ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital representation. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes. Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input.

Here we are using ADC0808.

ADC0808:
DESCRIPTION
The ADC0808 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8- bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion technique. The converter features a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R voltage divider with analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8-channel multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. The design of the ADC0808 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The device offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features

make it ideally suited for applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications.

FEATURES
1. Easy interface to all microcontrollers. 2. Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span adjusted voltage reference. 3. No zero or full-scale adjust required. 4. 8-channel multiplexer with address logic. 5. 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply. 6. Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications. 7. 28-pin molded chip carrier package.

Block diagram of ADC0808:

CONVERSION METHOD USED

Following are the most used conversion methods: i. Digital-Ramp ADC ii. Successive Approximation ADC iii. Flash ADC Successive approximation ADC is suitable for the proposed application. It is much faster than the digital ramp ADC because it uses digital logic to converge on the value closest to the input voltage. A comparator and a DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) are used in the process. A flowchart explaining the working is shown below.

PIN DIAGRAM OFADC0808:

DIMENSIONAL DRAWING:

PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Description IN3 - Analog Input 3 IN4 - Analog Input 4 IN5 - Analog Input 5 IN6 - Analog Input 6 IN7 - Analog Input 7 START - Start Conversion EOC - End Of Conversion 2(-5) - Tri-State Output Bit 5 OUT EN - Output Enable CLK - Clock VCC - Positive Supply VREF+ - Positive Voltage Reference Input GND - Ground 2(-7) - Tri-State Output Bit 7 2(-6) - Tri-State Output Bit 6 Vref- - Voltage Reference Negative Input 2(-8) - Tri-State Output Bit 8 2(-4) - Tri-State Output Bit 4 2(-3) - Tri-State Output Bit 3 2(-2) - Tri-State Output Bit 2 2(-1) - Tri-State Output Bit 1 ALE - Address Latch Enable ADD C - Address Input C ADD B - Address Input B ADD A - Address Input A IN0 - Analog Input 0 IN1 - Analog Input 1 IN2 - Analog Input 2

CLOCK CIRCUITRY FOR ADC:

Functional Description:
The clock for the ADC is generated using the IC CD4093, which is a 2-input Schmitt triggered NAND gate. A Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit that incorporates positive feedback. The Control pin is pulled high and the capacitor charges and discharges producing alternate patterns of 0s and 1, generating a square waveform. When the input is higher than a certain chosen threshold, the output is high; when the input is below another (lower) chosen threshold, the output is low; when the input is between the two, the output retains its value. The trigger is so named because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis, and implies that the Schmitt trigger has some memory.

Clock circuitry for ADC The benefit of a Schmitt trigger over a circuit with only a single input threshold is greater stability (noise immunity). With only one input threshold, a noisy input signal near that threshold could cause the output to switch rapidly back and forth from noise alone. A noisy Schmitt Trigger input signal near one

threshold can cause only one switch in output value, after which it would have to move to the other threshold in order to cause another switch.