TRANSPORT IN ORGANISMS Explain the need for transport systems in multi cellular organisms

Small organisms do not require an internal transport system as diffusion is a sufficient enough process to get food and gases to their cell parts. This is common in organisms like amoeba, paramecium (both of which are unicellular) and in flat worms and sea anemones (multicellular animals belonging to the cnidarians). This is because these organisms have a LARGE surface area to volume ratio. That is the surface area is large enough to allow all the gases to reach the cells by diffusion and once inside the cells the distances to travel to other parts is small so once again diffusion is sufficient. The opposite occurs in most multi cellular organisms that have tissues, organs and organ systems. Humans for example cannot rely on diffusion as their surface area is small in comparison with their volume. LARGE organisms have a SMALL surface area to volume ratio. Additionally, most complex organisms have scales, skin, hair and or shells which are not semi permeable to allow diffusion. Diffusion is thus not sufficient or fast enough to reach all cells to allow survival, hence the need for a transport system or circulatory system. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Osmotic_Potential http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A686766 The above links discuss osmosis and osmotic potentials and how they relate to semi permeable membranes. Hence in large complex organisms with hair, shells, scales etc., osmosis will not be possible. Identify the types of materials which need to be transported in animals and plants

The materials that are transported in animals and plants can be: useful, waste or harmful. Useful ones are: oxygen, digested or manufactured food, water, mineral salts, hormones, antibodies, plasma proteins etc. Waste: carbondioxide, nitrogenous waste Harmful: alcohol, drugs Table 1 below shows examples of substances transported in blood of humans.

Table 1: Substances transported in blood Substance Oxygen Digested foods (fats, glucose, amino acids) Urea and other nitrogenous waste Hormones Heat Carbon dioxide Transported from Transported to Why it needs to be transported Respiration Growth and cell metabolism Excretion Regulation of body functions Regulation of body temperature Excretion

Lungs Body cells Digestive organs Body cells (intestinal villi) and liver Liver and body cells Ductless endocrine glands Muscles, liver Body cells and tissues Kidneys Various organs as needed All tissues Lungs

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio105/kidney.htm This link deals with various nitrogenous waste products from varying organisms and will be useful in the future when excretion is done. Describe the structure and function of the circulatory system in humans

The circulatory system in humans/the blood vascular system is made up of: 1. a transporting medium (blood) 2. tubes through which the medium can travel (blood vessels) 3. a pump to push the medium through the tubes (heart) DOUBLE CIRCULATION: This is where the blood flows through the heart twice in one complete circulation. It exists in mammals in order to give blood the necessary increase in pressure required to take oxygen to all of the bodys organs, give up carbon dioxide at the lungs and pick oxygen up at the lungs. The increase in pressure is needed because blood loses a lot of pressure when passing through the lungs. Double circulation also allows the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to remain separate. The double circulation consists of: pulmonary circulation and systemic (body) circulation. Pulmonary Circulation: This is where blood travels from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated, then back to the left side of the heart. Systemic (body) circulation: This is where blood travels from the left side of the heart to the body where it becomes deoxygenated and then back to the right side of the heart. Route of blood: body heart lungs heart body

http://www.rkm.com.au/ANIMATIONS/animation-double-circulation-blood.html http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/biology/heart-and-circulation.html

BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING MAJOR ORGANS: Those carrying oxygenated blood are: Name of blood vessel Carotid artery Pulmonary vein Hepatic artery Mesenteric artery Aorta Renal artery Subclavian artery Coronary artery Iliac artery Organ or Region in the body Head Lung Liver Intestines Heart Kidney Arms Heart Legs

Those carrying deoxygenated blood are: Name of blood vessel Organ or Region in the body Jugular vein Head Anterior and posterior vena cava Heart Hepatic vein Liver Mesenteric vein Intestines Pulmonary artery Heart Renal vein Kidney Subclavian vein Arms Iliac vein Legs Hepatic portal vein Intestines STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEART The heart is hollow but its walls are made of cardiac muscle which contracts and relaxes rhythmically throughout life. The cardiac muscle gets oxygen and nutrients from coronary vessels that spread over the heart walls. Efficient exchange of food, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other dissolved substances between blood and tissues comes from an efficient heart. It contracts approximately 70 times a minute throughout our lives and the muscle is special as it does not get tired. The heart is found in the chest cavity and it is surrounded by the pericardium. This is a membrane which along with the rib cage protects the heart. Valves are found in the heart and prevent the backflow of blood. When the heart contracts, blood is pumped out of it into the arteries, when it relaxes blood is sucked into it via the veins. Contraction= blood leaves via arteries Relaxation=blood enters via veins The heart beats to a pulse wave which is caused by a wave of pressure travelling along the arteries. This pulse can be felt along different parts of the body and it can be heard using a stethoscope. The heart is divided into two parts by the septum. This prevents the blood from the right side from mixing with the left side of the heart. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs where it is oxygenated; the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body. The heart also consists of four chambers: two top thin- walled ones called atria (singular is called atrium) and two lower ones that are larger, thicker and called ventricles. BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART: The heart has two actions: diastole and systole.

