THERMAL EXPLOSIVE I. D.

EFFECTS WELDING Zakharenko

IN

THE

WELD

ZONE

IN

and

T.

M.

Sobolenko

UDC 621.791.7

In [1], a d e s c r i p t i o n w a s g i v e n of a m e t h o d of m e a s u r i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e in t h e w e l d z o n e , and c e r t a i n a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e m a d e t h a t e n a b l e d the a m o u n t of h e a t r e l e a s e d in t h e j o i n t to be d e t e r m i n e d . An e s t i m a t e of t h e width of t h e zone in w h i c h t h e h e a t i s r e l e a s e d [1] s h o w e d t h a t it i s m u c h l e s s t h a n the a m p l i tude of the e x p l o s i v e - w e l d i n g w a v e . The present study confirms the assumption r e g i m e in a w e l d , in w h i c h the a c t u a l h e a t s o u r c e E m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a s t h a t c a n b e u s e d to c a l c u l a t e an a c c u r a c y s u f f i c i e n t f o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s a r e m e t a l l o g r aphic m e t h o d . of [1] c o n c e r n i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t h e r m a l in t h e w e l d s u r f a c e is r e p l a c e d b y an i n s t a n t a n e o u s s o u r c e . t h e t h e r m a l r e g i m e of the w e l d in e x p l o s i v e w e l d i n g w i t h a l s o p r e s e n t e d , and the c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e c h e c k e d by a

S i n c e t h e e n e r g y QI i s r e l e a s e d in a s m a l l n e i g h b o r h o o d of t h e c o n t a c t p o i n t , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to a n a l y z e the p o s s i b l e d e p e n d e n c e of Q1 on t h e i m p a c t p a r a m e t e r s . In [2] the h y d r o d y n a m i c p r o b l e m of the c o l l i s i o n of j e t s of c o m p r e s s i b l e f l u i d w a s a n a l y z e d in t h e a c o u s t i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n : It w a s found t h a t t h e l i n e a r d i m e n s i o n of t h e h i g h - p r e s s u r e z o n e i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e of t h e f r e e s u r f a c e

~2 y /

u ~- ~2

2~1 ~ ~+~

sin~ .!_, 2

(1)

w h e r e U i s t h e flow v e l o c i t y ; c 0 i s t h e s p e e d of s o u n d in t h e j e t m a t e r i a l ; 61 i s the t h i c k n e s s of the u p p e r j e t ; 62 i s t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e l o w e r j e t ; y i s t h e c o l l i s i o n a n g l e . T h e i m p a c t p a r a m e t e r s (y and t h e p l a t e t h i c k n e s s e s ) a r e p r e s e n t in t h i s e q u a t i o n in e x a c t l y the s a m e f o r m a s i n t h e f a m i l i a r w a v e e q u a t i o n , w h i c h f o r 52 = ~o c a n be w r i t t e n = 266~ sin2 _L. 2 TABLE 1 Impact conditions Material
VQ, , h,l~

melt

recrystallization

km/ Isec
2,25 2,2 1,86 Cu Cu 1,86 3.,2 D16 + D16 3,4 Stainless + Stainless 4,5 ,"4" -}- Ti i 4

Y 3 3 2,5 1,4 2,5 4 6

1

o~
10 10 6 2,5 2,5 l0 l0
1

cale. I expt, ~aic. expt. I t 5,0 2,9 1,4 1,3 2,4 2,9 2,4 1.0 3,5 13 7,3 8 17,1 14 35 3o

St.3 + St. 3

18~ 16~ 21~ ' 21~30' 17~ 14~ 20' 13" 28~

8,0 4,3 2,7 2,4 3,55 2,9 3,0

1,44

33

3,2

9,5 49 20 21 40 2,6 3 1,8 2,9

N o v o s i b i r s k . T r a n s l a t e d f r o m F i z i k a G o r e n i y a i V z r y v a , V o l . 7, No. 3, p p . 4 3 3 - 4 3 6 , J u l y - S e p t e m b e r , 1971. O r i g i n a l a r t i c l e s u b m i t t e d J a n u a r y 13, 1971.

9 1974 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

373

!
l 2

'~1
GO0

F r o m this we conclude that the angle T and the thicknesses 51 and 52 enter into the relation between Ql and the impact p a r a m e t e r s in the same way as they enter into the e x p r e s sion for R. M o r e o v e r , the energy in this zone is naturally determined by the quantity p U J , where p is the density of the m a t e r i a l , and Uc is the velocity of the contact point. Thus, we can c o n s t r u c t an e m p i r i c a l formula for the e n e r g y r e l e a s e d in the weld Q l = k V ; P l 6 * ~ +~~ sin~ 2 " (2)

~a

t , b~$ee

Knowing the amount of heat r e l e a s e d Ql, for the conditions described in [1] we obtain the value k = 6.8 9 10 -2. In analyzing the t h e r m a l r e g i m e of the welded plates, it is n e c e s s a r y to keep in mind that, in addition to the heat Q1 r e l e a s e d in a n a r r o w zone at the interface, heat is also r e l e a s e d over the entire thickness of the m a t e r i a l as a r e s u l t of deformation [3,4].

In o r d e r to estimate the t e m p e r a t u r e of the specimen after explosive welding, we assume that the difference b e tween the kinetic energy of the projectile plate and the kinetic energy of the welded plates is completely converted into heat and uniformly distributed over the thickness of the specimen. In this case the energy r e l e a s e d in the weld can be neglected, since it amounts to approximately 3% of the kinetic energy of the projectile plate. Then, for the amount of heat r e l e a s e d per unit area of the plate Q2 we can write 1 V~O,61( ,2~2 ). Q2 = -~" pi Bi + P2B2 As a r e s u l t of the collision of the plates, the specimen t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s by an amount
A T=

Fig. 1, T e m p e r a t u r e as a function of time at various sections in steel for Q1 = 5 c a l / cm 2,T 0=100~ x, c m : 1) 10-3;2) 1.4 9 lO-a; 3 ) 2 9 10 -a.

