Phlebotomy course definitions

A tourniquet is a constricting or compressing device used to control venous and arterial circulation
to an extremity for a period of time. Pressure is applied circumferentially upon the skin and underlying tissues of a limb; this pressure is transferred to the walls of vessels, causing them to become temporarily occluded. Veins- In the circulatory system, veins (from the Latin vena) are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Veins differ from arteries in structure and function; for example, arteries are more muscular than veins, veins are often closer to the skin and contain valves to help keep blood flowing toward the heart, while arteries carry blood away from the heart.In the circulatory system, veins (from the Latin vena) are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Veins differ from arteries in structure and function; for example, arteries are more muscular than veins, veins are often closer to the skin and contain valves to help keep blood flowing toward the heart, while arteries carry blood away from the heart. Anatomy In general, veins function to return deoxygenated blood to the heart, and are essentially tubes that collapse when their lumens are not filled with blood. The thick outermost layer of a vein is made of connective tissue, called tunica adventitia or tunica externa. Deeper are bands of smooth muscle called tunica media, which are, in general, thin, as veins do not function primarily in a contractile manner. The interior is lined with endothelial cells called tunica intima. . These are infoldings of the tunica intima. The precise location of veins is much more variable from person to person than that of arteries.[1] Veins often display a lot of anatomical variation compared with arteries within a species and between species. Notable veins and vein systems The greater saphenous vein is the most important superficial vein of the lower limb. First described by the Persian physician Avicenna, this vein derives its name from the word safina, meaning "hidden". This vein is "hidden" in its own fascial compartment in the thigh and exits the fascia only near the knee. Incompetence of this vein is an important cause of varicose veins of lower limbs.

The pulmonary veins carry relatively oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The superior and inferior venae cavae carry relatively deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower systemic circulations, respectively.

A portal venous system is a series of veins or venules that directly connect two capillary beds. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal vein and hypophyseal portal system

The Thebesian veins within the myocardium of the heart are valveless veins that drain directly into the chambers of the heart. The coronary veins all empty into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium.

The Dural sinuses within the dura mater surrounding the brain receive blood from the brain and also are a point of entry of cerebrospinal fluid from arachnoid villi absorption. Blood eventually enters the internal jugular vein. Color Vein color is determined in large part by the color of venous blood, which is usually dark red (and not blue as is commonly believed) as a result of its low oxygen content. Veins appear blue because the subcutaneous fat absorbs low-frequency light, permitting only the highly energetic blue wavelengths to penetrate through to the dark vein and reflect off. A recent study found the color of blood vessels is determined by the following factors: the scattering and absorption characteristics of skin at different wavelengths, the oxygenation state of blood, which affects its absorption properties, the diameter and the depth of the vessels, and the visual perception process.[2]

Function Veins serve to return blood from organs to the heart. Veins are also called "capacitance vessels" because most of the blood volume (60%) is contained within veins. In systemic circulation oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the arteries to the muscles and organs of the body, where its nutrients and gases are exchanged at capillaries, the blood then enter veinules, then veins filled with cellular waste and carbon dioxide. The de-oxygenated blood is taken by veins to the right atrium of the heart, which transfers the blood to the right ventricle, where it is then pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. In pulmonary circulation the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, which empties into the left ventricle, completing the cycle of blood circulation.

The return of blood to the heart is assisted by the action of the skeletal-muscle pump, and by the thoracic pump action of breathing during respiration. Standing or sitting for a prolonged period of time can cause low venous return from venous pooling vascular shock. Fainting can occur but usually baroreceptors within the aortic sinues initiate a baroreflex such angiotensin II and norepinephrine stimulate vasoconstriction and heart rate increases to return blood flow. Neurogenic and hypovolaemic

shock can also cause fainting. In these cases, the smooth muscles surrounding the veins become slack and the veins fill with the majority of the blood in the body, keeping blood away from the brain and causing unconsciousness. Jet pilots wear pressurized suits to help maintain their venous return and blood pressure.

