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MAGNETIC FIELD MITIGATION OF POWER CABLE BY HIGH MAGNETIC COUPLING PASSIVE LOOP
Aldo Canova Politecnico di Torino Dip. Ing. Elettrica, Italy aldo.canova@polito.it Luca Giaccone Politecnico di Torino Dip. Ing. Elettrica, Italy luca.giaccone@polito.it magnetic field are generally low (expressed in units of magnetic induction in micro-and milli tesla) ferromagnetic shields require the use of materials characterized by a high magnetic permeability at low magnetic fields (called initial magnetic permeability ). The passive conductive shield are characterized by sheets of conductive material, typically aluminium or copper, whose operating principle is based on the electromagnetic induction law: the magnetic field produced by the sources induces Foucault currents in the shield slabs which generate an opposite field. In order to ensure good mitigation performances it is necessary that the plates which compose the shield are well joined among themselves to ensure a good electrical continuity of the shield. Optimisation procedure can provide minimisation of cost and shielding factor improvement (defining as shielding factor the ratio between the magnetic field in the absence and in presence of the shield) [5-6-7]. A special type of conductive shield is represented by the passive loops. These shields are made of electrical conductors (typically the same electric cables used for the transport and distribution) connected each other to create closed loops. The behaviour principle is again based on the electromagnetic induction law with the difference that in this case the induced currents are confined inside the shield conductors. This kind of shield is used both for buried cable and overhead power lines [8-9]. The passive shields are characterized by relatively low induced currents, due to the low magnetic coupling with the source, and relatively low shielding factors. They have the advantage that no active components are present and they assure the self regulation of the shield current according to the source one. Finally, in order to increase the induced current in the passive loops, capacitors are inserted in the loops for compensating their inductance [10]. This action allows the minimization of the impedance of the loops and gives a time lag between induced and source current of about 90 degrees (the best would be to obtain a phase displacement of about 180). Finally, there are passive screen solutions consisting of a mixture of ferromagnetic and conductive media. They are generally composed of sheets of conductive and ferromagnetic material. Regarding active shields they are generally made of electrical conductors forming mesh more or less complex that, unlike the passive shields, are powered by current generators properly controlled. If the supply current changes the magnetic field varies, it is necessary to control the current in the shield. For this reason this technique
ABSTRACT
In this paper a new concept of passive loop technique called High Magnetic Coupling Passive Loop is presented. The proposed shield is characterised by high performances and takes all the advantages of passive and active shields. The shielding technique can be adopted in different application field: power lines, busbar systems, line transformer connections, etc.. In the present paper the proposed shielding technique is applied to the junction zone of a high voltage buried power line.
INTRODUCTION
The electromagnetic pollution is an open subject because of the possible effects on human health and for electromagnetic compatibility problem. These are the reason because magnetic field mitigation is an open challenge for researcher [1]. Limiting to the case of low frequency, one of the most significant sources are represented by power lines (overhead line, buried cable, busbar, etc.) adopted in transport and distribution of electric energy [2]. In particular in the recent years a significant increasing of buried cable installations in urban environment, also for high voltage power lines, occurred. The concern of people, on the one hand, and restrictions on the levels of maximum field on the other hand, has put in many situations the need to make a careful verification of the levels of field and to adopt in some cases mitigation systems. Magnetic shield adopted for the mitigation of the field produced by buried power cables are mainly divided into two broad categories: passive and active shields. The former are characterized by the fact that does not require external power sources that feed them while the second require external power. In both cases, the shields are placed close to the source and region where one wants to mitigate the magnetic field. With regard to passive shields, they can be divided into two more categories: ferromagnetic shields and conductive shields [3-4]. The former are usually made of slabs of ferromagnetic material which intercepting the magnetic field allow the shielding by reducing it in the surrounding region. Typically these systems are used in case of underground lines and slabs of ferromagnetic materials are placed underground close to the power line. Since the values of the
CIRED2009 Session 2
Paper No 0163
CIRED
requires a measure of the magnetic field strength in the region to be shielded and a control system which modulates the current in the shield at the desired value [11-12]. The main advantage offered by this system is represented by the high shielding factor performance. By contrast, as well as a greater cost of the system, in the presence of a wrong control, the active shield can become a new source and can increase the field pollution produced by the source (the cure is worse than the disease!). This type of shield has some applications in the overhead power lines but it is characterised by high cost. In the present paper a novel concept of passive loop characterized by a high magnetic coupling with the source is presented. In the next paragraph the shielding technique is presented and discussed and finally in the third section some possible optimised configuration, for the case of buried cable lines, are reported.
Source cables
Figure 2: HMCPL geometrical layout Although the base idea is very simple, due to technical reasons sometimes it is not possible to install the shield close to the power lines, Fig. 2. Therefore an optimal design has to be done. In fact the geometrical displacement is no more simply defined and also the correct amplitude value of the shielding currents has to be determined. It is possible to impose in the shield a portion of the source current by using a coil for supply the shield which introduce something like a transformer ratio, see Fig. 2. Therefore thinking at the core like a transformer with ratio Ksh=N2/N1 the current in the shield is I = I s .
sh
K sh
Moreover the phase splitting method can be used, therefore each phase of the shield can be divided in more than one cables in parallel.
x=0m
x=10m
x=20m
x=30m
CIRED2009 Session 2
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Section S1 and S3
Section S2
70 cm
4m
Figure 5 Magnetic flux density produced by the power line without shield Fig. 6 shows that the solution which employs one shielding conductors for each source cable allow to reduce the peak observed in Fig. 5 to the same value of the field generated from a trefoil configuration. Figure 8. Laboratory simulation of the shield outside the joint influence
Figure 6 - Magnetic flux density with shielding configuration with one conductor per phase In Fig. 7 the performance of the HMC passive loop with 2 shielding conductors for each source cable is shown. By using the split-phase technique the performance can be considerably increased. In fact, now the peak observed in Fig. 5 is completely disappeared. Moreover, the field over the junction zone is negligible with respect to the trefoil field as shown in Fig.6.
