTER
RECTIFIER
LOCOMOTIVE
MINING
PHASE
WELDING
HIGH
GROUNDING
CONVERTER

0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
POWER.
11KVJqV Is LIe sLundurd voILuge ruLIng.
STANDARD KVA ruLIngs ure
z,6,1oo,16
S-zoz6 Is LIe NATONA S STANDARD.
HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS
Outdoor, Oil cooled
phase
Primary is delta connected and
secondary is star connected.
Naturally cooled
Amongst all the
transformers this is the most
required and most used type.

0F TRAtS 0F TRAtS 0F TRAtS 0F TRAtS
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
POWER TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL
FURNACE TRANSFORMER
BOOSTER TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER
LOCOMOTIVE
MINING TRANSFORMER
PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
WELDING TRANSFORMER
HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING/SC TESTING TRF.
GROUNDING
CONVERTER

0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
POWER.
11KVJqV Is LIe sLundurd voILuge ruLIng.
STANDARD KVA ruLIngs ure
z,6,1oo,16o,zoo,zo,1,qoo,oo,6o,;o,1ooo,
zoz6 Is LIe NATONA S STANDARD.
HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS
Outdoor, Oil cooled
phase,50HZ
Primary is delta connected and
secondary is star connected.
Naturally cooled
Amongst all the
transformers this is the most
required and most used type.
0F TRAtS 0F TRAtS 0F TRAtS 0F TRAtSF0RHFRS F0RHFRS F0RHFRS F0RHFRS
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
LOCOMOTIVE TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TESTING/SC TESTING TRF.
GROUNDING TRANSFORMERS
CONVERTER TRANSFORMER
0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
11KVJqV Is LIe sLundurd voILuge ruLIng.
STANDARD KVA ruLIngs ure
o,zoo,zo,1,qoo,oo,6o,;o,1ooo,
zoz6 Is LIe NATONA S STANDARD.
HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS HAlt FFATuRFS
Outdoor, Oil cooled, 3

Primary is delta connected and
secondary is star connected.
Naturally cooled (ONAN
Amongst all the types of
transformers this is the most
required and most used type.
F0RHFRS F0RHFRS F0RHFRS F0RHFRS
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TESTING/SC TESTING TRF.
TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMER
0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
11KVJqV Is LIe sLundurd voILuge ruLIng.
STANDARD KVA ruLIngs ure
o,zoo,zo,1,qoo,oo,6o,;o,1ooo,
zoz6 Is LIe NATONA S STANDARD.
Primary is delta connected and
secondary is star connected.
(ONAN type).
types of
transformers this is the most
required and most used type.

SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TESTING/SC TESTING TRF.
0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR 0lSTRluTl0t TRAtSF0RHFR
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
11KVJqV Is LIe sLundurd voILuge ruLIng.
o,zoo,zo,1,qoo,oo,6o,;o,1ooo,
zoz6 Is LIe NATONA S STANDARD.
VOLTAGE TESTING/SC TESTING TRF.
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
o,zoo,zo,1,qoo,oo,6o,;o,1ooo,1zo,1oo,zooo,zoo KVA.
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
1zo,1oo,zooo,zoo KVA.
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O
1zo,1oo,zooo,zoo KVA.
TRANSORMER WHCH S USED OR THE PURPOSE O DSTRBUTON O

C0tSTRuCTl0t C0tSTRuCTl0t C0tSTRuCTl0t C0tSTRuCTl0t
The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
use a "C" or "E" shaped core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
wound using a thick ribbon of aluminum or copper insul
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non
The mineral oil helps
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top

Cores {
Transformers typically have cores made of
high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a
permeability many times that of free
the core thus serves to greatly reduce the
magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a
path which closely couples the windings.
transformer developers soon realized that
cores constructed from solid iron resulted in
prohibitive eddy
designs mitigated this effect with cores
consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires.
Later designs constructed the core by stacking
layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that
has remained in use. Each lamination is
insulated fro
transformer equation indicates a minimum cross
Windings:
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
throughout every
insulated by DPC (Double Paper

