2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants May be used for personal purporses only or by libraries associated to dandelon.com network.

Jonathan B. Snape, Irving J. Dunn John Ingham, Jifi E.Pfenosil

Dynamics of Environmental Bioprocesses

Modelling and Simulation

^ w ^ w j l I ' r~^y Weinheim New York

V t H ^if

Basel Cambridge Tokyo

Table of Contents
Preface Organisation of the Book ISIM Simulation Software Acknowledgements Nomenclature for Chapters 1 and 2 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8.1 1.8.1.1 1.8.1.2 1.8.1.3 1.8.1.4 1.8.1.5 1.8.1.6 1.8.1.7 1.8.1.8 1.8.1.9 Modelling Principles V VI VIII VIII XIX 1 1 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 10 11 14 15 17 18 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 30 35 40

The Role of Modelling in Environmental Technology General Aspects of the Modelling Approach Model Classification Deterministic Models Stochastic Models Steady-State Models Dynamic Models General Modelling Procedure Simulation Tools ISIM Introductory ISIM Example: WASTE Formulation of Dynamic Balance Equations Mass Balance Procedures Case A. Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor Case B. Tubular Reactor Case C. River with Eddy Current Rate of Accumulation Term Convective Flow Terms Production Rate Diffusion of Components Interphase Transport Case A. Waste Holding Tank: Total and Component Mass Balance Example 1.8.1.10 Case B. The Plug-Flow Tubular Reactor 1.8.1.11 Case C. Biological Hazard Room 1.8.1.12 Case D. Lake Pollution Problem 1.8.2 Energy Balancing

XII

Table of Contents

1.8.2.1 1.8.2.2 1.9 1.9.1 1.9.1.1 1.9.1.2 1.9.1.3 1.9.2 1.9.2.1 1.9.2.2 1.9.2.3 1.9.2.4 1.9.2.5 1.9.2.6 1.9.2.7 1.9.2.8 1.9.2.9 1.9.2.10 1.10 1.10.1 1.10.2 1.10.2.1 1.10.2.2 1.11 1.11.1 1.11.2 1.11.2.1 1.11.3 1.11.3.1 1.11.3.2 1.11.3.3 1.11.4 1.12 1.12.1 1.12.2 1.12.3 1.12.3.1 1.12.3.2 1.13 1.14 1.14.1

Case A. Determining Heat Transfer Area or Cooling Water Temperature Case B. Heating of a Filling Tank Chemical and Biological Reaction Systems Modes of Reactor Operation Batch Reactors Semi-Continuous or Fed-Batch Operation Continuous Operation Reaction Kinetics Chemical Kinetics Biological Reaction Kinetics Simple Microbial Growth Kinetics Substrate Uptake Kinetics Substrate Inhibition of Growth Additional Forms of Inhibition Other Expressions for Specific Growth Rate Multiple-Substrate Kinetics Structured Kinetic Models Interacting Micro-Organisms Modelling of Bioreactor Systems Stirred Tank Reactors Modelling Tubular Plug-Flow Reactor Behaviour Steady-State Balancing Unsteady-State Balancing Mass Transfer Theory Phase Equilibria Interphase Mass Transfer Case A. Steady-State Tubular and Column Modelling . . . . Case Studies Case A. Aeration of a Tank of Water Case B. Biological Oxidation in an Aerated Tank Case C. Determination of Biological Oxygen Uptake Rates by a Dynamic Method Gas-Liquid Phase Transfer Across a Free Surface Diffusion and Biological Reaction in Solid Phase Biosystems . External Mass Transfer Finite Difference Model for Internal Transfer Case Studies for Diffusion with Biological Reaction Case A. Estimation of Oxygen Diffusion Effects in a Biofilm Case B. Biofilm Nitrification Process Control Optimisation, Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis . Case A. Estimation of Bioreaction Kinetic Parameters for Batch Degradation Using ESL and SIMUSOLV

43 44 45 45 45 47 48 50 50 52 53 56 57 59 59 61 62 62 65 65 67 67 68 70 70 70 72 73 73 75 77 78 79 82 83 86 86 87 90 94 96

Table of Contents

XIII 103 103 103 106 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 110 Ill Ill 112 112 113 113 113 114 114 115 115 115 116 117 117 117 118 118 119 119 120 121 122 122 124 124 125 125 129 130 134

2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.4 2.1.3 2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.4 2.1.3.5 2.1.3.6 2.1.4 2.1.4.1 2.1.4.2 2.1.4.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.3.1 2.2.3.2 2.2.3.3 2.2.3.4 2.2.4 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 2.3.1.2 2.3.1.3 2.3.2 2.3.2.1 2.3.2.2 2.3.2.3 2.3.3 2.3.3.1 2.3.3.2 2.3.3.3 2.3.3.4 2.3.3.5

