Made Bayu Mahendra/121112105

American Studies
Settlement & Immigration
American known with its believe, American Dream that creating better live for them shelves. This believe make millions of immigrants come to USA. And then that newcomers adjust to the Americans condition, leave their homeland culture behind and study Americans Culture in order to create a better life. For newcomers, life in the USA meant an improvement over their situation in them old country. Many immigration in America makes this country known with Mother of Exiles. This quotation became famous because there are 2 thing that refers to show this quotation. The Statue of Liberty and Emma Lazaruss sonnet The New Colossus which was engraved on a bronze plague and put inside the statue is that 2 thing. There has never been a single national culture in America. Many newcomers causes a mixing of culture that affected all America with discrimination, economic exploitation, etc. America is a country with a long history. Began with the meeting of Native American and European Colonist, Importation of African slaves and others. American European conflict began at 1400s but the first permanent settlement established by English in 1607, and Tobacco plantation in Virginia is a moment when the first African slaves were imported. In the 1630s, Lord Baltimore established Maryland as a haven for Catholics, and then in 1660s other English aristocrat financed Georgia and Carolinas as commercial investment and experiments in social organization. The founding of middle colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey) occurred in 1600s. The Dutch maintained the culture of middle colonies for a very long time until the dominant culture in New York and New Jersey became English by the end of the 1600s. When the first wave of European newcomers came to America, the natives give them a warm welcome only if they willing to conform Anglo American Culture and supply needed labor. But the reception that immigrants is varied according to location and individual qualities. All of the immigration wave transformed into a demography of colonies. English dominance decreased in 1776, the African American slaves were a majority in large parts of southern colonies. Most Native American culture had been forced beyond Appalachians, And Non English people were a majority in a coastal towns. Immigration slowed between 1776 and the end of 1820s. But, European population doubled between 1750 1850,Industrial Revolution and an International Trade spread from Britain to the Continent and USA that occurred in this period are also the factor that pushed Northern and Western European who are commonly called old immigrants from their homeland. Another large immigrants groups such as Germans, Irish, Britons and Scandinavians also came to USA during the old immigration period. The factor that pulled most people to the USA was an apparently an unlimited supply of land. Another pull factor was work. Territorial Government sent immigration agents to Europe to recruit people with few promises like cheap fertile farms or others.

Around 1890s, North and West Europe Immigration declined while arrival of South and East Europe Immigration rose. Between 1890 1914s, the volume of immigration also soared, topping million annually several times. The largest new immigration groups were Italians, Jews, Poles, and Hungarian. In general, the new immigrants were younger, often unmarried, and mostly travel as individuals. While the immigration to USA got bigger, the opportunities in USA changed to somewhat too. The closing frontier around 1890 signaled the end of the era of government land giveaways. Less than a quarter of the newcomers found employment in agriculture. Four from five immigrants went where the jobs were. The unbalanced size between new immigration and the altered job market resulted crime, overcrowding, insanitary conditions, and epidemics in immigrants ghettos, causing alarm and reform before Civil War. There are many doubt about this problem, but few immigrants concluded that restrictive immigration laws were needed. Restriction or Regulation was developed slowly in USA. Until 1875, only asked local authorities to count the immigrants. But in 1891, the federal government took responsibility for regulating immigration, a law that integrating so many immigrants, and protection from racism. The fourth wave of immigration came in 1965 and rose in late 1990s. The wave has included hundreds of thousands of immediate relatives and refugees, millions of aliens who cross borders without papers or Americans Visa. The fourth wave of this newcomers were a socio-economic group that meant they are above average in their homeland but less average in USA. The nationalities and skin colors of most people in this wave is more different and various. This differences could rise the racism and nativism. Illegal immigration causes heated debate over government policy to control entry to USA. The federal government responded to this ongoing debate in 1986 by passing the Immigration Reform and Control Act to minimize illegal immigration while expressing acceptance and giving rights to people already inside the USA. More restrictive attitudes also found expression in the federal immigration and welfare reform laws of 1996. These strengthened border controls against illegal immigration, made it easier to deport illegal visitors or immigrants. After this 21th Century. USA should developed their immigration laws to more strong and wisely. In fact, there are still many racism in the USA until now. Theres still many people think that live in USA is better. Think about well-paid, modern facility, and acquired more English, they dont care to work as a servant or anything as long as it in USA.