C0tSTRuCTl0t C0tSTRuCTl0t C0tSTRuCTl0t C0tSTRuCTl0t
The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
use a "C" or "E" shaped core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
wound using a thick ribbon of aluminum or copper insul
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non
The mineral oil helps
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top
Cores {Luminuted cores
Transformers typically have cores made of
high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a
permeability many times that of free
the core thus serves to greatly reduce the
magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a
path which closely couples the windings.
transformer developers soon realized that
cores constructed from solid iron resulted in
prohibitive eddy-current l
designs mitigated this effect with cores
consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires.
Later designs constructed the core by stacking
layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that
has remained in use. Each lamination is
insulated from its neighbors by a thin non
transformer equation indicates a minimum cross
Windings:-
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
hroughout every turn. Here
insulated by DPC (Double Paper

The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
use a "C" or "E" shaped core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
wound using a thick ribbon of aluminum or copper insul
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non
The mineral oil helps dissipate heat and protects the transformer from moisture, which will float
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top
Luminuted cores
Transformers typically have cores made of
high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a
permeability many times that of free
the core thus serves to greatly reduce the
magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a
path which closely couples the windings.
transformer developers soon realized that
cores constructed from solid iron resulted in
current losses, and their
designs mitigated this effect with cores
consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires.
Later designs constructed the core by stacking
layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that
has remained in use. Each lamination is
m its neighbors by a thin non
transformer equation indicates a minimum cross
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
turn. Here transformers are wound with aluminium or copper strip conductors
insulated by DPC (Double Paper
The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
use a "C" or "E" shaped core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
wound using a thick ribbon of aluminum or copper insul
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non
dissipate heat and protects the transformer from moisture, which will float
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top
Luminuted cores):-
Transformers typically have cores made of
high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a
permeability many times that of free space and
the core thus serves to greatly reduce the
magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a
path which closely couples the windings. Early
transformer developers soon realized that
cores constructed from solid iron resulted in
osses, and their
designs mitigated this effect with cores
consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires.
Later designs constructed the core by stacking
layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that
has remained in use. Each lamination is
m its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of insulation
transformer equation indicates a minimum cross
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
transformers are wound with aluminium or copper strip conductors
insulated by DPC (Double Paper Coating) and Blocks of pressboard
The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
use a "C" or "E" shaped core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
wound using a thick ribbon of aluminum or copper insulated with resin
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non
dissipate heat and protects the transformer from moisture, which will float
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top
high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a
and
magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a
Early
cores constructed from solid iron resulted in
consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires.
Later designs constructed the core by stacking
layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that
conducting layer of insulation
transformer equation indicates a minimum cross-sectional area for the core to avoid saturation
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
transformers are wound with aluminium or copper strip conductors
Coating) and Blocks of pressboard
The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
use a "C" or "E" shaped core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
ated with resin
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non
dissipate heat and protects the transformer from moisture, which will float
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top
conducting layer of insulation
sectional area for the core to avoid saturation
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the application, but in all cases the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
transformers are wound with aluminium or copper strip conductors
Coating) and Blocks of pressboard
The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
use a "C" or "E" shaped core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and either glued
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
ated with resin-impregnated paper. The
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non
dissipate heat and protects the transformer from moisture, which will float
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top
conducting layer of insulation. The universal
sectional area for the core to avoid saturation
application, but in all cases the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
transformers are wound with aluminium or copper strip conductors

