SCHELLING

AND THE

PEOPLES UNIVERSITY
Jayson C. Jimenez Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy Polytechnic University of the Philippines

PROLOGUE: The Big Bang! Big bang! The start of a new cycle in every entity inclined with formulations of space and time. The atomic quantity that further encapsulates the thought of the Big bang, interrogates the composition of every identity that finds its origin in this gigantic explosion in time. In the beginning, there was something. There was something that was also nothing. Oppositions meant for unity. The reality of matter contra its de facto opposite anti-matter has something to do with this cycle that generated a larger system that was so vast that even a human mind cannot dare to step further ahead in any circumstance. It is a system. A system was produced in this explosion from unconditioned oppositions and conditioned proposition---like of a Hegelian dialectics that enunciates a system of continuous becoming from the thesis and anti-thesis of the geist und natur. i Big bang was a myth of man to explain his beginning. Since man begun to perplex his environment as a subjective entity in a Copernican Revolution, there are always presuppositions about his existence prior to the Grand Existence of Nature as I call it. Ergo, he postulated his own beginnings from the nothingness into chaos. From chaos into order, from order into chaos. ii The system I am enticing to that is a resonance of the Big bang be called a Universe or in my language, a Unified Verse. Like poetry formed from the unconscious creation of the poet which will be consciously updated and interpreted by his observers and readers vis-a-vis the indifferences of the chaotic verses will be unconsciously unified and form an absolute singularity of oneness---a system that portrays a unified whole of Being. More thematic, these verses are parts of the whole Universe. As for Schelling, everything in reality poetry---the process of Nature is an unconscious poetry which burst into consciousness in and for maniii. Schelling was evidently a poet-like here, to attribute into poetry the system which was called a Universe, Nature, or a Poem. The versifier is not in his state of mind. He is in the ecstasy when he created the grand narrative of his masterpiece. An artistic intuition as Schelling puts it. Like the Universe, would it be possible that

the Grand Author would be in Grand Ecstasy when he created the Grand Order of this Noumenal Universe? Much with the idea of Universe, the allegory of the Grand Author, Grand Ecstasy and the Grand Universe is a much more exclusive philosophy ever warranted by any thinker. In education, a Big Bang also occurred. The explosion of learning in the passage of time paved way to the existence of Institutions that guarantees learning. From the invaluable Academia of Plato to the Lyceum of Aristotle, learning has been a necessity for men. Like the necessary existence of the Universe, we are obliged to think, to exists and to exclaim that here we are.iv Thus, the existence of an institution of learning must be justified in order to claim that I think, I exist, and here I am. Thus, University was born. University, like the universe and a poem, is composed of small units of individuals that gratify the existence of it. Without them, there will be no university. University is the oneness of the Greater Being out of beings. Further, it is the pantheistic Institution that carries an ideology that is contested through time. Out of chaotic origin, this Universal Duality was put into mainstream because people are tired of the disorder therefore they tend to settle into a group. The University is the reflection of the subject and the object. Its not a joke but a funny grim, quite oxymoronic, to its historicity why it was formed. When I was on my freshman years, my Senior Colleagues repetitively calling our university as the Peoples University. With momentary glimpse, I inquired: did I enroll in a wrong institution? I supposed to be inside an institution of Higher Learning called, Polytechnic University of the Philippines but then why I keep hearing that I am in a Peoples University of the Philippines? What happened to the word Polytechnic? Abandoned? Raped? Exiled? I am a beginner, certainly, I am. In itself the name Polytechnic University of the Philippines is an uncanny arrangement of words. My friend Tado would have argued against me---whats in the name?v