The arteries are perceived as carrying oxygenated blood to the tissues, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. This is true of the systemic circulation, by far the larger of the two circuits of blood in the body, which transports oxygen from the heart to the tissues of the body. However, in pulmonary circulation, the arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and veins return blood from the lungs to the heart. The difference between veins and arteries is their direction of flow (out of the heart by arteries, returning to the heart for veins), not their oxygen content. In addition, deoxygenated blood that is carried from the tissues back to the heart for reoxygenation in systemic circulation still carries some oxygen, though it is considerably less than that carried by the systemic arteries or pulmonary veins.

Although most veins take blood back to the heart, there is an exception. Portal veins carry blood between capillary beds. For example, the hepatic portal vein takes blood from the capillary beds in the digestive tract and transports it to the capillary beds in the liver. The blood is then drained in the gastrointestinal tract and spleen, where it is taken up by the hepatic veins, and blood is taken back into the heart. Since this is an important function in mammals, damage to the hepatic portal vein can be dangerous. Blood clotting in the hepatic portal vein can cause portal hypertension, which results in a decrease of blood fluid to the liver.

Also transports proteins and other materials through out the body. Classification

Image of veins from William Harvey's De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, 1628 Veins are classified in a number of ways, including superficial vs. deep, pulmonary vs. systemic, and large vs. small. Superficial veins Superficial veins are those whose course is close to the surface of the body, and have no corresponding arteries. Deep veins Deep veins are deeper in the body and have corresponding arteries. Pulmonary veins The pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Systemic veins Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart. Venous valves prevent reverse blood flow.

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For other uses, see Artery (disambiguation). Artery

The human main arteries, part of the circulatory system. Latin arteries

Arteries (from the Greek - artria, "windpipe, artery"[1]) are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. This blood is normally oxygenated, exceptions made for the pulmonary and umbilical arteries. The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life. Its proper functioning is responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products, maintenance of optimum pH, and the mobility of the elements, proteins and cells of the immune system. In developed countries, the two leading causes of death, myocardial infarction and stroke, each may directly result from an arterial system that has been slowly and progressively compromised by years of deterioration. (See atherosclerosis). Contents [show]

[edit] Description The arterial system is the higher-pressure portion of the circulatory system. Arterial pressure varies between the peak pressure during heart contraction, called the systolic pressure, and the minimum, or diastolic pressure between contractions, when the heart expands and refills. This pressure variation within the artery produces the pulse which is observable in any artery, and reflects heart activity. Arteries also aid the heart in pumping blood. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins whereas keep blood flowing towards the heart. Except pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation, all arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues that require oxygen.[2] [edit] Anatomy See also: Arterial tree The anatomy of arteries can be separerated into gross anatomy, at the macroscopic level, and microscopic anatomy, which must be studied with the aid of a microscope. [edit] Gross anatomy The arterial system of the human body is divided into systemic arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the lungs. [edit] Systemic arteries See also: Systemic circulation Systemic arteries are the arteries of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. [edit] Pulmonary arteries See also: Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary arteries are the arteries of the pulmonary circulation, which is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Anatomy of the arterial wall [edit] Microscopic anatomy The outermost layer is known as the tunica externa formerly known as "tunica adventitia" and is composed of connective tissue. Inside this layer is the tunica media, or media, which is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. The innermost layer, which is in direct contact with the flow of blood is the tunica intima, commonly called the intima. This layer is made up of mainly endothelial cells. The hollow internal cavity in which the blood flows is called the lumen. [edit] Types of arteries [edit] Pulmonary arteries The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood that has just returned from the body to the heart towards the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. [edit] Systemic arteries Systemics arteries can be subdivided into two types - muscular and elastic - according to the relative compositions of elastic and muscle tissue in their tunica media as well as their size and the makeup of the internal and external elastic lamina. The larger arteries (>10mm diameter) are generally elastic and the smaller ones (0.1-10mm) tend to be muscular. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the arterioles, and then to the capillaries, where nutrients and gasses are exchanged. [edit] Aorta The aorta is the root systemic artery. It receives blood directly from the left ventricle of the heart via the aortic valve. As the aorta branches, and these arteries branch in turn, they become successively smaller in diameter, down to the arteriole. The arterioles supply capillaries which in turn empty into venules.