The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
either glued
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
impregnated paper. The
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
steel tank which is then filled with high purity mineral oil, which is inert and non-conductive.
dissipate heat and protects the transformer from moisture, which will float
on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily depressurized to remove any remaining
moisture that would cause arcing and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top.
The universal
sectional area for the core to avoid saturation
application, but in all cases the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
transformers are wound with aluminium or copper strip conductors
The transformers for these are made much the same way smaller transformers are made. Most
together with resin or banded together with steel straps. The low current, high voltage primaries
are wound from enamel coated copper wire and the high current, low voltage secondaries are
impregnated paper. The
entire assembly is baked to cure the resin then submerged in a large (usually gray) powder coated
conductive.
dissipate heat and protects the transformer from moisture, which will float
sectional area for the core to avoid saturation
application, but in all cases the
individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels
transformers are wound with aluminium or copper strip conductors
Coolunt:-
High temperatures will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers do not generate
significant heat and are cooled by air circulation and radiation of heat. Power transformers rated
up to several hundred KVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling,
sometimes assisted by fans. In larger transformers, part of the design problem is removal of heat.
Some power transformers are immersed in transformer oil that both cools and insulates the
windings. The oil is a highly refined mineral oil that remains stable at transformer operating
temperature. Indoor liquid-filled transformers are required by building regulations in many
jurisdictions to use a non-flammable liquid, or to be located in fire-resistant rooms. Air-cooled
dry transformers are preferred for indoor applications even at capacity ratings where oil-cooled
construction would be more economical, because their cost is offset by the reduced building
construction cost.
Insolution drying:-
Construction of oil-filled transformers requires that the insulation covering the windings be
thoroughly dried before the oil is introduced. There are several different methods of drying.
Common for all is that they are carried out in vacuum environment. For distribution
transformers, which are smaller and have a smaller insulation weight, resistance heating can be
used. This is a method where current is injected in the windings to heat the insulation. The
benefit is that the heating can be controlled very well and it is energy efficient.
Terminuls:-
Very small transformers will have wire leads connected directly to the ends of the coils, and
brought out to the base of the unit for circuit connections. Larger transformers may have heavy
bolted terminals, bus bars or high-voltage insulated bushings made of polymers or porcelain. A
large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide careful control of the electric field
gradient without letting the transformer leak oil.


PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR
MAN
RADATORS
CONSERVATOR
EXPOSON VENT
TNG UGS
AR REEASE PUG
O EVE NDCATOR
TAP CHANGER
WHEES
HVJV BUSHNGS
TER VAVES
O NG PUG
DRAN PUG
CABE BOX


PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR
MAN TANK
RADATORS
CONSERVATOR
EXPOSON VENT
TNG UGS
AR REEASE PUG
O EVE NDCATOR
TAP CHANGER
WHEES
HVJV BUSHNGS
TER VAVES
O NG PUG
DRAN PUG
CABE BOX
PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR
TANK
RADATORS
CONSERVATOR
EXPOSON VENT
TNG UGS
AR REEASE PUG
O EVE NDCATOR
TAP CHANGER

HVJV BUSHNGS
TER VAVES
O NG PUG
DRAN PUG
CABE BOX

PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR PARTS 0F TRAtSF0RHFR
EXPOSON VENT
AR REEASE PUG
O EVE NDCATOR
HVJV BUSHNGS
O NG PUG


TFSTlt6 0F TRAtSF0RHFRS TFSTlt6 0F TRAtSF0RHFRS TFSTlt6 0F TRAtSF0RHFRS TFSTlt6 0F TRAtSF0RHFRS
Pluce oI Observution:-TRANS-TECH ENGINEERING
Testing of Transformer is done to determine their electrical, thermal and mechanical suitability
for the system where they will be used or applied. Most of the tests performed on the
transformers are defined in national or international standards created by IEEE, NEMA and
ANSI, whose purpose is to define uniform set of tests recognized by both the manufacturer and
user.

Here TISTING IS CARRII OLT AS PIR IS-o6.

R0uTltF TFSTS R0uTltF TFSTS R0uTltF TFSTS R0uTltF TFSTS (T0 (T0 (T0 (T0 F CARRlF0 0uT 0t FACH J0) F CARRlF0 0uT 0t FACH J0) F CARRlF0 0uT 0t FACH J0) F CARRlF0 0uT 0t FACH J0)

Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of insulation resistance
Separate source voltage withstand test (High Voltage tests on HV & LV)
Induced Over voltage Withstand test (DVDF test)
Measurement of voltage ratio
Measurement of NO LOAD LOSS & current.
Measurement of LOAD LOSS & IMPEDENCE.(EFFICIENCY & REGULATION)
Oil BDV test.



TYPF TFST TYPF TFST TYPF TFST TYPF TFST

THISI TISTS ARI CARRII OLT ONLY ON ONI TRANSIORMIR OI THI
LOT.
All routine tests
Additionally following tests are included in type tests
1. Lightening Impulse test.
2. Temperature rise test




SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST

Additional Impulse test
Short circuit test
Measurement of zero Phase sequence Impedance test.
Measurement of acoustic noise level.
Measurement of harmonics of the no load current.
Magnetic balance test.


