The client and server are software processes. The server waits for a request from the client.

The client initiates the communication, the server responds. The server has to exist and be known about before a client can successfully connect to its services. Is a set of agreed signals, codes and rules for data exchange. Protocol HTTPS: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer is a secure protocol developed by Netscape that encrypts and decrypts user page requests. It uses port 443. FTP: Application layer protocol that enables les on one host to be copied to another host. An FTP server and an FTP client have to be run, two ports are used, 20 for data, 21 for commands. A packet is a unit of communication in the internet 3 Parts Source Address Destination Address Payload When a computer wants to send something like a document to another, the document will be broken down into chunks. The computer will generate a packet for every chunk made. The address of the sending computer is placed in the source address of the packet. The unique address of the receiving computer is placed in the destination address part of each packet. Each packet is then dispatched to the internet through a router gateway. Each router examines the destination address of a packet to determine what to do with it. Each sent independently through a series of interconnected routers until they reach their destination. The Client Server Model Packet Switching

Used because it isn't practical to connect every host directly to every other host. Routers Instead a few hosts connect to a router, which connects to other routers to form a network. A router receives packets from a host or router, then uses the destination IP address that they contain to pass on the packets, correctly formatted, to another host or router. The World Wide Web is a system of Interlinked hyper-text documents accessed via the internet The WWW Client Port Numbers Accessed via a web browser Began in 1989 An Intranet

HTTP: Application level Protocol, Client sends request to server, server responds with a response message contain data such as HTML or other les Telnet: Is a text based protocol that can be used to manage a remote machine, read the HTML of a webpage and send and retrieve e-mail

Pop3 and SMTP: SImple Mail Transfer Protocol is used by e-mail clients to send e-mail. It is a relatively simple text based protocol. Operated on port 25. POP3 is used to retrieve the mail by the receiver Application Level Protocols

Chunks are placed in the next available packet

Clients are assigned a temporary port number called a Client Port number. Client Port Numbers lie in the range 1024 to 4095 20: Ftp Server, le transfer data 110: Pop3 Server 23: Telnet Server Handles the details of the networking application. It uses different protocols for different applications. Involves the transmission control protocol which establishes a secure reliable connection between two hosts. Deals with detecting errors, retransmitting packets and detecting the breaking of a connection. Addresses the packets handed to to it from the transport layer with source and destination IP addresses, then hands them to the link layer Adds source and destination hardware addresses to packets that it receives from the network layer, then dispatches the packets to the local cable.

Server Process Port Numbers

Port numbers

An Intranet is a private computer network that uses internet protocols to share an organisations information or operations with its employees. Identies a group of IP addresses, i.e. on a network. Fully Qualied Domain Name Identies a specic client IP on a network

Computing: The Structure Of the Internet

Domain Name Application Layer Transport layer Registries and Registrars Network Layer Link Registrars TCP/IP Protocol Stack Registries Uniform resource identier

Uniform Resource Locator Uniform Resource Name

Represents the target of a hyperlink; species which server to access, the access method and the location on the server. Identies a resource by name

Store registered domain names. These registries track the associations between Internet addresses such as 196.100.11.4 and domain names Are responsible for registering Internet domains to people and organisations