It is correct, what is in the name of this eerie nametag of this institution. Would Schelling agree for this oblivious evolution of this Poem which they call Polytechnic University of the Philippines into a system we consciously tend to call as Peoples University of the Philippines in some extent? In this essay, the Universe will be justified into a Poem and into a University. The causa sui will then be reviewed in accordance with the intellectual history of this institution which they call PUP as to rectify its name with justice and orgasmic philosophical arguments. The Big bang just begun, indeed!
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Big Bang! The history of Polytechnic University of the Philippines, previously known as the Manila Business School and Philippine College of Commerce, was gossamer knits of delight. In 107th year of existence in totality, PUP served among poor mens sons and daughters. Its star, the shinning shimmering splendid insignia has been engulfed with five holistic circles symbolizes the light of education that can always be seen when you are catching your classes above the head of its hero---Apolinario Mabini. Furthermore, its forging history from a small campus at Lepanto, this one hundred seven year old University (then a college) came to Sta. Mesa and occupied the tenement that will be soon great and par excellence as a bastion of learning. The battle of Lepanto will now be the Battle of Mabini. It is a mere transition from an old age towards a new age. After the fall of the Marcos Dictatorship, like the Pig Napoleonvi, Philippine College of Commerce was led by the Martial Law Patriot; the ever-intelligent Dr. Nemesio Prudente. This is the second term of Dr. Prudente after his hiding years in Mulanay during the Martial Law. It was 1992 that year and then Prudente was retired from his service in PUPvii. It is in light also of the political transition in the national state---a transition of leadership from rhythm of Tie a Yellow Ribbon song into the Military Marching hymn of the West Point. The retirement of Dr. Prudente and his desire for the Senatorial Elections was followed by events unexpected to the life of a University: 1) The forcible assumption into office as University Head by an outsider, Dr. Gellor, accompanied by special action forces of the national police and; 2) The public consultation initiated by the Congress before the house bill to rename PUP as Peoples University of the Philippines.viii The remnant of power was the big explosion here. The dialectical forces of the nature of the university were put into question. Former PUP President, Dr. Jaime Gellor who was an outsider was averted from entering the campus and ascends into the Noumenal Office of PUP Presidency. His plan, the PUP will then be known as Peoples University of the Philippines upon recommendation by the Congress sponsored by PUP alumnus Congressman Pablo Ocampo and Congressman Padilla of Manila. However, a summon is waiting upon the passage of the law that will make this state university an autonomous university---it would have to endure the Dr. Jaime Gellor as the first President of the Peoples University of the Philippines.ix What is in the name? Shakespeare once said. People or Polytechnic? Unless otherwise these names are less rectified in consonance with its idealism, with its revolutionary ideology inherited from the Marcos times. The revolutionary stance of PUP was nevertheless an enduring one. The students, teachers, and staffs, the

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whole community barricaded the gates, enforcing a tribune of wholeness---the real university preventing its head to penetrate his voidal office. What is in the name? The name is people. More likely it is the real Peoples University of the Philippines though not in the auspices of the Congress. This is autonomy, and freedom in the academe warranted by the authenticity of individual to save the Oneness. In other words, the rearrangement of verses in the parchment just to dilute the theme of the poem. As far as the history goes, the 1970s Polytechnic University of the Philippines with the allowed chance of time would then be the 1990s Peoples University of the Philippines, however more revolutionary and angst in the sense that it is pro-masses and pro-people. Unfortunately, the Bill was rejected because communists might take advantage of the autonomy to establish a Maoistinspired commune inside the campus!x The state feared the existence of a Total University---the Peoples University. Liberal might be interpreted; the post-EDSA epoch had an anti-communistic stance. Whos on earth that time will favor for the Communists movement? None I think. The yellow ribbons would not let be tainted with red hue by the Filipinos marched delusional in the Revolution. The word people then was a mainstream. People, as the universal entity of the Filipinos. The PEOPLE POWER is a very good example---a totality of forces that toppled a Dictator for his 20 years regime. Whenever one hears the term people it always signifies a strong force or movement. People itself is a universal term of humanism, polity, freedom, independence and justice. The absolute singularity of the I is a mere sense of people. Be it noted, this is an exposition with the misgivings of our universitys history. Why would then the Congress inhibit the word people to the name of the University of the Philippines? Are they too suspicious to the entity that this name will be driving on the future? Maoist regime on the campus will never be justified because of the term people. They lack the faculty to understand the Spirit or the Geist of the university. Schelling would be too rude in this dialectic of understanding of oneself name by the way? People University Philippines Geist und Natur, the Emergence of a University It is on the same shore of epistemic clarifications that this so-called University of ours is a large organism, like of a Platonic State with Rulers, Auxiliaries and Artisans. Some tend to work for the larger Being, some tend to guard and protect its interests and yet only one can rule and become its head. These compose the University. The Large Being of finitude, the Spirit or Geist of the community and the Nature or Natur of indifferences. However, the spirit of the University, welcomes contradiction like the Schellingean Philosophy of Nature. The creator of the university sees forces that surround the hegemony of it though difficult to discern in some extent. Schelling proposed a way to understand the self, in this paper is the University, through Dialectics of Self-Understanding. The transformation of Spirit that would be the Spirit of the People in this plan of Peoples University of the Philippines faced several incongruity to be able to