Some TesLs LIuL were observed by us wIIcI were
dIscussed Iere brIeIIy.


C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST

Meusorement oI insolution resistunce

A continuity test
complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged component
resistance, the circuit is
flow of the current.
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body
between LV & HV winding.
NSUATON TESTER OR MEGGER S USED.
Recommended Values are
2000Mobms fot nv & 500 Mobms fot lv.








SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST

Additional Impulse test
Short circuit test
Measurement of zero Phase sequence Impedance test.
Measurement of acoustic noise level.
Measurement of harmonics of the no load current.
Magnetic balance test.
Some TesLs LIuL were observed by us wIIcI were
dIscussed Iere brIeIIy.
C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST
Meusorement oI insolution resistunce
continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged component
resistance, the circuit is
flow of the current.
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body
between LV & HV winding.
NSUATON TESTER OR MEGGER S USED.
Recommended Values are
2000Mobms fot nv & 500 Mobms fot lv.

SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST SPFClAl TFST
Additional Impulse test
Short circuit test
Measurement of zero Phase sequence Impedance test.
Measurement of acoustic noise level.
Measurement of harmonics of the no load current.
Magnetic balance test.
Some TesLs LIuL were observed by us wIIcI were
dIscussed Iere brIeIIy.
C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST C0tTltulTY TFST
Meusorement oI insolution resistunce
is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged component
resistance, the circuit is "open.
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body
between LV & HV winding.
NSUATON TESTER OR MEGGER S USED.
Recommended Values are
2000Mobms fot nv & 500 Mobms fot lv.
Measurement of zero Phase sequence Impedance test.
Measurement of acoustic noise level.
Measurement of harmonics of the no load current.
Some TesLs LIuL were observed by us wIIcI were
Meusorement oI insolution resistunce
is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged component
Insulation resistance is the resistance
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body
NSUATON TESTER OR MEGGER S USED.
2000Mobms fot nv & 500 Mobms fot lv.
Measurement of zero Phase sequence Impedance test.

Measurement of harmonics of the no load current.
Some TesLs LIuL were observed by us wIIcI were
Meusorement oI insolution resistunce
is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged component
resistance is the resistance
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body
NSUATON TESTER OR MEGGER S USED.
2000Mobms fot nv & 500 Mobms fot lv.
Measurement of zero Phase sequence Impedance test.
Measurement of harmonics of the no load current.
Some TesLs LIuL were observed by us wIIcI were muInIy RouLIne TesLs ure
Meusorement oI insolution resistunce
is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged component
resistance is the resistance
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body
NSUATON TESTER OR MEGGER S USED.

muInIy RouLIne TesLs ure
is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small voltage across
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged component
resistance is the resistance offered radially to the axial
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body
muInIy RouLIne TesLs ure
is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
voltage across the chosen
path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged components, or excessive
radially to the axial
Measures the insulation resistance of HV & LV windings with respect to earth (body) and
muInIy RouLIne TesLs ure
is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a
the chosen
s, or excessive
radially to the axial
TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST

Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
corresponding on its rated
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
transformer is balance.
electrical pr
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
This test measures the voltage ratio as per the customers requirement.
V1/V2 =
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
measured with the help of a turns ratio meter. If it is
be correct.
EquIpmenL


wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST

This nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by applying a small
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
winding resistance, more commonly feasible with
windings a resistance
resistance by applying skin effect corrections