Diastole-This is when the heart muscle relaxes. Deoxygenated blood from the head and body enter the right atrium through each vena cava. At the same time, oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left ventricle through the pulmonary veins. The atria fill with blood. Systole- Following the filling of atria, they contract. There is an increase in pressure from the contraction which opens the tricuspid and bicuspid valves and forces blood into the ventricles. When the ventricles become full, the pressure is high and they contract. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves close because of the pressure and blood is forced to the semilunar valves. (These secure the openings of the pulmonary artery and the aorta.) The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta to be taken to the rest of the body. NOTE: The left ventricle walls are thicker than the right ventricle walls because the left ventricle has to pump harder to move the blood over a longer distance. Refer back to the diagram to see that the distance travelled to take blood to the head and body is further than blood that goes to the lungs. IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO STUDY THIS SECTION ABOVE USING THE DIAGRAMS BELOW, AND ALSO WRITE OUT A FLOW DIAGRAM.

Describe the composition and functions of blood in transport.

Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. PLASMA: This is a sticky, yellowish liquid made of 90% water and 10% substances in solution. The 10% substances in solution may be: sugars, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones and proteins like antibodies, albumen, globulin, and fibrinogen. Hydrogen carbonate ions may also be found in plasma. -------Albumen- makes the blood thick and viscous -------Globulin-Produced by the lymph cells to help make antibodies. Some types may help in blood clotting. --------Fibrinogen- this helps in blood clotting. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA: To transport: --dissolved food from the ileum to tissues --CO2 as the HCO3- ion from tissues to lungs --other waste from tissues to excretory organs --hormones from endocrine glands to target organs --heat from muscles and liver to all body parts --ions and water to maintain the correct concentration of body fluids --white blood cells and antibodies to sites of infection --platelets and plasma proteins to cuts BLOOD CELLS: These are made in the bone marrow, the three main groups are: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells: These contain the red pigment haemoglobin and they have no nuclei so they are not able to survive for approximately more than 3 months. Old red blood cells are destroyed in the liver or spleen. Haemoglobin combines with oxygen readily to form OXYHAEMOGLOBIN. When the amount of oxygen in the body is low (low concentration), it breaks down to release oxygen. HAEMOGLOBIN + OXYGEN OXYHAEMOGLOBIN TAKE NOTE THAT YOU MUST RESEARCH THE ABILITY OF CARBON MONOXIDE TO COMBINE WITH HAEMOGLOBIN AND WHY IT IS BAD.

White blood cells: These are of two types: lymphocytes and phagocytes. These have nuclei but each has its own characteristic shape. They have no haemoglobin and look translucent under a microscope. The lymphocytes produce antibodies to start destroying antigens (foreign bodies). Phagocytes then complete the destruction by swallowing, digesting and killing the antigens, a process known as phagocytosis. ***Research what are venules and arterioles. Platelets/thrombocytes: Fragments of cells made in the bone marrow. Approximately 3 micro meters in size and important in blood clotting. ---Blood clotting: As a cut occurs, the tissue and platelets that are damaged produce thromboplastin as they are exposed to air. Thromboplastin along with Ca2+ ions then begin reactions which turn soluble fibrinogen (a type of plasma protein) into insoluble fibrin. This fibrin forms fibres over the cut which traps the blood cells forming a clot. When this dries a scab forms. CutThromboplastin + Ca 2+ fibrinogen fibrin clot scab

TABLE COMPARING STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES AND VEINS ARTERIES Carry blood away from heart Carry high pressure blood Blood moves in pulses created by ventricle contractions Blood flow is rapid CAPILLARIES Carry blood throughout all tissues Link arteries to veins Pressure decreases along length of capillaries Blood flow is smooth Blood flow slows along length of capillaries Blood becomes deoxygenated along the length of capillaries Run throughout all tissues VEINS Carry blood towards heart Carry low pressure blood Blood flow is smooth Blood flow is slow

Carry oxygenated blood Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) (except pulmonary vein) Most lie deep within body Many lie close to body where they are protected surface ****I will be sending you another table with comparisons of the white and red blood cells and another with some diagrams for the blood vessels. This will be copied and given to you.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: This is made of lymph and lymphatic vessels. The vessels start inside tissues and have swellings along their length which are called lymph nodes (found most commonly in the neck and groin). Valves are present in the vessels to prevent backflow of low pressure lymph. Lymph is formed from tissue fluid found in body tissues which in turn is made from plasma. Lymph flows in one direction only, from tissues to blood. Lymph rejoins plasma in the subclavian veins just before joining the anterior vena cava in the shoulder region. FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: 1. 2. 3. 4. Provides a rapid way of returning cell waste to the blood. Adds lymphocytes to the blood: these are made in lymph nodes. Stationary phagocytes in lymph nodes filter bacteria from the lymph. Absorbs fatty products of digestion: these are absorbed into the lacteals of villi and the lymph carries them to the blood.