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understood, if not, to know at least. This Spirit I am referring to is the entity of multiplicity of people into a University of the People. How could be many be one? How could there be an existence of plural forms be unified in a single Form. Schelling, he wrote, you recognise its [the earth's] true essence only in the link by which it eternally posits its unity as the multiplicity of its things and again posits this multiplicity as its unity. You also do not imagine that, apart from this infinity of things which are in it, there is another earth which is the unity of these things, rather the same which is the multiplicity is also unity, and what the unity is, is also the multiplicity, and this necessary and indissoluble One of unity and multiplicity in it is what you call its existence () Existence is the link of a being (Wesen) as One, with itself as a multiplicity.xi

The metaphorical earth is it noted as the University, the multiplicity of verses of a poem into a university of thoughts as a Universal Poem. The spirit of a University is the unity of the ideals of the units belongs to it. This exemplifies the oneness of everything and the justification of the existence of a Grand Being. The multiplicity is the unity. There is diversity on its sense. Like Heraclitian dictum of unity in opposites, Schelling would advocate the contradictions in nature. A living unity is one which contains the opposites. xii Its spirit is a Great Contradiction unlike Spinozas deus sive natura which would prevent this contradictions to occur. Without opposition, there is no life akin to a magnet by which two opposites pole cannot be separated easily. An Opposition is always a prerogative for the existence of this university. As what claimed earlier, there is such existence of Dialectics of the Self-Understanding. To understand the Absolute Identity of a University, it is necessary for us to understand the conflicting forces by which the present author will discuss later in this paper. The Nature of the University is its anatomy of Oneness. Monistic though or Pantheistical ascribed, it is always a prerogative for every being to go back to this realm of oneness, of the university. Every students, professors or staffs, as a part of the community, must always step back to the reality of the University whenever the spirit and the nature are separated because of circumstances maybe on strife or crisisxiii: World is falling away from such identity, an absence of infinite goodness due to an abused free will. The purpose of life is a mystical return to the God, to the one.
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On the Ideology of the Peoples University The plan for renaming PUP into Peoples University of the Philippines reflects its ideology at hand. Pro-people, pro-masses. Its growing activism since the Martial Law, the post-EDSA and the current state of the University is a clear semblance why it should be called the Peoples University. Since, sons and daughters of the working class are studying in this university, it is expected that it offers a quality education in parallel with a cheaper rates. And this shall embody by a State University more if it becomes an Autonomous University. A Vision for a Total University was the agenda of the present President of PUP, Dr. Dante Guevarra. It is best summarized as an aim for a qualitative education, income generating projects, community involvement, research extensions, information and communication technology and etc. This is a Guevarrian Welstanchauungxiv of the University. His term which inherited from Dr. Samuel Salvador, envisions a totalization of the PUP Community. Since his beginnings last five years, this agenda was never realized into the community. PUP was poor and became poorer. Its budget is always misallocated in which populace are the living witnesses. Total University Vision was merely for Infrastructure purposes. The classrooms are still like 20 years ago situation. Offices are not like Faculty offices. More often, salaries of teaching staff and employees are always delayed. How will this large organism be in motion if its parts are stagnant? Is this Peoples University a living identity of wholeness supposedly a marker of a change being on the line upbringing academic freedom with freebies of academic excellence? PUP Presidency which is represented by Dr. Dante Guevarra, is an institution within an institutionxv. As he said, people in PUP address me as Mr. President. Yes I am. But I am not the Presidency. Presidency serves the ideality meanwhile the President is the actual agent of Presidency either for the better or worse consequence. As the head of the institution of higher learning, he must be reflective of the ideology of the University. If it is pro-People, he must also be propeople. This is the promise of the Presidency. Dr. Dante Guevarra created this university out of unconscious state that he is creating a total university for the worse. He thinks that PUP under his administration is a masterpiece or aesthetically led by his cabinet. As Schelling remarks, the I is conscious according to the production, unconscious with regard to the productxvi. He is ignorant of the forces behind the back of the Peoples University. I seemingly forgot that the conflicting force of the University which maintains its ideality is the Presidency and the President. Through the expanse of time, only a few that took the presidency acted upon his obligations properly. Schelling suggests that there are two principles in us: an unconscious, dark principle and a conscious principle, which must yet in some way be identical. The unconscious president must be one with the conscious presidency. The creation of