P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST

This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary ph
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
polarities. The transformer is connected to a low vo
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V1, V2 and V3 are noted.
locations are correct (
connection shown). The beginning
and end of the primary and
secondary may then be marked by
A1 A2 and a1
the voltage rises from A1 to A2 in
the primary, at any instant it
from a1 to a2 in the secondary. If
more secondary
present due to taps taken from the
TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST
Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
corresponding on its rated
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
transformer is balance.
electrical properties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
This test measures the voltage ratio as per the customers requirement.
V1/V2 = N1/N2
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
measured with the help of a turns ratio meter. If it is
be correct.
EquIpmenL used:
wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST
This nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by applying a small
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
winding resistance, more commonly feasible with
windings a resistance
resistance by applying skin effect corrections
P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST
This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary ph
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
polarities. The transformer is connected to a low vo
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V1, V2 and V3 are noted.
locations are correct (
connection shown). The beginning
and end of the primary and
secondary may then be marked by
A2 and a1 a2 respectively. If
the voltage rises from A1 to A2 in
the primary, at any instant it
from a1 to a2 in the secondary. If
secondary terminals are
present due to taps taken from the
TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST TuRtS RATl0 TFST
Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
corresponding on its rated voltage in primary and secondary. For example, three phase
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
transformer is balance. The proper operation of a transformer relies almost entirely on the
operties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
This test measures the voltage ratio as per the customers requirement.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
measured with the help of a turns ratio meter. If it is
used: Turns Rctiometer
wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST
This nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by applying a small
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
winding resistance, more commonly feasible with
windings a resistance-bridge method can be used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c.
resistance by applying skin effect corrections
P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST P0lARlTY TFST
This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary ph
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
polarities. The transformer is connected to a low vo
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V1, V2 and V3 are noted. V1: V2 gives the turns ratio. If V3 reads V1
locations are correct (for the
connection shown). The beginning
and end of the primary and
secondary may then be marked by
respectively. If
the voltage rises from A1 to A2 in
the primary, at any instant it does so
from a1 to a2 in the secondary. If
terminals are
present due to taps taken from the
Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
voltage in primary and secondary. For example, three phase
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
The proper operation of a transformer relies almost entirely on the
operties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
This test measures the voltage ratio as per the customers requirement.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
measured with the help of a turns ratio meter. If it is
Rctiometer
wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST wlt0lt6 RFSlSTAtCF TFST
This nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by applying a small
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
winding resistance, more commonly feasible with
bridge method can be used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c.
resistance by applying skin effect corrections
This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary ph
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
polarities. The transformer is connected to a low vo
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V2 gives the turns ratio. If V3 reads V1
connection shown). The beginning
secondary may then be marked by
respectively. If
the voltage rises from A1 to A2 in
does so
from a1 to a2 in the secondary. If
present due to taps taken from the
Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
voltage in primary and secondary. For example, three phase
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
The proper operation of a transformer relies almost entirely on the
operties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
This test measures the voltage ratio as per the customers requirement.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
measured with the help of a turns ratio meter. If it is correct,
Rctiometer
This nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by applying a small
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
winding resistance, more commonly feasible with high voltage windings. For low voltage
bridge method can be used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c.
resistance by applying skin effect corrections
This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary ph
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
polarities. The transformer is connected to a low voltage a.c. source with the connections made
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V2 gives the turns ratio. If V3 reads V1
Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
voltage in primary and secondary. For example, three phase
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
The proper operation of a transformer relies almost entirely on the
operties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
This test measures the voltage ratio as per the customers requirement.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
correct, then the voltage ratio is assumed to
This nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by applying a small
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
high voltage windings. For low voltage
bridge method can be used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c.
This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary phasor polarities. It is
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
ltage a.c. source with the connections made
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V2 gives the turns ratio. If V3 reads V1
Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
voltage in primary and secondary. For example, three phase
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
The proper operation of a transformer relies almost entirely on the
operties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
This test measures the voltage ratio as per the customers requirement.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
then the voltage ratio is assumed to
This nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by applying a small
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
high voltage windings. For low voltage
bridge method can be used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c.
asor polarities. It is
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
ltage a.c. source with the connections made
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V2 gives the turns ratio. If V3 reads V1V2 then assumed dot
Turns ratio test is very important in order to find out that the transformer has the right ratio
voltage in primary and secondary. For example, three phase
transformer is subjected to turns ratio test when each phase has equal turns ratio then the
The proper operation of a transformer relies almost entirely on the
operties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
tested to verify that their electrical properties have not changed from design specifications.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
then the voltage ratio is assumed to

d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
high voltage windings. For low voltage
bridge method can be used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c.
a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for detecting
the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed earlier is used to indicate the
ltage a.c. source with the connections made
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V2 then assumed dot
operties of its windings. To ensure continued proper operation, transformers are
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Using this principle, the turns ratio is
then the voltage ratio is assumed to
d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the same. The ratio gives the
high voltage windings. For low voltage
bridge method can be used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c.
ltage a.c. source with the connections made
as shown in the fig supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters
V2 then assumed dot
windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
Fig. 18(b) shows the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.



