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APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS

Preliminary design of indeterminate structures are usually based on the results of approximate analysis. Approximate analysis proves to be quite convenient to use in the planning phase of projects, when several alternative designs of the structure are usually evaluated for economy. Approximate analysis is sometimes used to roughly check the results of exact analysis, which due to its complexity is prone to errors. Many structures prior to 1960, including high rise buildings were designed solely on the basis of approximate analysis, so a knowledge and understanding of approximate methods used by the original designers is usually helpful in a renovation undertaking.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Assumptions
In order to determine the reactions and internal forces of an indeterminate structure, the equilibrium equations must be supplemented by additional equations whose number must equal the degree of indeterminacy of the structure. In an approximate analysis, these equations are established by using engineering judgment to make simplifying assumptions about the response of the structure. The equations based on the simplifying assumptions are then solved in conjunction with the equilibrium equations of the structure to determine the approximate values of its reactions and internal forces.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS

Assumption About the Location of Points of Inflection

In this first approach, a qualitative deflected shape of the indeterminate structure is sketched and used to assume the location of the points of inflection-that is, the points where the curvature of the elastic curve changes signs, or becomes zero.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS

Assumption About the Location of Points of Inflection

Since the bending moments must be zero at the points of inflection, internal hinges are inserted in the indeterminate structure at the assumed locations of inflection points to obtain a simplified determinate structure.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS

Assumption About the Location of Points of Inflection

Each of the internal hinges provides one equation of condition, so the number of inflection points assumed should be equal to the degree of indeterminacy of the structure. The inflection points should be selected such that the resulting determinate structure must be statically and geometrically stable.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS

Assumption About the Location of Points of Inflection

The simplified determinate structure is the analyzed to determine the approximate values of the reactions and internal forces of the original indeterminate structure.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS

Assumptions About the Distribution of Forces Among Members and/or Reactions

The portal frame below can alternatively be analyzed by assuming that the horizontal reactions Ax and Bx are equal.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method
The portal method was initially developed by A. Smith and is generally considered to be appropriate for the approximate analysis of relatively low building frames. Assumptions
1. 2. An inflection point is located at the middle of each member of the frame. On each story of the frame, interior columns carry twice as much shear as the exterior columns.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method
Determine the approximate axial forces, shears, and moments for all the members of the frame shown below by using the portal method.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Portal Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Cantilever Method
The cantilever method was initially developed by A. C. Wilson in 1908 and is generally considered to be appropriate for the approximate analysis of relatively tall building frames. The method is based on the assumption that under lateral loads, the building frames behave like a cantilever beam.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Cantilever Method
Assumptions
1. An inflection point is located at the midpoint of each member of the frame.

2. On each story of the frame, the axial forces in columns are linearly proportional to their distances from the centroid of the cross-sectional areas of the columns on that story.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Cantilever Method
Determine the approximate axial forces, shears, and moments for all the members of the frame shown below by using the cantilever method.

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Cantilever Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Cantilever Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Cantilever Method

APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Comparison Cantilever Method Portal Method

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