(3)

Q2 ci p181~- c2p~82

where c is the specific heat of the m a t e r i a l . The heat Q2 is r e l e a s e d at the moment of impact s i m u l t a n e o u s ly with the r e l e a s e of Ql; accordingly, in analyzing the t h e r m a l r e g i m e it is n e c e s s a r y to calculate the initial t e m p e r a t u r e of the specimen
To=TI+AT ,

(4)

where T 1 is the t e m p e r a t u r e before impact. Thus, we have all the data needed to calculate the t e m p e r a t u r e in any section of the weld f r o m the exp r e s s i o n given in [1]
x9

T=To~

Q~ ,e 2c p V~= a~ t

~,a~t, (5)

where T o and Q1 are calculated from Eqs. (4) and (2), a is the t h e r m a l diffusivity, and x is the distance from the weld. In o r d e r to find the m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e in a section x during the cooling of the Weld, we seek the e x t r e m u m of function (5). F r o m the condition 0 T / 0 t = 0 we obtain t = x2/2a 2 . Substituting in (5), we obtain an e x p r e s s i o n for T m a x in the section x
l

Tm~x T o ~

2cpV x

Q1

e- -E

(6)

374

The c u r v e s in the figure, calculated f r o m Eq. (5), show the t e m p e r a t u r e as a function of time for steel. On the wave surface in the eddy zone in thin metallographic sections, and s o m e t i m e s along the entire i m pact s u r f a c e , it is possible to o b s e r v e s t r u c t u r e s usually caused by p r e l i m i n a r y melting of the metal. M o r e over, r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n or relaxation p r o c e s s e s and possibly c e r t a i n other effects can be detected around the melted a r e a s and near the weld on a distance of 5-50 ~ . We analyzed c e r t a i n impact r e g i m e s involving pairs of homogeneous c o p p e r - c o p p e r , s t e e l - s t e e l , D u r a l - D u r a l , t i t a n i u m - t i t a ~ u m , and Stainless s t e e l stainless steel plates. Using photographs of thin sections cut f r o m plates welded under known conditions, we m e a s u r e d the total melt area along the entire length of the r e c o r d e d region. F o r this purpose we employed s e v e r a l photographs of different p a r t s of the s a m e welded plate (from 3 to 8). We then calculated the average thickness h that the melted layer would have had if it had been uniformly present over the entire impact s u r f a c e and divided in two by that s u r f a c e . Using this average thickness of the l a y e r converted to the molten state d u r ing the welding p r o c e s s , we determined the minimum amount of heat needed to melt such a layer without allowance for heat l o s s e s
Q = c m (T1 --

Tin) ;~m,

where m is the m a s s of melted metal per square c e n t i m e t e r of plate area; T m is the melting point; h is the specific heat of fusion. The amount of heat thus calculated was c o m p a r e d with that calculated from Eq. (2). The r e s u l t s of the calculations and the experimental m e a s u r e m e n t s are presented in the table. As may be seen from these r e s u l t s , the amounts of heat determined experimentally and calculated f r o m Eq. (2) are in good agreement. Since Eq. (6) m a k e s it possible to e s t i m a t e the m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e near the weld zone, we calculated the maximum distance f r o m the impact surface at which the t e m p e r a t u r e was still high enough for melting (see table). In this case we again found quite good agreement between the calculated and the actual (averaged) thickness of the molten l a y e r , although Eq. (6) does not take phase transitions into account. As previously noted, around the melted a r e a s and often along the entire weld there are zones of initial r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . Here the grains are v e r y fine, but in equilibrium, and m e a s u r e on average about 5 ~ . The m e a s u r e d and averaged width of the r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n zone was c o m p a r e d with the width of the zone of existence of the t e m p e r a t u r e T2, at which the r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s is still theoretically possible T 2 = 0.4T m . The r e s u l t s of the calculations and experiments also proved to be s i m i l a r . Certain d i s c r e p a n cies between the calculations and the observations of the width of the r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n zone can be attributed to the fact that the r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i b n p r o c e s s e s r e q u i r e a c e r t a i n amount of time. The graph of the time dependence of the weld t e m p e r a t u r e p r e s e n t e d in [1] also m a k e s it possible to determine the r a t e of fall of t e m p e r a t u r e in the weld. Thus, on the t e m p e r a t u r e interval 700-350~ the mean rate of fall of the t e m p e r a ture in the weld AT -- 3.5. ]06 deg/sec. ht Obviously, at higher t e m p e r a t u r e s under the same impact conditions this rate will be even higher and much g r e a t e r than the cooling r a t e in any o r d i n a r y metal h e a t - t r e a t i n g p r o c e s s . This indicates that in c e r t a i n c a s e s m e t a l s t r u c t u r e s not p r e v i o u s l y encountered m a y appear in the weld zone. LITERATURE
1o 2. 3. 4. 5.

CITED

I. D. Zakharenko, Fiz. Goreniya i V z r y v a , 7, No. 2 (1971). S. K. Godunov, A. A. Deribas, et al., J . Comp. Phys., 5, No. 3 (1970). S. K. Godunov, A. A. Deribas, et al., Fiz. Goreniya i Vzryva, 7, No. 1 (1971). I. P . Krasnokutskaya et al., Fiz: i Khim. Obrab. Mater., No. 6 (1969). A. A. Bochvar, Metallography [in Russian], Metallurgizdat (1948).

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