0PFt ClRCu 0PFt ClRCu 0PFt ClRCu 0PFt ClRCu

Meusorement oI NO LOA LOSS & corrent.

The Open circuit test
determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.
Methods
The secondary windings of
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped
the excitation branch.
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
power factor angle.
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
433V supply & the
load is the no load loss in the transformer.
Effect of actual
frequency must be taken into
account.
EquIpmenL
Wcttmeters or pouer
cnclser


windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
b) shows the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.
0PFt ClRCu 0PFt ClRCu 0PFt ClRCu 0PFt ClRCulT TFST lT TFST lT TFST lT TFST
Meusorement oI NO LOA LOSS & corrent.
Open circuit test
determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.
Methods
The secondary windings of
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped
the excitation branch.
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
power factor angle.
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
433V supply & the 11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no
load is the no load loss in the transformer.
Effect of actual
frequency must be taken into

EquIpmenL used:
Wcttmeters or pouer
cnclser
windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
b) shows the D.C. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.
lT TFST lT TFST lT TFST lT TFST
Meusorement oI NO LOA LOSS & corrent.
Open circuit test, or "no-load test", is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to
determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.
The secondary windings of the transformer are left open
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped
the excitation branch.
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no
load is the no load loss in the transformer.
Effect of actual
frequency must be taken into
used:
Wcttmeters or pouer
windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.
Meusorement oI NO LOA LOSS & corrent.
load test", is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to
determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.
the transformer are left open
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no
load is the no load loss in the transformer.
windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.
Meusorement oI NO LOA LOSS & corrent.
load test", is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to
determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.
the transformer are left open-
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no
windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.
Meusorement oI NO LOA LOSS & corrent.
load test", is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to
determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.
-circuited while a full
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no
windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
load test", is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to
determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.
circuited while a full-rated voltage is
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no
windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
load test", is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to
rated voltage is
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped across
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no
towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
load test", is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to
rated voltage is
applied to the primary winding. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is
across
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
The iron losses and no load current are measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at
11KV winding is left open .The power consumed by the transformer at no

SH0RT SH0RT SH0RT SH0RT

The purpose of
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited.
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
current which is only 1% or
and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. W
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
absorbed by the leakage reactance of the two windings.


Procedore
For carrying short circuit
test on power transformer:
Isolate the power
transformer from
service.
Remove HV/LV
jumps
disconnect neutral
from earth/ground.
Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Energise HV side by LV supply.
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
Analysis
If neutral current is ne
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
is ope





SH0RT SH0RT SH0RT SH0RT ClRCulT TFST ClRCulT TFST ClRCulT TFST ClRCulT TFST
The purpose of short circuit
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited.
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
current which is only 1% or
and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. W
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
bed by the leakage reactance of the two windings.

Procedore
For carrying short circuit
test on power transformer:
Isolate the power
transformer from
service.
Remove HV/LV
jumps and
disconnect neutral
from earth/ground.
Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Energise HV side by LV supply.
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
Analysis
If neutral current is ne
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
is open

ClRCulT TFST ClRCulT TFST ClRCulT TFST ClRCulT TFST
short circuit test
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited.
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
current which is only 1% or less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test
and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. W
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
bed by the leakage reactance of the two windings.


For carrying short circuit
test on power transformer:
Isolate the power
transformer from
Remove HV/LV
disconnect neutral
from earth/ground.
Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Energise HV side by LV supply.
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
If neutral current is near to zero transformer windings are operational.
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
test is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited.
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test
and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. W
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
bed by the leakage reactance of the two windings.

Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Energise HV side by LV supply.
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
ar to zero transformer windings are operational.
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited.
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test
and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. W
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
bed by the leakage reactance of the two windings.

Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
ar to zero transformer windings are operational.
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited. Let these values be V
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test
and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. W
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
ar to zero transformer windings are operational.
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
Let these values be V
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test
and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. W
sc
is the sum of the
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
ar to zero transformer windings are operational.
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
Let these values be V
sc
, I
sc
and W
respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test
is the sum of the
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit. as the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are
and W
sc

respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is
usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation
less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test
is the sum of the
copper losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that
If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding
l0A0 TFST l0A0 TFST l0A0 TFST l0A0 TFST

Meusorement oI LOA LOSS & IMPIINCI. {IIIICIINCY &
RIGLLATION)

Load Test helps to determine the total loss that takes place, when the transformer
is loaded. Unlike the tests described previously, in the present case nominal voltage is applied
across the primary and rated current is drown from the secondary. Load test is used mainly

1. To determine the rated load of the machine and the temperature rise
2. To determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of the transformer.

This test measures the power consumed by the transformer when the 433V winding is short
circuited and the rated current is passed through the 11KV winding.
EquIpmenL used: Wcttmeters or pouer cnclser.




SFPARATF SFPARATF SFPARATF SFPARATF S0uRCF v0lTA6F wlTHSTAt0 TFST (Hl6H v0lTA6F S0uRCF v0lTA6F wlTHSTAt0 TFST (Hl6H v0lTA6F S0uRCF v0lTA6F wlTHSTAt0 TFST (Hl6H v0lTA6F S0uRCF v0lTA6F wlTHSTAt0 TFST (Hl6H v0lTA6F
TFSTS 0t Hv & lv) TFSTS 0t Hv & lv) TFSTS 0t Hv & lv) TFSTS 0t Hv & lv)

This test checks the insulation property between Primary to earth, Secondary to earth and
between Primary & Secondary.

HV IIgI voILuge LesL: Lv wlndlng connecLed LogeLher and earLhed. Pv wlndlng connecLed
LogeLher and glven 73 of 28 kv (for 11kv Lransformer) for 1 mlnuLe.
V IIgI VoILuge LesL: Pv wlndlng connecLed LogeLher and earLhed. Lv wlndlng connecLed
LogeLher and glven 73 of 3 kv for 1 mlnuLe.
EquIpmenL used: High Voltage tester (100KV & 3KV)




lHPulSF TFST lHPulSF TFST lHPulSF TFST lHPulSF TFST
This test is made to prove that the transformer insulation will withstand voltage surges which
may be caused by lightning or switching; this includes insulation to ground, insulation between
turns and windings, and the flashover value of the associated bushings. A high-voltage wave of
standard values, and approximating a lightning surge, is imposed on the unit to be tested. The
surge generator usually consists of a number of capacitors connected so that they be charged in
parallel from a relatively low-voltage source and discharged in series to give a high voltage
across the test piece. A standard impulse wave is illustrated below;

The standard wave reaches its peak voltage value in 1.5 microseconds and reduces to half the
voltage value in 40 microseconds. The value of the voltage applied depends on the rating of the
insulation, and may vary from 5 to 30 times the voltage rating of the insulation. Since rather
elaborate and costly equipment is needed, impulse tests are usually performed only on large
station-type power transformers, and rarely made after they leave the factory.

0 00 00ulF 0ulF 0ulF 0ulF v0lTA6F 00ulF FRF0uFtCY TFST v0lTA6F 00ulF FRF0uFtCY TFST v0lTA6F 00ulF FRF0uFtCY TFST v0lTA6F 00ulF FRF0uFtCY TFST
Indoced Over voltuge Withstund test

Motor Generutor Set
This test setup is generally used to perform induced voltage test on the transformers. This set up
consists of the used motor and generator combination to develop the required voltage and
frequency. It is used to find the insulation break down of the conductors from turns to
turns and layers to layers. It is an insulation test for the transformers. For an 11KV/433V
transformer, 866 Volts are applied at the 433V winding with the help of a Generator for 1
minute. This induces 22KV on 11KV side. The frequency of the 866V supply is also increased to
100HZ.
EquIpmenL used: MO1Ok CNkA1Ok 51
Technicul SpeciIicutions
motor set
Input to
Output
Output
Capacity : Depending upon KVA rating of the
under test Transformer
Direction of the
Dimmer




0ll 0v TFST 0ll 0v TFST 0ll 0v TFST 0ll 0v TFST

Oil breakdown voltage is checked as per IS
100 mm L X 70 mm B X 80 mm Ht. glass pot.
500ml Oil sample.
Spherical electrodes with gap of 2.5 mm
Recommended
EquIpmenL










