Kidney Structure

Inferior vena cava

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Abdominal aorta Suprarenal vein Renal artery Renal column

Suprarenal artery Adrenal gland

Renal corpuscle Nephrons Renal cortex

Renal capsule Renal cortex

Renal medulla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal sinus Renal column Fat in renal sinus Renal pelvis Renal papilla

Renal capsule Renal pelvis Renal papilla

Renal medulla Collecting duct Papilla Minor calyx (b)

Renal tubule

Renal vein Hilum

Renal medulla

Renal pyramid

(c)

Renal pyramid Ureter

Renal cortex

Ureter Minor calyx

(a)

Renal Blood Vessels

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Nephrons
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Afferent arteriole Blood flow

Efferent arteriole

Slit pore

Pedicel

Primary process of podocyte

Afferent arteriole Distal convoluted tubule

Blood flow

Renal artery Renal vein Renal pelvis

Ureter (a)

Efferent Afferent arteriole arteriole Glomerulus (a)

Peritubular capillary

Glomerular capsule Parietal layer of glomerular capsule Glomerulus

Slit pore

Renal tubules

Proximal convoluted tubule

Glomerulus (b) Glomerular capsule
(a) : Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon. 1979 W.H. Freeman and Company (b) : Courtesy of R.B. Wilson MD, Eppeley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center

Visceral layer of glomerular capsule Pedicel Primary process of podocyte

David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

(b) b: L.V. Bergman/The Bergman Collection

Glomerular capsule

Cortical radiate artery Cortical radiate vein

Proximal convoluted tubule

Afferent arteriole Glomerulus

Animation: Renal Process

Renal cortex

Efferent arteriole

Distal convoluted tubule

Peritubular capillary

From renal artery To renal vein

Descending limb Nephron loop Ascending limb Collecting duct

Renal medulla

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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Glomerular Afferent arteriole capsule Glomerulus Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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Distal convoluted tubule Efferent arteriole Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop
Juxtamedullary nephron Cortical nephron

Glomerulus Podocyte Afferent arteriole

Renal cortex

(a)

Juxtaglomerular Cells (granular) Juxtaglomerular Macula densa apparatus Glomerular capsule Efferent arteriole
(b)

Ascending limb of nephron loop

Renal medulla

Collecting duct

Blood Supply of a Nephron

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Animation: Fluid Exchange Across the Walls of Capillaries

Glomerular capsule

Cortical radiate artery and vein

Proximal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Distal convoluted tubule

Interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

Cortical radiate artery

Afferent arteriole

Peritubular capillaries

Glomerular capillaries

Efferent arteriole

Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries

Cortical radiate vein

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Arcuate vein

Collecting duct Nephron loop

Interlobar vein

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Renal vein

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Urine Formation
The main function of the nephrons and collecting ducts is to control the composition of body fluids and remove wastes from the blood, the product being urine Urine contains wastes, excess water, and electrolytes Urine is the final product of the processes of: Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
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Urine Formation
Arteriole Venule Net reabsorption Blood flow

Net filtration Interstitial fluid (a) In most systemic capillaries, filtration predominates at the arteriolar end and osmotic reabsorption predominates at the venular end.

Peritubular capillaries Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Venule Blood flow

Glomerular filtration Filtered fluid

Tubular reabsorption Tubular fluid Renal tubule

Tubular secretion Urine

(b) In the kidneys, the glomerular capillaries are specialized for filtration. The renal tubule is specialized to control movements of substances back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries (tubular reabsorption) or from the blood into the renal tubule (tubular secretion).

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Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular filtration Substances move from the blood to the glomerular capsule
Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Podocyte Afferent arteriole Capillary endothelium

Plasma, Glomerular Filtrate, and Urine Components

Glomerular capsule Blood flow Efferent arteriole

(a)

Glomerular filtrate Fenestrae

Podocyte

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(b)

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Filtrate Rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly proportional to the net filtration pressure
Net filtration pressure = force favoring filtration (glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure) forces opposing filtration (capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular capillary osmotic pressure)

Filtrate Pressure
The main force that moves substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall is hydrostatic pressure of the blood inside

Normally the glomerular net filtration pressure is

Hydrostatic pressure of blood Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

positive causing filtration The forces responsible include hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure of plasma and the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the glomerular capsule
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Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Net Outward Pressure Outward force, glomerular hydrostatic pressure = +60 mm Inward force of plasma colloid osmotic pressure = 32 mm Inward force of capsular hydrostatic pressure = 18 mm Net filtration pressure = +10 mm

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Control of Filtrate Rate

GFR remains relatively constant = renal autoregulation. - Certain conditions can override autoregulation 3 main mechanisms keep GFR constant: 1) Myogenic mechanism: - If systemic BP increases = vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles = drop in GFR - If BP declines = vasodialation of afferent arterioles = increase in GFR A Sympathetic response The hormone-like renin-angiotensin system There also is the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide 17 (ANP) affects sodium causing an increase in GFR

Control of Filtrate Rate

2. Tubuloglomerular mechanism: directed by macula densa cells of juxtaglomerular mechanism - macula densa cells respond to NaCl levels - when GFR increases, little time for reabsorption and tubular NaCL is high - macula densa release vasoconstrictor chemical that constricts afferent artieroles 3. Renin-angiotensin mechanism: hormone (enzyme?) renin produced by granular cells - produced in response to sympathetic system & baroreceptor granular cells
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Lung capillaries Kidney Liver

Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption Substances move from the renal tubules into the interstitial fluid where they then diffuse into the peritubular capillaries The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs (70%): Glucose, water, urea, proteins, and creatine Amino, lactic, citric, and uric acids Phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions

Renin

Angiotensinconverting enzyme
Angiotensin I Angiotensin II

Angiotensinogen

Bloodstream Vasoconstriction of arterioles increasing systemic BP Release into bloodstream Stimulation

Increased aldosterone secretion reduces amount Na+ in urine Stimulates hypothalamus to release ADH & stimulate thirst center (both result in increased BP) Increases fluid reabsorption by decreasing peritubular cap. hydrostatic pressure by constricting efferent arterioles

Some is by osmossis, some by diffusion, some by active transport

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Blood flow Glomerulus Glomerular capsule

Blood flow Afferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Glomerular filtrate Efferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Glomerular filtrate

Blood flow Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole

Glomerular filtrate

Blood flow

Proximal convoluted tubule

Na+ Na+ Cl PO43 HCO3 N+ Cl Na+ H2O H2O

+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + ++

Sodium ions are reabsorbed by active transport Negatively charged ions are attracted to positively charged ions electrochemical attraction

Peritubular capillary Tubular reabsorption Peritubular capillary Tubular secretion Renal tubule

3 As concentration of ions (solutes) increases in plasma (blood becomes hypertonic) osmotic pressure increases

Renal tubule Blood flow (a)

Blood flow (b)

Isotonic tubular fluid

Water moves from proximal tubule to capillary by osmosis

Peritubular capillary Blood flow

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Tubular Secretion
Tubular secretion Substances move from the plasma of the peritubular capillaries into the fluid of the renal tubules Active transport Secretion of substances such as drugs, K+ & H+ - i.e., gets some things out of blood that werent filtered - Since all K+ is reabsorbed in the PCT it helps keep blood K+ from being to high - helps control blood Ph
Glomerular Filtrate Urine

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Passive - K+ or H+ go to negatively charges tubule

Peritubular capillary K+ or H+
Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion

Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume

Hormones such as aldosterone (reabsorb NA+) and atrial natriuretic peptide (excrete Na+) The ability of the kidneys to maintain the internal environment rests in a large part on their ability to concentrate urine by reabsorbing large volumes of water The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct are impermeable to water, so water may be excreted as dilute urine If Antidiuretic Hormone is present, DCT and Collecting duct become permeable, and water is reabsorbed by osmosis A countercurrent mechanism in the nephron loops (the descending and the ascending limbs) ensures that the medullary interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic This mechanism is known as the countercurrent multiplier

Blood flow

Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+

Na+ Na+

Na+ Active Tr.

H+ K+

Na+ K+

Na+

K+ Na+

Tubular fluid

Distal convoluted tubule

H+ K+ Na+

Ascending limb of nephron loop

Collecting duct

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Distal convoluted tubule Medullary interstitial fluid

H2O

Medullary interstitial fluid

H2O

H2O

H2O H2O

H2O

H2O Collecting duct

Hypertonic interstitial fluid

Collecting duct

Hypertonic interstitial fluid H2O

Dilute urine (a) low ADH levels (b)

Concentrated urine high ADH levels

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Counter current multipier: - ensures that medullary interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic
1 H2O

Loop of Henle: Countercurrent Mechanism

Na+ Cl

Salty Increasing NaCl concentration 2 Cl Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+ Hypotonic fluid Thick ascending limb (impermeable to water) 3 Medullary interstitial fluid H2O H2O Na+ Cl More salty

Isotonic

Isotonic fluid H2O

H2O Descending limb (permeable to water)

Na+ Cl Even more salty

H2O

(a)

Hypertonic fluid

(b)

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Figure 25.14

Summary of Nephron Function

Blood flow Blood flow Increasing NaCl concentration

NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl

Medullary interstitial fluid NaCl NaCl

NaCl

diffusion

Vasa recta

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Figure 25.16

Urea and Uric Acid Excretion

Urea: By-product of amino acid catabolism Enters the renal tubules through glomerular filtration Reabsorbed (and tubular secretion) It contributes to reabsorption of water from the collecting duct About 80% is recycled Uric acid: Product of nucleic acid metabolism Enters renal tubules through glomerular filtration Most reabsorption occurs by active transport About 10% is secreted and excreted
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Urine Composition
Urine composition reflects the volumes of water and solutes that the kidneys eliminate or retain to maintain homeostasis Varies from time to time due to dietary intake and physical activity, but is: About 95% water Usually contains urea, uric acid, and creatinine May contain trace amounts of amino acids and varying amounts of electrolytes Volume varies with fluid intake and environmental factors

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Elimination of Urine
After forming along the nephrons, urine: Passes the collecting ducts to: Openings of the renal papillae: Enters the minor and major calyces: Passes through the renal pelvis: Enters into the ureters: Enters into the urinary bladder: The urethra carries the urine out of the body

Micturition Reflex

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