Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:

The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

relates to "person", which it modifies introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that* Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people** and things and as subject and object in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information). Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female. Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses: example sentences S=subject, O=object, P=possessive defining - The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. - The person that phoned me last night is my teacher. - The car which hit me was yellow. - The cars that hit me were yellow. O - The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. - The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. - The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. - The person I phoned last night is my teacher. - The car which I drive is old. - The car that I drive is old. - The car I drive is old.

notes

That is preferable

That is preferable

Whom is correct but very formal. The relative pronoun is optional.

That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun is optional.

- The student whose phone just rang should stand up. - Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra. P - The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked. - The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked. - Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher. S - The car, which was a taxi, exploded. - The cars, which were taxis, exploded. - Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. - Mr and Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, are my teachers. - The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire. - My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor. - The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. - The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. Of which is usual for things, but whose is sometimes possible

Whom is correct but very formal. Who is normal.

O nondefining

Of which is usual for things, but whose is sometimes possible

*Not all grammar sources count "that" as a relative pronoun. **Some people claim that we cannot use "that" for people but must use "who/whom"; there is no good reason for such a claim. I talked to the girl whose car had broken down in front of the shop. We often visit our aunt in Norwich which is in East Anglia. That's Peter, the boy who has just arrived at the airport.

The children, who shouted in the street, are not from our school The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland What did you do with the money which your mother lent you? RELATIVEPRONOUN Berartiyangmerupakan kata penghubung yang digunakan untuk membentuk kalimat yang berasal dari dua buah kalimat . Selain itu, digunakan untuk menggantikan satu atau dua frase benda yang identik dan menghubungkan klausa satu dengan yang lainnya yang nantinya kalimat/klausa yang menerangkan bagian kalimat yang lainnya. 1.Defining relative pronoun adalah bentuk yang mempunyai sifat menentukan atau membedakan antara frase benda yang diterangkannya dari benda lain. A.WHO Digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang berkedudukan sebagai subject.E.g:-Riko is sad, He has just lost his money. Kedua kalimat itu dapat digabungkan dengan pola relative pronoun menjadi: Riko who has just lost his money is sad. NOTE:Katawhoyangberartiyangdiletakansetelahkatayangdigantikannya. B.WHOM Digunakan untuk menggantikan frasa orang yang berkedudukan sebagai objek atau sebagai pelengkap(complement). e.g: some girlsare happy. I like the girls bisa digabungkan menjadi: the girls whom I like are happy NOTE: Kalau dalam kalimat kedua sebelum frase yang akan digantikan dengan relative pronoun terdapat kata depan(preposisi) maka preposisi harus dipindahkan pada posisi sebelumwhom. The girl to whom this letter is addressed has gone to Jakarta. C.WHOSE Digunakan untuk menggantikan frase orang yang menyatakan kepemilikan/kepunyaan(possessive).

e.g: Joanas book whose book is very good to read has been written since two years ago. D..WHICH Digunakan untuk mengantikan frase benda atau binatang baik berkedudukan sebagai subyek maupun objek. e.g:. I see the cat which has been eaten by me. NOTE:Apabila dalam kalimat kedua sebelum frase yang akan digantikan dengan relative pronoun terdapat preposisi(katadepan), maka preposisi tersebut harus dipindahkan pada posisi sebelumwhich. E.g::That is the chalk by which I write last night. D.THAT Digunakan untuk menggantikan frase orang atau benda yang dalam hal inithatsama denganwho,whom,which kedudukannya. e.g:the girl whom met me is very bad. Bisa juga the girl that met me is very bad. NOTE:Untuk menerangkan tuhan tidak boleh menggunakanthat,tetapi gunakanlah who atau whom. 2.NONDEFINING adalah bentuk pronoun yang bersifat membertambahan informasi/keterangan tambahan mengenai frase yang diterangkannya. Non defining selalu di apit oleh koma(,)dan relative pronounnya tidak bisa dihilangkan.e.g:cililin, in which I born, is famous for wajit.