Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
NDT - general name for all methods which permit testing / inspection of materials / parts without impairing its future usefulness
TYPES OF DEFECTS
inherent defects - present during initial production of raw materials processing defects - resulted from the manufacturing process service defects - occurred during the operation
Cracks
quenching / hardening cracks - rapid volume change tempering cracks - rapid heating shrinkage cracks - rapid cooling grinding cracks - friction heating also caused by residual stress, collapsed blowholes, improper rolling, sharp edge of dies etc. etc.
TEST METHODS
visual pressure and leak test penetrant thermal radiography acoustic magnetic electrical / electrostatic electromagnetic induction - eddy current optical holography electron probe etc.etc
Visual Testing
most widely used experienced inspector knows where are likely cracks , orientation of cracks relative to various zones in the weld, surface porosity, weld penetration, potential weakness such as sharp notches or misalignment
Penetrant
extension of visual inspection for detection of surface flaws two kinds ; dye penetrant and fluorescent penetrants
Ultrasonic testing
use beams of high frequency sound waves to probe the material internal flaws and locations can be determined by analyzing reflected sound waves
Ultrasonic testing
Radiography
Similar to medical Costly method, expensive equipment Different angles needed Thin cracks may be missed Costly Highly trained personnel Radiaiton hazard Complex shapes / can give problems
Eddy current induced when electrically conductive material close to alternating magnetic field Eddy current generates magnetic field which interact with original magnetic filed