Environmental Bioprocess Descriptions Wastewater Treatment Processes Wastewater Characteristics Physical Characteristics and Analyses of Wastewater Total Suspended Solids Volatile Suspended Solids Temperature Other Physical Parameters Chemical Characteristics and Analyses of Wastewater Biochemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Total Organic Carbon Nitrogen Analyses Kjeldahl Total Nitrogen Test Phosphorus Biological Characteristics and Analyses of Wastewater Pathogenic Micro-Organisms Pollution Indicator Organisms Micro-Organisms Responsible for Biological Treatment Primary Treatment Processes Equalisation Neutralisation Sedimentation Discrete Settling Flocculent Settling Zone Settling Coagulating Agents Flotation Secondary Treatment Processes The Activated Sludge Process Biology of the Activated Sludge Process Process Analysis Modifications of the Activated Sludge Process Aerobic Fixed Film Processes Trickling Filters Fluidised Sand Beds Rotating Biological Contactors Anaerobic Treatment Processes Reactions and Stoichiometry in Anaerobic Digestion Modelling Anaerobic Reactors Response Dynamics of Anaerobic Reactors Control of Anaerobic Reactors Anaerobic Reactor Design

. . . .

. . . . . . .

XIV

Table of Contents

2.3.4 2.3A.I 2.3.4.2 2.3.4.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.1.1 2.5.1.2 2.5.1.3 2.5.1.4 2.5.2 2.5.2.1 2.5.2.2 2.5.2.3 2.5.2.4 2.5.3 2.5.3.1 2.5.3.2 2.5.3.3 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.1.1 2.6.1.2 2.6.2 2.6.2.1 2.6.2.2 2.6.2.3 2.6.2.4 2.6.3 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.2 2.6.3.3 2.6.4 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 2.6.5 2.6.5.1 2.6.5.2

Biofilms and Floes Formation of Biofilms Modelling Biofilms Bioflocs Tertiary Treatment Processes Grass Plots Lagoons Filters Microstrainers Membrane Technology Water Pollution Modelling Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs Factors Influencing Lake Productivity Consequences of Eutrophication Eutrophication Models Prevention and Reversal of Eutrophication Discharge of Pollutants into Rivers and Streams Modifications to the Streeter-Phelps Theory Surface Reaeration River Parameters Photosynthesis and Respiration of Green Plants and Algae Groundwater Pollution Sources of Groundwater Pollution Modelling Groundwater Pollution Nitrates in Groundwater Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal Sources of Solid Wastes Municipal Solid Waste Waste Sludge Sludge Processing and Disposal Summary of Disposal Methods Sludge Thickening and Dewatering Use of Sludge on Agricultural Land Dumping at Sea and Pipeline Discharges Composting Composting Processes Compost Ecology Process Factors Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste Microbiology of Landfill Gas Production Landfill Gas Production Anaerobic Digestion Reactor Conditions Comparison with Landfill Sites

135 136 138 139 140 140 141 141 142 142 146 146 147 151 153 155 157 158 159 160 . . 161 161 163 165 168 169 169 169 170 171 171 172 172 172 173 173 174 175 177 177 179 181 181 181

Table of Contents

XV
182 187 192

2.7 2.8 2.9

References for Chapters 1 and 2 Recommended Textbooks and References for Further Reading Glossary

3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.9 3.2.10

Simulation Examples of Environmental Bioprocesses Introductory Examples BASIN - Dynamics of an Equalisation Basin OXSAG - Classic Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curves

201 201 201 206 210 210 214 218 221 223 226 229 233 235 239 244 . 244 247 . 250 254 . 260 264 270 . 275

. . . .

Basic Biological Reactor Examples BATREACT - Batch Growth and Substrate Uptake CONTANK - Continuous Tank Reactor Startup and Operation SEMIBAT - Semi-Batch Reactor with Batch Startup . . . . UPTAKE - Substrate Uptake with Monod Kinetics OXIBAT - Oxidation of Substrate in an Aerated Tank . . . . R E S P M E T - Oxygen Uptake Experiment with Respirometer REPEAT - Repeated Fed-Batch Culture CONTI - Continuous Reactor with Substrate Uptake . . . . F E E D I N H - Control of Inhibitory Substrate Feed Rate to a Continuous Reactor CONINHIB - Continuous Bioreactor with Inhibitory Substrate Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Processes ANDREWS - Model of a Batch Activated Sludge Process . . ASCSTR - Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Model of Activated Sludge ASPLUG - Plug-Flow Model of an Activated Sludge Process C U R D S - Curds'Model of Sludge Ecology FLOC1 and FLOC2 Diffusion and Reaction in a Sludge Floe ASTEMP -Temperature Gains and Losses in an Activated Sludge Process STEPFEED - Step Feed Activated Sludge Process with Structured Kinetics SETTLER - Solids-Liquid Separation in a Continuous Settler

