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Los protocolos de redundancia de primer salto, se utilizan para establecer una puerta de enlace predeterminada tolerante a fallos. Bsicamente los protocolos establecen un marco de trabajo entre los enrutadores de la red a manera de conseguir una puerta de enlace por defecto de respaldo en caso que la puerta de enlace por defecto primaria se vuelva inaccesible. Algunos de los protocolos utilizados son los siguientes: VRRP HSRP GLBP
VRID: Especifica el grupo de VRRP en el que estar participando el enrutador. IP_VIRTUAL: Indica la IP virtual que se configurar en el grupo de VRRP. PRIORIDAD: Indica la prioridad del enrutador (Por defecto es 100)
Configuracin Router C
interface FastEthernet0/1 ip address 172.16.20.2 255.255.255.0 vrrp 1 ip 172.16.20.1 vrrp 1 priority 90
Configuracin Router D
interface FastEthernet0/1 ip address 172.16.20.3 255.255.255.0 vrrp 1 ip 172.16.20.1 vrrp 1 priority 100
Es un protocolo propietario de Cisco que provee una puerta por defecto tolerante a fallos. Est descrito en el RFC 2281. El Hot Standby Router Protocol es un protocolo propiedad de CISCO que permite el despliegue de routers redundantes tolerantes a fallos en una red. Este protocolo evita la existencia de puntos de fallo nicos en la red mediante tcnicas de redundancia y comprobacin del estado de los routers. HSRP actua sobre la capa 3 del modelo OSI y administra las direcciones virtuales que identifican al router maestro. Para determinar cul es el router maestro se establece una prioridad en cada router. La prioridad por defecto es 100. El router de mayor prioridad es el que se establecer como activo. Entre los routers del grupo HSRP se intercambian mensajes hello para conocer el estado en el que se encuentran. Si el router maestro no enva mensajes tipo hello a los routers respaldo dentro de un periodo de tiempo, otro router del grupo se coloca como router maestro Esto consiste en que el nuevo router obtiene la direccin virtual que identifica al grupo. Configuracin bsica: En cada interfaz de cada router a configurar:
standby GROUP_ID ip IP_VIRTUAL standby GROUP_ID priority PRIORIDAD
GROUP_ID: Especifica el grupo de HSRP en el que estar participando el enrutador. IP_VIRTUAL: Indica la IP virtual que se configurar en el grupo de HSRP. PRIORIDAD: Indica la prioridad del enrutador (Por defecto es 100)
Configuracin Router A
interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 standby 1 ip 192.168.10.1 standby 1 priority 50
Configuracin Router B
interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.10.3 255.255.255.0 standby 1 ip 192.168.10.1 standby 1 priority 200
Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec Next hello sent in 1.204 secs Preemption disabled Active router is 192.168.10.3, priority 200 (expires in 9.184 sec) Standby router is local Priority 50 (configured 50) IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Fa0/0-1" (default) ROUTER_B#sh standby FastEthernet0/0 - Group 1 State is Speak Virtual IP address is 192.168.10.1 Active virtual MAC address is unknown Local virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac01 (default) Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec Next hello sent in 0.568 secs Preemption disabled Active router is unknown Standby router is unknown Priority 200 (configured 200) IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Fa0/0-1" (default)
GROUP_ID: Especifica el grupo de GLBP en el que estar participando el enrutador. IP_VIRTUAL: Indica la IP virtual que se configurar en el grupo de GLBP. PRIORIDAD: Indica la prioridad del enrutador (Por defecto es 100) METODO_BALANCEO: Indica el mtodo de balanceo a utilizar, puede ser round-robin, weighted, host-dependent. Ejemplo: Aplicando GLBP en una red local.
Router A
interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 glbp 1 ip 192.168.0.1 glbp 1 priority 90
Router B
interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0 glbp 1 ip 192.168.0.1 glbp 1 priority 100
Router C
interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0
State is Active 2 state changes, last state change 00:00:18 Virtual IP address is 192.168.0.1 Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec Next hello sent in 2.432 secs Redirect time 600 sec, forwarder time-out 14400 sec Preemption enabled, min delay 0 sec Active is local Standby is 192.168.0.2, priority 90 (expires in 7.512 sec) Priority 100 (default) Weighting 100 (default 100), thresholds: lower 1, upper 100 Load balancing: round-robin Group members: c003.0ff4.0000 (192.168.0.2) c004.0ff4.0000 (192.168.0.3) local c005.0ff4.0000 (192.168.0.4) There are 3 forwarders (1 active) Forwarder 1 State is Listen MAC address is 0007.b400.0101 (learnt) Owner ID is c003.0ff4.0000 Redirection enabled, 597.504 sec remaining (maximum 600 sec) Time to live: 14397.108 sec (maximum 14400 sec) Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is 192.168.0.2 (primary), weighting 100 (expires in 7.104 sec) Forwarder 2 State is Listen MAC address is 0007.b400.0102 (learnt) Owner ID is c005.0ff4.0000 Redirection enabled, 599.132 sec remaining (maximum 600 sec) Time to live: 14399.132 sec (maximum 14400 sec) Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is 192.168.0.4 (primary), weighting 100 (expires in 9.128 sec) Forwarder 3 State is Active 1 state change, last state change 00:07:54 MAC address is 0007.b400.0103 (default) Owner ID is c004.0ff4.0000 Redirection enabled Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is local, weighting 100 ROUTER_C#sh glbp FastEthernet0/0 - Group 1 State is Listen 2 state changes, last state change 00:08:15 Virtual IP address is 192.168.0.1 Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec Next hello sent in 2.380 secs Redirect time 600 sec, forwarder time-out 14400 sec
Preemption disabled Active is 192.168.0.3, priority 100 (expires in 9.380 sec) Standby is 192.168.0.2, priority 90 (expires in 7.408 sec) Priority 80 (configured) Weighting 100 (default 100), thresholds: lower 1, upper 100 Load balancing: round-robin Group members: c003.0ff4.0000 (192.168.0.2) c004.0ff4.0000 (192.168.0.3) c005.0ff4.0000 (192.168.0.4) local There are 3 forwarders (1 active) Forwarder 1 State is Listen MAC address is 0007.b400.0101 (learnt) Owner ID is c003.0ff4.0000 Time to live: 14397.396 sec (maximum 14400 sec) Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is 192.168.0.2 (primary), weighting 100 (expires in 9.180 sec) Forwarder 2 State is Active 1 state change, last state change 00:08:20 MAC address is 0007.b400.0102 (default) Owner ID is c005.0ff4.0000 Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is local, weighting 100 Forwarder 3 State is Listen MAC address is 0007.b400.0103 (learnt) Owner ID is c004.0ff4.0000 Time to live: 14398.104 sec (maximum 14400 sec) Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is 192.168.0.3 (primary), weighting 100 (expires in 8.104 sec)