Hormone Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin) Oxytocin

Secreted by. Posterior Pituitary

Posterior Pituitary

Growth Hormone/Somatotropin

Anterior Pituitary

Prolactin Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) + Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary

Action Regulates water retention by the kidney, insertion of aquaporins into collecting duct Acts on the mammary gland and uterus, coordinates smooth muscle contraction (milk let down and uterine contractions) Acts on the liver and kidney, release of somatomedins that stimulate growth of musculoskeletal tissue Stimulates milk production in the mammary gland Act on ovarian follicles in females and testes in males, manage estrogen secretion, follicle, and sperm development Acts on the thyroid gland, stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion Acts on adrenal cortex; stimulate production of steroid hormones (eg. Cortisol) Controls blood pressure by regulating Na and K levels in kidney Stimulates production of glucose at expense of proteins and lipids, plays a major role in repressing the immune system by triggering lymphocyte apoptosis Targets many of the same tissues as testosterone Targets lungs, heart kidney, liver, triggers flight of fight response Targets many tissues, has anabolic effect that leads to the uptake of glucose from the circulation Targets many tissues, has catabolic effects that increase blood glucose levels Inhibits the effects of glucagon and insulin as well as influencing GI tract function, important for homeostasis

Thyrotropin

Anterior Pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Aldosterone

Anterior Pituitary

Zona glomerulosa (salt) of Adrenal Cortex Zona fasciculata (sugar) of Adrenal Cortex

Cortisol

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Epinephrine + norepinephrine Insulin

Zona reticularis (sex) of Adrenal Cortex Chromaffin cells of Adrenal Medulla Beta-cells of Pancreatic Islets

Glucagon

Alpha-cells of Pancreatic Islets

Somatostatin

Delta-cells of Pancreatic Islets

Pancreatic Polypeptide

F-cells of Pancreatic Islets

Thyroid Hormone (T3 + T4)

Follicular cells of Thyroid Gland

Calcitonin Parathyroid Hormone

Clear cells of Thyroid Gland Chief cells of Parathyroid Gland

Androgen-Binding Protein

Sertoli cells of Testes

Inhibin

Sertoli cells of Testes

Testosterone

Leydig cells of the Testes

Inhibits pancreatic and gallbladder function and both inhibits and stimulates GI tract contractions Formed by iodination of tyrosine residue in protein called thyroglobin. Hormone has many targets of activity and regulates metabolic activity Inhibits activity of osteoclasts, decreasing blood calcium levels Targets bone and specifically the osteoblast which in turn releases factors that stimulate osteoclast function resulting in the release of calcium into the blood stream. Stimulates OPC to differentiate into osteoblasts Released in response to FSH from pituitary, Binds Testosterone in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules to keep androgen concentration high Inhibits FSH secretion by pituitary, negative feedback mechanism Many functions on many tissues, required for sperm cell maturationreleased in response to LH

Endocrinology of Female Reproductive Tract Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Produced by the anterior pituitary Differentiates the follicle cells to granulosa cells, and begins the progress of follicle development. The granulosa cells begin producing inhibins that feedback on the hypothalamus and repress FSH production At a threshold of high estrogen concentrations, a burst GnRH is released from the hypothatlamus leading to a LH and FSH release. This hormone stimulates proliferation of many other cells in the reproductive tract. Development of the fetus requires estrogen that in the first trimester is derived from the corpus luteum and then later the placenta Acts on the granulosa and leads them to produce proteases and trigger ovulation. It differentiates the granulosa and theca cells, and establishes hormone production by the corpus luteum. Without LH stimulation the corpus luteum eventually stops producing estrogen and progesterone and undergoes apoptosis Represses LH production by blocking GnRH production in the hypothalamus. Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of many other epithelial cells in reproductive tract, preparing them for reception of fertilized ovum. Derived from corpus luteum, then placenta. Acts like LH to maintain the corpus luteum and stimulate production of estrogen and progesterone during first trimester

Estrogen

Produced by the differentiated granulosa cells---The later by theca lutein cells in corpus luteum

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Anterior pituitary

Progesterone

Produced by the granulosa cells of corpus luteum

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Placenta

Relaxin

Uterus

Stimulates production of proteases that break down type I collagen to allow passage of fetus during parturition