Artificial Intelligence

Course Summer Term 2012

Wolfgang Wahlster
Universitt des Saarlandes FR 6.2 Informatik
Campus E1 1 66041Saarbrcken Tel.: (0681) 302-5252/2363 Fax: (0681) 302-5341 E-mail: wahlster@dfki.de WWW: http://www.dfki.de/~wahlster
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI has: l goals of computational sciences and engineering l goals of cognitive science

Computational Sciences and Engineering

Biosciences Psychology

Computer Science

AI

Cognitive Science

Philosophy Linguistics

Artificial Intelligence: realize intelligent behavior and the underlying cognitive abilities on computer systems.
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Computers with Eyes, Ears and Common Sense

Robotics Language Understanding Image Understanding

Augmented Reality

Intelligent Software Systems

3D Graphics & Visualization

Knowledge Management Human-Technology Communication

Security/ Verification

The Turing Test

Alan Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence
"Can machines think?" "Can machines behave intelligently?

Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

1954 100th Birthday Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning
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Cognitive Agents An cognitive agent is an entity that perceives and acts The agent function maps from percept histories to actions: [f: P* A]

Agent in Physical World = Robot Agent in Virtual World = Softbot

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Breakthroughs within the research field of Artificial Intelligence

BUT!

strategies based less on human chess strategies than on fast search

BUT!

only for meeting scheduling and travel planning

AI system beats World Chess Champion

Deep Blue / Deep Junior 1997

AI system understands and translates phone call Three major challenges

Verbmobil / C-STAR 2001

AI system drives an unmanned car

Stanley / VW Touareg 2005

BUT!

through the desert and not through realistic urban traffic

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Features of Intelligent IT Systems in the Spirit of Artificial Intelligence

autonomous
cooperative proactive

flexible Key Features of Intelligent Systems goaloriented

adaptive

selfexplanatory

selflearning

selfoptimizing

faulttolerant

Core Areas and Applications of AI

Natural Language Understanding Systems

Image Understanding Systems

Expert Systems

Robotics

AI Programming Methods Subsymbolic Processing Signal2Symbol Transformation Knowledge Representation Knowledge Processing - Search - Inference - Learning Knowledge Presentation AI Programming Languages
Intelligent Tutoring Systems Intelligent Help Systems

Multiagent Systems

AI Hardware
Intelligent User Interfaces
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AI Tools

From Data to Meta Knowledge

Interpreted data

Use of information

Availability of knowledge

Data

Information

Knowledge

MetaKnowledge

IT support

Data Mining

Information extraction

Knowledge Representation Knowledge Management

DFKI Operates Five Large-Scale Intelligent Environments as Living Labs

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Currently 17 Professors of Different Status Are Working for the DFKI

Associated Professors Heads of Research Groups / Living Lab Leaders at DFKI DFKI Heads of Research Labs
Prof. Anthony Jameson Prof. Klaus-Dieter Althoff

Prof. Antonio Krger

Prof. Andreas Dengel

Prof. Paul Lukowicz

Prof. Didier Stricker

Prof. Bernd Krieg-Brckner

Prof. Hans D. Schotten

Prof. Joachim Hertzberg

Prof. Frank Kirchner

Prof. Rolf Drechsler

Prof. Stephan Busemann

Prof. Peter Loos Prof. Dieter Hutter Prof. Prof. Wolfgang Wahlster Philipp Slusallek Prof. Hans Uszkoreit Prof. Felix Sasaki Prof. Detlef Zhlke

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A Selection of Deployed Products and Service Innovations Based on DFKIs Research Results
MasDISPO: Agent-based production planning in the melting shop as a web service deployed since 2011

Smart Truck: Context sensitive route planning for optimized pickup and delivery deployed since 2011

Telecommunications Company Agender: Automatic age and gender classification and corresponding call routing in call centers deployed since 2010 Intelligent Product Locator: finding shelfs in large malls

Retail Malls

deployed since 2011

Motorcycle Production
BMWMotorcycle R 1200 RT Haptic media control iDrive function deployed since 2010 12

DFKI is the Only German Institute for Computer Science to Participate in Each of the Three Leading-Edge Research Clusters: Local, National and European
Three Leading-Edge Clusters
Saarbrcken