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the university through artistic intuition. Let the president be a president, otherwise said by Kung-Fu-Tze. The conflict will worsen when the president becomes blind of his agenda and will forget his responsibility to the Community he ought to serve utmost. Dr. Guevarra hanged himself in the portrait of noumenality. In the office of my dear friend and professor, Ver Rivas, one can notice at ease his illusory Draconian smile and eyes that entice with you wherever perspective you see his portrait. A living president inside a non-living presidencyxvii. Moreover, he wanted to pursue another term yet I think a court decision will soon be on hand to stop this unwanted Dictatorship of an old President. Stop the chimera of Presidency for he had enough. He prevented himself to touch the noumenal Presidency which can be actualized in striving. The people know better. The unconscious poetry will soon end in a period. True enough to put the commas, hyphen and apostrophes to prolong the dictions, rhythms and meters of the lovely poem Dr. Guevarra created. This is the university for the people and by the people. And the specter of the foolishness and illusory must be halted either of activism or silent protests.

Oneness of the Peoples University as Panentheism Schelling

or Panpsychism of

For Schelling the self-positing ego emerges out Spinozas self-caused substance of nature. This self-caused substance of nature is best seen in selfreproductive life. Nature is life, spirit, not dead mechanism, same as the Spirits and Nature of a University. University is a living organism that depends its existence on its parts. When the parts collapse, the community will also collapse. The 60, 000 student populace plus the staffs, professors and employees are the living small entities within University by which they carry the idea of a Peoples University. For Schelling, You are contained within the world and that your own ego becomes the highest expression of the world. The university is the composition of several egos that attributes their total existence to the exegesis of the whole. As far as we are contained in this system, it is best to know the university as oneness. This is the Panpsychism of Schelling. The rejoin to the Universal System. In this case, becoming a part of a University. And this can be better explained through the following arguments at hand. First is the Historical Argument. According to Vico, we can know only what we create or what we empathetically understand creators like ourselves to have created. We can know the university because we are the one creating it, aside from the unconscious creation by the President. Its history is nothing without the small-scale intervention of its multiplicity. A second panpsychist argument is the cognitive argument: Knowledge is correspondence between knower and known. But such correspondence is
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impossible unless the known is of the same nature as the knower. As part of a larger scale, we must know the whole university first and since we are within this system, we have the capability to know as such. And this is impossible unless knowledge is empathetic, not an expression of our will to power or moral mastery of nature. The sentiment of the whole university is a reflection of the sentiment of its parts. But knowledge of university is empathetic only if university, as a spirit and nature consists in mind or feeling like us rather than in dead matter. Knowledge is possible only if like knows like, only if mind knows mind. Empathy is a form of artistic intuition as Schelling puts it, in which we explain observed external behavior or object by asking what would have to be going on in our minds for us to have expressed ourselves externally in such behavior or objects. Moreover, there is one world soul called University that includes us, and that knows itself only through the fact that we know it. When the part knows the whole, the whole knows itself through the part. Third is the moral argument. The university cannot a mere non-ego or notself as Fichte would suggest. It must be ones own self in disguise, so that one can be free and self-determined even in being determined by it. The University must stand in dignity his principles and ideals to whatever circumstance and philosophy it would carry. It must not ridicule itself. It will continue to exists as long as its parts more importantly the President incessantly act according to the duties of the seat of Presidency. Fourth argument was from physical science, laws of attraction and repulsion. The Nature of the University is a dynamic equilibrium of opposite spirits of President and Presidency, of actual and ideal. If the University had a repulsive subjective and objective spirits namely President and Presidency, respectively nothing will be formed for no one will be obliged to take as such on the other hand, if attraction between the forces occurred, there will be a collapse into one single part either of a President or Presidency. Either better or the worstcase scenario might occur in behalf of those singly combination of both. For example, if the President acted preponderate to his post in Presidency (excessive corruption etc.) he will disharmonized the order of the contradiction of Nature (+A=B). On the other hand, if the Platonic Presidency dominates, all policies and acts will be floating far away to the air and nothing will be happening with recourse of the President who acts as the mediator from ideality to the reality (A=B+). Ergo, the University must stand at the middle of the conflicting forces to prevent the risk of the death of the large organism (A=B). As a Nature it must stand where the contradiction of the spirits occur so as to revive the living chaos of the aforementioned Spirits of President and the Spirit of the Presidency. The Fifth and the last argument in panpyschism is that the basic concept is community and organic wholeness. Community and wholeness are not constructed mechanistically from aggregating atomic units for example students and faculty. Rather, atomic units are constructed by abstraction from prior