3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8

XVI

Table of Contents

3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.7 3.7.1 3.8 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.10 3.10.1 3.10.2

Fixed Film Reactors for Wastewater Treatment ROTATE - Model of a Rotating Biological Disc Reactor TRICKLE - Model of a Trickle Filter BIOFILM - Biofilm Tank Reactor Nitrification of Wastewater ACTNITR - Nitrification in a Single-Stage Activated Sludge System AMMONOX - Continuous Nitrification with Immobilised Biomass AMMONFED - Fed-Batch Nitrification with Immobilised Biomass NITBED - Nitrification in a Fluidised Bed Reactor Primary Treatment of Wastewater SEDIMENT - Removal of Solids in a Sedimentation Tank LAGOON - Aerated Lagoon for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters Tertiary Water Treatment Processes FILTER - Tertiary Water Treatment by Filtration Sludge Disposal and Processing COMPOST - Microbial Kinetics in a Continuous Compost Reactor WINDROW - Batch Windrow Compost Process

280 . . . 280 284 288 292 292 296 300 302 307 . . 307 311 315 315 319 319 329 332 332 335 341 347

Biodegradation Processes PCPDEG and PCPDEGCF - Batch and Continuous Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol by Mixed Cultures . . . BIOFILT1 and BIOFILT2 - Biofiltration Column for Removing Ketones from Air DCM1 and DCM2 - Airlift Biofilm Sandbed for Dichloromethane-Waste Air Treatment FBR - Biofilm Fluidised Bed with External Oxygen Supply . . Anaerobic Digestion Processes ANAEROBE - Andrew's Model of Anaerobic Digestion WHEY - Model for the Anaerobic Degradation of Whey

350 . . . 350 . . . 357

Table of Contents

XVII 363 363 366 373 373 376 378

3.11 3.11.1 3.11.2 3.12 3.12.1 3.12.2 3.12.3 3.13 3.13.1 3.13.2 3.14 3.14.1 3.14.2 3.14.3
3.15 3.15.1 3.15.2 3.15.3 3.15.4 3.15.5

Anaerobic Fixed Film Processes DENITRIF - Denitrification of Drinking Water in a Fluidised Bed Reactor MOLASSES - Anaerobic Degradation of Molasses in a Packed Bed Reactor Microbial Interaction Kinetics MIXPOP - Predator-Prey Population Dynamics TWOONE - Competition Between Organisms COMPETE - Lotka-Volterra Model of Competition

Ecological Population Studies 380 BLOWFLY - Cycling Populations of the Australian Blowfly . . 380 BUDWORM - Dynamics of the Growth of the Spruce Budworm in Canada 382 River and Stream Modelling RIVER - Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Dynamic Profiles along a River STREAM - One-Dimensional Steady-State Model of Aeration and Degradation in a Stream DISCHARG - Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Steady-State Profiles along a River 387 387 391 396

Lake and Reservoir Modelling 400 NCYCLE - Nitrogen Cycles in a Reservoir in Slovakia . . . . 400 PCYCLE - Phosphorus Cycles in a Lake 408 A L G A E - Algal Growth in a Deep Lake in Canada 414 E U T R O P H - Eutrophication in a Shallow Lake in Hungary . . 421 METAL - T r a n s p o r t of Heavy Metals in Water Column and Sediments 429

3.16 3.16.1 3.16.2 3.16.3

3.17 3.17.1 3.17.2 3.17.3

Land Pollution Modelling LANDFILL - One-Dimensional Transport of Pollutant from a Landfill Site LEACH - One-Dimensional Transport of Solute Through Soil SOIL - Bioremediation of Soil Particles
Miscellaneous Examples D E A D F I S H - Distribution of an Insecticide in an Aquatic Ecosystem G A I A - The Parable of Daisyworld CABBAGE - Structured Growth of the White Cabbage . . .

433 433 . 437 443

449 449 452 456

XVIII

Table of Contents

Appendix: Instructions for Using ISIM 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 Index ISIM Installation Procedure Programming with ISIM Getting Started Reading Files From Disk Running Simulations Interacting with ISIM Simulations Editing ISIM Files Writing ISIM Models ISIM Statements and Functions Output Useful Sequences of Statements Further Information Summary of ISIM Commands COMMAND and INPUT modes ISIM Commands ISIM Program Statements ISIM Error Messages Monitor and Syntax Failures Compilation Failures Execution Phase Errors Quick Reference to Common ISIM Commands

461 461 462 462 462 462 463 463 464 466 467 469 470 470 470 470 474 477 478 479 480 481 483