Technicul SpeciIicutions
motor set:
Input to motor:
Output voltage:
Output frequency : Double of Input
Capacity : Depending upon KVA rating of the
under test Transformer
Direction of the
Dimmer stat:
0ll 0v TFST 0ll 0v TFST 0ll 0v TFST 0ll 0v TFST
Oil breakdown voltage is checked as per IS
100 mm L X 70 mm B X 80 mm Ht. glass pot.
500ml Oil sample.
Spherical electrodes with gap of 2.5 mm
Recommended vuIue:
EquIpmenL used:


Technicul SpeciIicutions
motor: 415 V three phase, 50 Hz.
voltage: 100 to 900 V AC.
frequency : Double of Input
Capacity : Depending upon KVA rating of the
under test Transformer
Direction of the motor: Should be clockwise.
Apply dimmer stat to the generator terminals.
Oil breakdown voltage is checked as per IS
100 mm L X 70 mm B X 80 mm Ht. glass pot.
Spherical electrodes with gap of 2.5 mm
vuIue: 6oKV
used: DIL DV TEST SET
Technicul SpeciIicutions oI u typicul
415 V three phase, 50 Hz.
100 to 900 V AC.
frequency : Double of Input
Capacity : Depending upon KVA rating of the
Should be clockwise.
Apply dimmer stat to the generator terminals.
Oil breakdown voltage is checked as per IS-335.
100 mm L X 70 mm B X 80 mm Ht. glass pot.
Spherical electrodes with gap of 2.5 mm
6oKV
DIL DV TEST SET
oI u typicul
415 V three phase, 50 Hz.
Frequency
Capacity : Depending upon KVA rating of the
Should be clockwise.
Apply dimmer stat to the generator terminals.
335.
100 mm L X 70 mm B X 80 mm Ht. glass pot.
DIL DV TEST SET.


Apply dimmer stat to the generator terminals.
A Sumple dutu sheet oI Testing Ior u g KVA 11[.q KV
TrunsIormer is given here:-
Resistance Test

H.T. Side

129.7
129.1
130.0
L.T. Side 55.3m
55.3m
56.7m

High Voltage Test

Side Voltage Given Time period of Observation
H.T. Side 21 KV (75% of 28 KV) 1 min
L.T. Side 2250 V (75% of 3 KV) 1 min.

DVDF Test
Voltage Given Frequency given Time period of Observation
866V (2x433 V) 100 HZ (2x50 HZ) 1 min.

Turns Ratio Test
Ratio=1:44
Deviation (0.5%) Centridian (0.1%)
-0.2 0.04
-0.29 0.07
-0.09 0.08

No-Load Test

V(Volt) I(Ampere) W1(Watt) W2(Watt) mf
433 V 0.2 A 32 W 8 W 2x2

Load Test

V1(H.V.) V2(L.V) I1(H.V.) I2(L.V.) W1 W2 mf
500 V 1.31 V 0.65A 33.3 A 0 W 70 W 4x2
So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into






So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into

So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into

8ouLlne 1esL
ConLlnulLy 1esL
no Load 1esL
Load 1esL
1urns 8aLlo
1esL
Wlndlng
8eslsLance 1esL
uvul 1esL
Plgh volLage
1esL
Cll 8uv 1esL
So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into

1ransformers
1esLlng
8ouLlne 1esL
ConLlnulLy 1esL
no Load 1esL
Load 1esL
1urns 8aLlo
1esL
Wlndlng
8eslsLance 1esL
uvul 1esL
Plgh volLage
1esL
Cll 8uv 1esL
1ype 1esL
lmpulse 1esL
1emperaLure 8lse
So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into

1ransformers
1esLlng
1ype 1esL
LlghLenlng
lmpulse 1esL
1emperaLure 8lse
1esL
So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into

1emperaLure 8lse
Speclal 1esL
ShorL ClrculL
MagneLlc
8alance 1esL
So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into
Speclal 1esL
ShorL ClrculL
1esL
MagneLlc
8alance 1esL
So preciselg Tronsformers Testing con he dioided into: