WORDNET :SIDHARATH - 200802036

DICTIONARY As we all know a dictionary is a collection of words arranged in alphabetical order where we can find true sense of them , sense can be demonstrated or can be shown by a single word known as synonyms , or by some phrase , or by citing some example . Example - LOVE - a kind of fondness or affection which is full of feelings and keeps one attached or devoted to it . Here in this paraphrase we get an idea or clue that how love looks like or what is it in reality . To explain its meaning , we referred some more words of dictionary , these words helped out to get a clear meaning of current used word . LOVE = {fondness , affection , feelings , attached , devoted}

LOVE

attachment

fondness

devotion

affection

To understand LOVE clearly , we need to have an idea of all the above mentioned words . In case we dont know , then referring any of them would likely give something related to love or atleast , LOVE would be included in the paraphrase to describe it . ANOTHER EXAMPLE - BLOOD - A thick viscous liquid red in color found in humans BLOOD = {viscous , red , color , human} RED - a type of color which resembles to that of blood RED = {color , resembles , blood}

To describe blood we used word red and when we described red we said a color that of blood . Now , a kind of network is there between these words . RED BLOOD

BLOOD RED BLOOD RED

We can define a relationship between these two words or can say they form a WORD:WORD pair . Dictionary doesnt deal with such things . Now no one likes to open and browse dictionary again and again . Its quite cumbersome and also interrupts or give a pause to our thinking , which is psychologically quite irritating also . So here we define a new modified or advanced form of dictionary called as WORDNET . The purpose of making wordnet is to include these word:word relationship . while dealing with linguistics there is not only significance in knowing new words or knowing their meaning , but a lot more .Proper meaning or semantics of given sentence of phrase can also be conceived if we have an idea of word are related to each other . this makes language reading , writing easier. WORD : WORD relationship is quite complex , as it depends on what basis the relationship is defined . WORD WORD relatedness varies . (which we deal after sometime in the following contents) In a dictionary words are read from tapes, so any computer can handle this . This is job of machine itself . Typing the given word in the search box and getting the meaning (sense) within no time. But there is a need to have a creation of network of words , which machine cannot do.

Wordnet can be considered to be a dictionary based on psycolinguistic principles . A wordnet conatins 95,600 diffferent word form (51,500 simple words and 44,100 collocations ) organized into some 70,100 word meaning , or set of synonyms . Wordnet divides the LEXICON(VOCABLURY) into 5 categories : nouns , verbs , adjective , adverbs and function words . NOUNS IN WORDNET Nouns are entities , whose attributes can be highlighted . Nouns can be subjected or treated with properties like , ANTONOMY , SYNONOMY , HYPONOMY , HYPERNYMY , besides this modification , parts(meronymy) and functions(predicates). SYNONYMY - it is also called synonym , or words having similar meaning to the given word EXAMPLE - RISE - [ accelerate , accumulate , appreciate , balloon , build up , climb , enlarge , spread , gain , mount ] Synonymy may not be applicable in all context but are words that can replace the given word in atleast one context or another. ANTONYMY words that produce the polar opposite meaning in the given context when replaced with the given word EXAMPLE RISE [contract , decrease , diminish , dwindle , lessen , recede , wane] All antonyms may not me applicable in the given context, but atleast one will be the applicable antonym of given word.It is also not necessary that any antonym is polar opposite to all of the synonym of the given word , again depends on the context where it is used .

HYPONOMY and HYPERNYMY / SUBCLASS SUPERCLASS - Nouns as said are entities so they have properties , attributes on which they can be classified , that means there are chances of making a class of them depending on their similar/common properties . Similar is the idea of a subclass/derived class or creating a superclass . Derived class are group of entities having some properties of parent class , but different subclasses of same parent class differ in some respect or another .

plant organism animal

tree shrubs mammals insects

In the above diagram , all entities are nouns (mainly common nouns but there can be PROPER nouns as well) Here , organism is the parent class which is sub divided into subclass [plant , animal] , which are further divided into subclasses . Subclasses PLANT and ANIMAL both have property of ORGANISM parent class , both are living entities , but plant and animal classes differ as well , like plants cant move whereas animal are movable organism . So , subclasses of a same parent differ from each other as well but both will be called as a kind of organism . Take example of PALM tree which a type of tree , PALM (a proper noun) is a kind of tree, a tree is again a kind of plant , and plant is a kind of organism . So , there is always a more generic form of the previous . This hierarchal structure can go upto a level of max 10-12 .

parent class(generic)

subclass(specific)

We use @ as a pointer which points to its generic class . @ can be read as is a kind of . PALM @- TREE TREE @- PLANT PLANT @- ORGANISM And we can similarly assign a reverse pointer ~ , where it point to its specific class or its subclasses TREE ~- PALM PLANT ~ TREE

ORGANISM ~ PLANT In wordnet , we keep a record of every lexicon and its subclasses and its parent class using pointers , so searching any particular word is likely to give information of its more generic and more specific classes . PALM [ It is a kind of tree grown in desert areas , has long size upto 10 metres ]

MORPHOLOGICAL RELATION - One more feature that noun can show are morphological(structural) derivatives . Using noun as root words , different morphemes can be added to them , to show the change in behavior , different meaning can be drawn from these morphologically modified nouns. BOOKS BOOKS A wordnet has capability to remove the pre/post or infix and show off the root word BOOKS BOOK(root word) + S(suffix)

SEMANTIC COMPONENTS If observing carefully all the nouns can be put into a single hierarchy considering the topmost parent class as semantically EMPTY. Its immediate HYPONY MS after deep observation are listed below [Act , action , activity] [animal , fauna] [artifact] [attribute , property] [body , corpus] [cognition , knowledge] [communication] [event , happening] [feeling , emotion] [food ] [group , collection] [location, place] [motive] [natural object] [natual phenomenon] [person, human being] [plant , flora] [possession] [process] [quantity,amount] [relation] [shape] [state, condition]

[substance] [time] These are unique beginners of their own top down hierarchy followed by their hyponyms , these vary widely in size and are not mutually exclusive like PALM , which can be at [plant,flora] as well as [natural object] which is the palm of hand . Most of the above entities can also be classified as living or non living things.

thing/entity

living organism

non-living organism

plant/flora

animal/fauna

person/human being

natural object

artifact

substance

food

There can be numerous ways of handling this noun lexicon . MERONYMY - a term referring to a part of something but used to refer to the whole of it. It is a semantic relation used in linguistic . That is X is a meronym of Y , if X is a part of Y , or X is a member of Y , e.g 1) faces used to mean people in I see several faces. 2) finger is a meronym of hand . 3) Wheel is a meronym of automobile .

BODY
HEAD
MERONYMY

LEGS

Wordnet also gives the holonomy of the searched noun and its meronomy , to explain or show the relatedness of the noun.

ADJECTIVES IN WORDNET
Adjectives are attributes or properties of noun , so adjectives in wordnet can be classified into two categories : a) Descriptive b) Relational DESCRIPTIVE which as clear from word , describes the features of nouns . e.g fair , expert , grouchy , etc. This is what one usually thinks of when adjectives are mentioned . A descriptive adjective is one that ascribes a value of an attribute to a noun .

RELATIONAL - an adjective which classify its noun .They are assumed to be stylistic variants of modifying nouns and so are cross referenced to the noun files . e.g bookish , hairless , hairy ,sweetish , etc . BOOKISH (adj) BOOK (noun) HAIRLESS (adj) HAIR (noun) HAIRY (adj )

HAIR (noun)

SWEETISH (adj) SWEET (noun) All languages provide some means of modifying or elaborating the meanings of nouns , although they differ in the syntactic form that such modification can assume. English syntax allows for a variety of ways to express the qualification of a noun. A syntax of language rich in lexicon and grammar provides for a variety of ways to express the qualification of noun . example : In light of human body : [ a beautiful body , a healthy body , a soothing body , a muscular body , a lethargic body , an opulent body ] . Sometimes participle form verbs are also used as adjectives to describe nouns (e.g an alarming sound) , and sometimes nouns itself (e.g a chicken shop , a barber shop) . ANTONOMY The attributes of nouns can also show bipolarity . Any noun which is worth or applicable for a varied degree of features(gradable) does exhibit antonomy . example : This man is tall , This man is taller than his friend , This man is tallest among his fellow man , This man is short , this man is shorter than his friend , This man is shortest among his fellow man . So Height entity can exhibit a wide range of values(gradable) depending where it is used . If you consider a NULL point in middle , and consider tall as with + sign to the right then its polar opposite(antonym) is with - sign (same distance to the left of NULL point) . Similarly , if you use shorter , its opposite will be taller , and then shortest and tallest . You have to replace the antonym with word in the same context and have to see whether it generates the bipolar or totally opposite meaning to the given .

--- (shortest) POLE

-- (shorter)

- (short)

{NULL}

+ (tall)

++(taller)

+++ (tallest)

In above figure we have used sign to represent the extent or degree to which the various forms of an adjective lies on the POLE either on left side or on the right . ANTONYMS

SHORT

(-)

TALL (+) TALLER ( ++) TALLEST ( +++)

SHORTER (--) SHORTEST ( --- )

( NOTE : In Antonymy relationship the given word cannot be mapped to all the synonym set of its given antonym word) Antonomy can be represented by ! in wordnet ! SHORT = TALL

! SHORTER = TALLER ! SHORTEST = TALLEST ! BIG = SMALL Some antonyms are made by using dis/un/in/il/ir/im/ or some other prefixes/postfixes , but some antonyms of words like angry are made by using not . ! Pleased = displeased ! pleasant = unpleasant ! decent = indecent

! angry = not angry (actually a relational adjective)

RELATIONAL ADJECTIVES Relational adjectives differ from descriptive adjectives in that they do not relate to an attribute , there is no kind of degree or variedness associated with them , no scale at all related to them (they are not gradable). e.g hairless , kindly , bravely . The adjective and corresponding noun differ by just a unit of morpheme. HAIRLESS(adj) BOOKER(adj)

HAIR(noun) BOOK(noun)

GUILTLESS(adj) GUILT(noun)

They do not have direct antonyms. Adding morpheme like -non tries to give antonym of it (actually gives complementary of it or everything else left not the actual antonym ). They are stored in wordnet with a pointer to their noun . ANGRY NOT ANGRY (antonym) HARMFUL NOT HARMFUL (antonym)

VERBS IN WORDNET
Verbs have less number of count as compared to nouns in dictionary but have more variety in senses as compared to nouns . If nouns are 43,636 in a dictionary then verbs are 14,190 . But have on an average 2.11 senses as compared to nouns which has averagely 1.74 senses only. They are polysemous . Verbs can fit to a number of nouns and hence show different senses i.e more flexibility . It depends on the noun used in sentence whereas meanings of nouns remain stable in presence of verbs. We can see high mutability of verbs . The most frequently used verbs are also the most polysemous and their meanings often depend heavily on the nouns with which they occur. For example, dictionary differentiate between the senses of have in sentences like I have a Mercedes and I have a headache . The difference is less due to the polysemy of have . Example - run flee , retreat , escape (dropped the gun and ran) To go without restraint (let chickens run loose) To keep company (ran with a wild crowd when he was young ) Roam , rove (running about with no overcoat) To go rapidly or hurriedly (run and fetch the doctor) To go in urgency or distress (runs to mother at every little difficulty) To make a quick , easy , or casual trip or visit (ran over to borrow some sugar) To enter into an election contest (will run for mayor) Glide (file drawers running on ball bearings) To pass or slide freely (a rope runs through the pulley) To ravel lengthwise (stockings guaranteed not to run) To sing or play a musical passage quickly (run up the scale) Turn , rotate (a swiftly running grindstone) Operate , functions (software that runs on her computer) To pass from one state to another (run into debt) Spread , dissolve (colors guaranteed not to run)

These are some wide range of mutability shown by run in the above sentences . In order to reduce ambiguity in wordnet , verb synsets could contain cross-reference pointers to the noun synsets that contain nouns selected for by the verbs. For example , one sense of the verb throw(throw on a wheel) always selects the noun pottery or its hyponym as its object ; that selectional restriction could be represented by a labeled pointer. At the present time , however , this possibility has not been implemented in wordnet. Currently Wordnet contains over 21000 verb word forms and approximately 8400 word meanings SYNONOMY

No truly synonymous verbs , such as shut and close , can be found in the lexicon the number depends on how loose a definition of synonym one adopts. [begin commence , end terminate , rise-ascend , blink-nictate, behead-decapitate , spit-expectorate ] Frequently only one member of such a synonym pair tends to be felicitous in a given context. Where have you hidden Dads slippers ? sounds more natural than Where have you concealed Dads slippers ? Sometimes verbs have periphrastic expressions , rather than lexicalized synonyms. These periphrases break down a synonymous verb into an entire verb phrase and thereby often reflect the way in which the verb has become lexicalized by showing constituents that have been combined into verb. {whiten - become white , enrich make rich , , swim travel through water , mumble talk indistinctly } DECOMPOSITIONAL AND RELATIONAL SEMANTIC ANALYSIS Decomposition of a verb can be done in one form or another semantically . like sleep : the state of not waked up . move : a state of non static relative to reference point . Kill : cause to become not alive This semantic decomposition consists of nouns , other verbs , and adjectives . Some , consider it this decomposition as inadequate , rather some like to classify verbs in forms similar to as nouns . [ EVENT , STATE , ACTION , PATH , MANNER , PLACE ] The verb sleep can be described in this form of state . We sometimes also use negation operator to describe verbs . like , KILL - cause to become not alive. These are generally used where there are only two states which are mutually exclusive.

Entailment Entail involves inevitable part or consequence. Some consequence can easily be derived from some verbs . If p is a verb and some meaning is derived from it then we say, p entails q . P q Example I killed john entails that John is not alive anymore. Kill [verb] die [verb] ( die verb follows kill automatically) If q p (p also entails q) , then p and q are synonyms of each other. They make the same sense. Sometimes any verb p can be followed by a lot of other verbs: Example : consulting doctor - It involves riding your vehicle to clinic, waiting for check-up , meeting doctor , buying medicine.

Consulting entails riding , waiting , meeting , buying These following verbs are a part of it , completing one task includes completing all other tasks as well. So consulting entails all these verbs as well . TROPONOMY It is collection of verbs which mostly represent one and the same thing (in manner) [ go , move ] , [ move, travel ] Syntax like : TO V1 is to V2 in some particular manner. Troponomy is a special kind of entailment. In thats every troponym V1 of a more general verb V2 also entails V2. Consider limp-walk. The verbs in this pair are related by troponymy : a limp is also a walk in a certain manner; limp is a troponym of walk. The verbs are also in an entailment relation: the statement He is limping entails He is walking , and walking can be said to be a part of limping. It represents pairs that are always temporally co-extensive and are related by entailment. The verbs related by entailment and proper temporal inclusion. The important generalization here is that verbs related by entailment and proper termporal inclusion cannot be related by troponymy. For two verbs to be related by troponymy , the activities they denote must be temporally co-extensive. In entailment not a part of troponymy there is a proper inclusion.

ENTAILMENT

+ TROPONYMY CO-EXTENSIVENESS

- TROPONYMY PROPER INCLUSION