DFG Cluster of Excellence

BMBF Leading-Edge Cluster

Software Innovations for the Digital Enterprise
Darmstadt, Kaiserlautern, Karlsruhe and Saarbrcken

EU Elite Institut
KIC for Computer Science EIT ICT Labs
Berlin, Darmstadt, Karlsruhe, Munich, Saarbrcken, Paris, Stockholm, Helsinki and Eindhoven 13

The Future Internet as the Basis for Digital Lifestyles

3D Internet
Internet of Things Internet of Services

Semantic Web

Multimodal Interaction Technologies

Trusted Cloud

Broadband Communication
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DFKIs EO: A Robotic Car with Adaptable Morphology

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The B-Human Team of DFKI was three times World Champion and four times European Champion in RoboCup.
As humanoid, autonomous robots on the standard platform NAO, B-Human has a goal difference of 267:8 and has never lost a game. After each tournament the software of the B-Human robots becomes publicly available. Nevertheless none of the twelve competing teams could turn this into an advantage and win against B-Human during the last European Championship in Magdeburg 2011. During the game against the UK-Team the mercy rule was applied after B-Human was leading 10:0.

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DFKIs RoboCup-Team B-Human

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Towards Embedded AI in the Internet of Things

5) Intelligent Environments 4) Embedded Computers Smart City

distribution

1) Central Computer

3) Smart Phone Smart Card, nPA 2) PC, Notebook

90% of all computers are embedded and invisible

1 Computer

1 User 1 Computer 1 User

Many Users

Many Computers
M2M Communication

Zeit

1941

1960

1980

2000

2020
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AI-Completeness: The difficulty of simulating a single cognitive ability = to solving the central AI problem
Reasoning Action Planning

Example

Learning

Automatic Speech Translation

is AI-complete

Knowledge Representation

Image Understanding

in analogy to NP-Completeness

Problem Solving
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A Comparison of Information Processing Performance: Human vs. Computer

1011 neurons 1010 bit/sec. 40 bit/sec. Semantics

IBM Blue Gene/L 65.536 processors

183.500 gigaflops (109) ?

costs: ~ 10.000 $ for food

costs: ~ 2.000.000 $ per year for electricity

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The Spectrum of Human Perception

Sensory System
Vision Hearing Kinesthetic Taste Smell Neuronal Bandwith Consciously Perceived Bandwith (bit/sec.) (bit/sec.) 10.000.000 40

100.000
1.000.000 1.000 100.000

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5 1 1
adapted from: R. Kay 200121

AI as a Basis for Mutimodal Interaction in Intelligent User Interfaces

Graphics Speech Gesture

Multimodal Interaction

Biometrics: Eye Gaze

Facial Expression Body Language

Physical Action
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The Need for Hybrid AI Systems

Hybrid AI System

Example: Driving a car

l Driving the car according to traffic rules and given goal l Explainable knowledge-intensive higher cognitive processes l Less critical with regard to timing and interference

Symbolic Level
- Semantic Networks - Rule-Based Techniques - Constraint-Based Techniques

Subsymbolic Level - Neural Nets - Genetic Algorithms - Fuzzy Control

l Keep vehicle on the road

l Unexplainable, unconscious senso-motoric processes l Very fast, robust processing

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Biohybride Implants und Exoskeletons

Cochlear Implant

Retina Implant (3x3 mm chip) Retinis Pigmentosa

Bleex-Exoskeleton
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Asguard (DFKI): An Outdoor Security Robot for Difficult Terrain

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The Most Important Upcoming AI Conferences

World Conference: IJCAI : International Joint Conference on AI (23: 2013 Beijing, China), every 2 years Europe: ECAI: European Conference on AI (20: 2012 Montpellier, France), every 2 years

US:
AAAI: Association for the Advancement of AI (26: 2012 Toronto, Canada) Asia and Pacific Rim: PRICAI: Pacific Rim Conference on AI (11: 2010, Kuching, Malaysia), every 2 years Germany: KI: German Conference on AI (35: 2012 Saarbrcken) 24-27 September 2012
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