The very first branches off of the aorta are the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle itself. These are followed by the branches off the aortic arch, namely the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. [edit] Arterioles Arterioles, the smallest of the true arteries, help regulate blood pressure by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood to the capillaries. [edit] Arterioles and blood pressure Arterioles have the greatest collective influence on both local blood flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary "adjustable nozzles" in the blood system, across which the greatest pressure drop occurs. The combination of heart output (cardiac output) and systemic vascular resistance, which refers to the collective resistance of all of the body's arterioles, are the principal determinants of arterial blood pressure at any given moment. [edit] Capillaries Main article: Capillaries The capillaries are where all of the important exchanges happen in the circulatory system. The capillaries are a single cell in diameter to aid fast and easy diffusion of gases, sugars and other nutrients to surrounding tissues. [edit] Functions of capillaries Capillaries have no smooth muscle surrounding them and have a diameter less than that of red blood cells; a red blood cell is typically 7 micrometers outside diameter, capillaries typically 5 micrometers inside diameter. The red blood cells must distort in order to pass through the capillaries. These small diameters of the capillaries provide a relatively large surface area for the exchange of gases and nutrients. [edit] What capillaries do

In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen In the tissues, oxygen and carbon dioxide and nutrients and wastes are exchanged In the kidneys, wastes are released to be eliminated from the body In the intestine, nutrients are picked up, and wastes released

[edit] Pathology A number of pathological conditions can affect arteries.

[edit] Blood pressure Systemic arterial pressures, are generated by the forceful contractions of the heart's left ventricle. (See blood pressure) Healthy resting arterial pressures, are relatively low, mean systemic pressures typically being under 100 mmHg, about 1.8 lbf/in, above surrounding atmospheric pressure (about 760 mmHg or 14.7 lbf/in at sea level). To withstand and adapt to the pressures within, arteries are surrounded by varying thicknesses of smooth muscle which have extensive elastic and inelastic connective tissues. The pulse pressure, i.e. Systolic vs. Diastolic difference, is determined primarily by the amount of blood ejected by each heart beat, stroke volume, versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries. Over time, elevated arterial blood sugar (see Diabetes Mellitus), lipoprotein cholesterol, and pressure, smoking, and other factors are all involved in damaging both the endothelium and walls of the arteries, resulting in atherosclerosis. [edit] Atheroma An atheroma or plaque in the artery wall is a build up of cell debris, that contain lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue. [edit] History Among the ancient Greeks, the arteries were considered to be "air holders" that were responsible for the transport of air to the tissues and were connected to the trachea. This was as a result of the arteries of the dead being found to be empty. In medieval times, it was recognized that arteries carried a fluid, called "spiritual blood" or "vital spirits", considered to be different from the contents of the veins. This theory went back to Galen. In the late medieval period, the trachea,[3] and ligaments were also called "arteries".[4] William Harvey described and popularized the modern concept of the circulatory system and the roles of arteries and veins in the 17th century. Alexis Carrel at the beginning of 20th century first described the technique for vascular suturing and anastomosis and successfully performed many organ transplantations in animals; he thus actually opened the way to modern vascular surgery that was before limited to vessels permanent ligatation. [edit] References 1. ^ , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

2. ^ MOMMA, UR; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. 3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. 4. ^ Shakespeare, William. Hamlet Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. pg. 50.