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wholeness. Nature is a community of microcosmic individual wholes, each of which unifies and represents within itself all nature as a single universal whole, a university. The ideology of the individual units are attributed to the ideology of the university, if not, the majority. As a large organism, the showing contradictions must be maintained for the benefit of the whole community at large. The corruption, the unwanted death of the Presidency and the University is the nonsublime artistic creation of the ignorant man. Corruption is the disease, a viral infection of many foregoing history of the PUP. Since we aim for an autonomous state as Peoples University of the Philippines, we must condition ourselves as a part of this organism to maintain its life, its span of existence towards not a total university but of a Peoples University. A dream of the Peoples University of the Philippines must be exalted by an artistic genius yet the present PUP symbolized by the unfinished Great Wall was created by the ambitious and unconscious genius by the persona of Dr. Dante Guevarra. As Schelling puts it, the application of a University in the making as an art or more sublime as poetry. Aesthetic intuition/interpretation is imaginative empathetic intuition of the creative impulse of the artist at the origin of the artwork. Creation in nature before human beings is unconscious. In line, Artistic creation is both conscious and unconscious. Creation by artistic genius continues the unconscious creativity of nature on a higher level. And a genius is not conscious of how he/she produced his/her work. Only the interpreter of the work can be conscious of how it is done in general. Dr. Guevarra, or like any other PUP Presidents like Gellor, Prudente, Luis, Carague and Olonan, they are unconscious in their ergonomic chair and flawless table in signing tons of papers and having glimpse with the Pasig River with knitting gossamers of problems in their heads. Whats in their name? The respected honor inside the university, the title of President who runs this institution of higher learning in a poor mans university insofar their delicate tastes of leadership where sacrificed in behalf of the commune bonum, of the common good. This is the gift of the Presidency amidst of the luxuries and status one might possess when he or she dictates the order of the Nature after the explosion of the Big Bang This is a university, a bastion of socio-civic learning where academe is in its glare of publicity. Its nature is great that which it is admired by other universities by the metro. Its noble and grandeur intellectual history and persona will not be equivalent to any other treasures of history. It bears the commonality of all the poor mans sons and daughters and conveys them to the certain future of development and betterment. It is its nature, the spirits that guides the University both in reality and ideality---the poor mans university into a oneness peoples university. am.

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For PUP has something to say in which it cannot whisper nor shout. Here I

EPILOGUE: The Specter of the University The dream of the Peoples University will never be realized for if it is realized then it is not a dream. It is depraved for a dream to be in reality. The face to face contradictions are accepted in whatever system is being proposed for this makes the system dynamic and responsive to the ever-changing picture of the society. Schellingian Philosophy, especially its romanticism upon inquiry of the feeling and the totality adds to the picture of a strong reaction towards the unjust mode of an other itself. An other itself by no means an impossibility that shackles us to ignorance and limits of thinking, in a way that this kind of Peoples University is hard to attain, a business of whomever President that will occupy the Presidency to furnish the realization of its nature. The Specter is haunting the University. This Ghost-seer aimlessly threatens the being of the Unified Verses City. The poem, written by its Grand Poet and continuously been writing by its present poet will not cease to exist unless the small entities, its atomic units will perish upon the span of time. This collection of verses will soon be eroded with many arrangements and foundations for a greater leaning of the institution. This is our project then: to interpret this university in our own perspective as a belonging of the Oneness. This is the Specter. The spirit of how we see the university as it is, not other itself. The grandiosity of the Big bang brought the nobility of this University. Identifying it as for the people, this institution must strive for realizing its identity. Moreover, it must justify then that it is pro-people. Its ideology, the nature of the Oneness must always be selfcontradictory as to preserve its internal unity. Without A there will be no contradictory of A and B. In other words, there will be no unity and identity of the university if one of the spirits is omitted. Imagine (the thing we always wanted to do) our University without legal President voted by the Board of Regents. On the other hand, imagine the vacant elegant chair of the President were piles of paper made it way to be signed. Moreover, envisage a fatal President with no aim but a mere playing with words of a Total University. A dream will always be a Freudian Miracle without enough action to be taken, otherwise, granted. Is this the ideal of presidency? Is this the Nature of the University then? What is in the name, ergo? The specter has its growing interest to intervene with the contradictions of the spirit of President and spirit of Presidency. The specter with which the university tried to avoid will then be a nightmare to its sleeps and Freudian chambers of our nights. The unconscious poet will then be awaken and stop its artistic intuitions in processing the reality of Nature, In consequent, the Nature itself, as totality might be destroyed and collapse then its philosophical foundations will suffer a lot of inquiries and skepticism from its reactionaries. Schelling would then be eliminated. The University as a totality of nature is a serious commentary towards it prediction of collapsing.

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History repeats itself. Since the time of Dr. Jaime Gellor, a president came from the outside; it repeats again the annals of history. The recent issue in PUP about the administration crisis already ensued twenty years ago but on a different setting, different characters and scenario but same plot. The denouement was a visionary legal battle between Presidents over the Presidency which today has found to be relevant especially on the accounts of the credibility and accountability. A dictator still does not want to release the throne to someone more upright than him. He has the Presidency that guards his interests to whatever account he supposed to be dealing. Until today of his retirement age, his first hand portrait still hangs to the walls of the offices in the university, being worshipped has a hero or the God of the Nature under the smiles of mockery for his more than 5 years of rules and boulevard of broken promises. This is the gift of the University----total package of justifiable existence in behalf of the common abyss and voidness of the students, faculty and staffs. The gift is the living contradiction of the Spirits. The ungiven gift that flourishes to the annals of time for its 107 years of total existence. Nevertheless, the University as a nature of the students, faculty and employees, despite of its low-funding sphere, will harmoniously defend its contradiction as to endure survival ahead of time. This nature has the promise of providing a cheaper but quality mode of education to the sons of daughters of the working class. It is, indeed, a Peoples University, though not recognized by the Legislation; there is this constant recognition from its alumni and students. Who would know that mayhap Specter will come again sooner to haunt the impossibility of being a Peoples University despite of the warring realities in nature? Who knows? This specter of greatness, not of frightening conditions, will eventually leap the level thinking of whoever will observe. This is the Ghost that promised of coming back for tomorrows flux. The Spirits that continually in motion tend to give life to the tenets of the University. A specter always haunts the impossibility of having an autonomous and great university. An unscrupulous Dictator who still seats in his fanciful chair facing the Pasig River while counting the pipes of the nearby oil depot. A Student still in heat inside classrooms and offices.

Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Polytechnic University of the Philippines.

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A university, the coming specter, a nature per se still clinging to the clamor: HERE I AM.

NOTES

Spirit and nature

ii

It is clearly postulated that there was a beginning, not of a being but a non-being or nil or nothing. In the beginning there was nothing, in other words.
iii

Hoffding, Harold. A History of Modern Philosophy (USA: Dover Publications, 1955) p 168.

iv

For if the Universe doesnt exists, it would be necessary to invent it just to satisfy our craving for our own existence.
v

Rivas, Virgilio. The Gift of Presidency. OVPRED, ISH-RIPE, 2010. P. 43

vi

See George Orwells Animal Farm. Napoleon is a famous character of George Orwells anti-totalitarian novel, The Animal Farm. He is a wise pig, who overthrows the leadership of Snowball, also a pig, and ruled as a Dictator on the Animal Farm. He created a system and laws to run the Animal Farm and later exploited the farm and co-animals by conspiring with other Farm-owners. At the end of the novel, Napoleon was engulfed by the system and became human in its attitude and character by which an animal of his class must not do for ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL.
vii

Rivas, Virgilio. The Gift of Presidency. OVPRED, ISH-RIPE, 2010. P.4 Ibid P. 4

viii

ix

Ibid P. 5 Ibid. p. 6. SW I/7, p. 56 Hoffding, Harold. A History of Modern Philosophy (USA: Dover Publications, 1955) p. 179

xi

xii

xiii

First Schelling held that Nature and Spirit are one but after 1801 he postulated the Identity of Indifference and said that both must go back again into one. xiv World view
xv

Rivas, Virgilio. The Gift of Presidency. OVPRED, ISH-RIPE, 2010. P 21 (SW I/3, p. 613). The more you live in your own world-view, the more you become unconscious.

xvi

xvii

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