Figure 9. - Laboratory simulation of the shield close to the joint Even if the joint impose to the shielding cable a higher distance from the source cable the results of the measurements demonstrate how the decrease of the shield performance over the joint is negligible. For the sake of brevity here below are reported the numerical value of the measurements only relative to the configuration in Fig. 9. Table 1. Laboratory results: coupling coefficient Phase ISource [A] IShield [A] IShield/ ISource*100 1 547 524 96 2 552 538 97 3 550 525 95 Table 2. Laboratory results: magnetic flux density and shielding factor at 1 m from the power line plane 85 B Source [T] 8.4 B Shield [T] Shielding Factor 10
Figure 7 - Magnetic flux density with shielding configuration with two conductors per phase
CIRED2009 Session 2
Paper No 0163
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Experimental application
In this section is presented will be described a junction zone of a high voltage buried cable line (three phase line, XLPE, 220 kV, 1400 A, Cu 1600 mm2) where the HMC passive loop has been just installed. Measurement concerning this application will be provided during the conference because at the time of delivery of this paper the power line was not working yet. In Fig. 10.A the shielding configuration is shown: 4 cables per shield phase have been employed. In Fig. 10.B the reader can observe the magnetic core in red color, the HV cable in black color and the shielding cables in gray color.
Cu 185 mm2 Insulation EPR PVC Jacket
(A) (B) Figure 10 Left: Shielding configuration: 4 cables per shield phase. Right: HV cable (black), shielding cable (gray) and magnetic core (red) Finally, in Fig. 11 the joints can be observed. This picture represents the zone simulated in laboratory with the system in Fig. 9.
CONCLUSION
In this paper a novel methodology for the mitigation of magnetic field produced by power line is presented. The technique is based on the concept of passive loop but in this case the shield currents are increased through a strong magnetic coupling with the sources, by a proper magnetic core, and the shield and source currents are naturally in phase opposition. For the described reason the name of the methodology is High Magnetic Coupling Passive Loop (HMCPL). The paper put in evidence the good performance that the HMCPL provide compared with other shield technology from the viewpoint of: shielding factor, installation cost and maintenance.
REFERENCES [1] Rashkes V., Lordan R., 1998, Magnetic field reduction methods: efficiency and cost, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 552-559. [2] Wassef K, Varadan V.V., Varadan V.K., 1998, Magnetic field shielding concepts for power transmission lines, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 649-654. [3] Yaping Du, Cheng T C, Farag A S, 1996,Principles of power-frequency magnetic field shielding with flat sheets in a source of long conductors, IEEE Transactions on EMC, Vol.38, No.3, pp. 450-459. [4] A. Canova, A. Manzin, M. Tartaglia, 2002, Evaluation of Different Analytical and Semi-Analytical Methods for the Design of ELF Magnetic Field Shields, IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol. 38, No.3, pp. 788-796. [5] Cruz P, Izquierdo C., Burgos M., 2003, Optimum Passive Shields for Mitigation of Power Lines Magnetic Field, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, Vol 18 No 4, pp. 1357-1362. [6] A. Canova, G. Gruosso, M. Repetto, 2004, Optimal shielding of low frequency fields, COMPEL, Vol. 23, No 1, pp. 173-86. [7] A. Canova, G. Gruosso, M. Repetto, 2003, Integral methods for the analysis and design of low frequency conductive shields, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol 39, pp. 2009 2017. [8] B. Shperling, L. Menemenlis-Hopkins, B. Fardanesh, B. Clairmont, D. Child, 1996, Reduction of magnetic fields from transmission lines using passive loops, Proc. Cigr - Paper 36-103. [9] K. Yamazaki, T. Kawamoto, H. Fujinami, 2000, Requirements for power line magnetic field mitigation using a passive loop conductor, IEEE Transactions on power delivery, Vol.15, No.2, pp. 646-651. [10] R.A. Walling, J.J. Paserba, C. W. Burns, 1993, Series-capacitor compensated shield scheme for enhanced mitigation of transmission line magnetic fields, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 461469. [11] P. Cruz, C. Izquierdo, M. Burgos, L.F. Ferrer, F. Soto, C. Llanos, J.D. Pacheco, 2002, Magnetic field mitigation in power lines with passive and active loops, Proc. Cigr - Paper 36-107. [12] M. Reta-Hernndez, G. Karady, 1998, Attenuation of low frequency magnetic fields using active shielding, Electric Power System Research, No. 45, pp. 57-63. [13] A. Canova, L. Giaccone, Sistema di schermatura passiva di tipo magliato e conduttivo ad elevato accoppiamento magnetico, Patent n. TO2008A000176, February 2008.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank to Mr. Giuliano Bergamasco and Mr. Vincenzo Donofrio for their useful cooperation in the laboratory activity.
CIRED2009 Session 2
Paper No 0163