[edit] See also Look up artery in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Arterial gush Arterial tree Blood Peripheral arteries Vein

[edit] External Links Human Arterial System [show]

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Human systems and organs Bone (Carpus Collar bone (clavicle) Thigh bone (femur) Fibula Humerus Skeletal system Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull (cranium) Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum) Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint

Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm mostly Thoracic URT (Nose, Nasopharynx, Larynx) LRT (Trachea, Bronchus, Lung) Mouth (Salivary gland, Tongue) upper GI (Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Esophagus, Stomach) lower GI (Small intestine, Appendix, Colon, Rectum, Anus) accessory (Liver, Biliary tract, Pancreas) Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Female (Uterus, Vulva, Ovary, Placenta) Male (Scrotum, Penis, Prostate, Testicle, Seminal vesicle)

Respiratory system

Digestive system+ adnexa mostly Abdominopelvic

GU: Urinary system GU: Reproductive system

Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Cardiovascular system peripheral (Artery, Vein, Lymphatic vessel) Heart Circulatory system Lymphatic system Nervous system primary (Bone marrow, Thymus) secondary (Spleen, Lymph node)

(Brain, Spinal cord, Nerve) Sensory system (Ear, Eye)

Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast (Mammary gland) Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system

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Circulatory system: Arteries and veins (TA A12.0, TH H3.09.02, GA 6.543/GA 7.641)

M: anat(a:h/u/t/a/l,v:h/u/t/a/l)/phys/devp/cell/pr noco/syva/cong/lyvd/tumr proc, VA ot drug(C2s+n/3/4/5/7/8/9 , sysi/epon, injr S ) [show]

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List of arteries of head and neck (TA A12.2.0508, GA 6.549) superior laryngeal sternocleidomastoid branch infrahyoid branch cricothyroid branch glandular branches

sup. thyroid

asc. pharyngeal posterior meningeal pharyngeal branches inferior tympanic lingual EC facial occipital suprahyoid dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) facial branches (inferior labial, superior labial / nasal septum, lateral nasal, angular) sternocleidomastoid meningeal occipital auricular descending

post. auricular stylomastoid stapedial auricular occipital sup. temporal transverse facial middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital) anterior auricular frontal parietal

1st part / mandibular

anterior tympanic deep auricular middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal) accessory meningeal inferior alveolar (mental, mylohyoid) to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric) buccal

2nd part / pterygoid maxillary

posterior superior alveolar infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) descending palatine (greater 3rd part / pterygopalatine palatine, lesser palatine) artery of the pterygoid canal sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal) pharyngeal cervical petrous carotid sinus Vidian caroticotympanic orbital group:anterior ethmoidal (anterior septal, anterior lateral nasal, anterior meningeal) posterior ethmoidal lacrimal (lateral palpebral) medial palpebral terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal) ocular group: central retinal ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) hypophysial (superior, inferior) ACA (anterior communicating, medial striate) MCA (anterolateral central, Orbitofrontal artery, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior Willis/Cerebral terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch) posterior communicating anterior choroidal meningeal spinal (posterior, anterior) basilar: pontine labyrinthine cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA) cerebral (PCA) inferior thyroid thyrocervical trunk inferior laryngeal tracheal esophageal ascending cervical pharyngeal glandular branches

cavernous/ IC ophthalmic

vertebral artery

transverse cervical superficial branch deep branch / dorsal scapular suprascapular acromial branch

costocervical trunk deep cervical Supreme Intercostal artery M: anat(a:h/u/t/a/l,v:h/u/t/a/l)/phys/devp/cell/pr noco/syva/cong/lyvd/tumr proc,

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List of arteries of upper limbs (TA A12.2.09, GA 6.575) scapular anastomosis 1st part superior thoracic Shoulder 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) lateral thoracic 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) anterior humeral circumflex posterior humeral circumflex Before split profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) ulnar collateral (superior, inferior) forearm: radial recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch palmar carpal branch Radial hand: superficial palmar branch princeps pollicis Radialis indices artery (radial of index finger) Brachial Ulnar forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent) wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital) palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal

Arches