PROBLEM 3.

10

KNOWN: A layer of fatty tissue with fixed inside temperature can experience different
outside convection conditions.

FIND: (a) Ratio of heat loss for different convection conditions, (b) Outer surface
temperature for different convection conditions, and (c) Temperature of still air which
achieves same cooling as moving air (wind chill effect).

SCHEMATIC:


ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction through a plane wall, (2) Steady-state
conditions, (3) Homogeneous medium with constant properties, (4) No internal heat
generation (metabolic effects are negligible), (5) Negligible radiation effects.

PROPERTIES: Table A-3, Tissue, fat layer: k = 0.2 W/mK.

ANALYSIS: The thermal circuit for this situation is



Hence, the heat rate is


s,1 s,1
tot
T T T T
q .
R L/kA 1/ hA


= =
+


Therefore,


windy
calm
windy
calm
L 1
k h
q
.
L 1 q
k h

+

=

+




Applying a surface energy balance to the outer surface, it also follows that


cond conv
q q . =

Continued


PROBLEM 3.10 (Cont.)

Hence,


( ) ( )
s,1 s,2 s,2
s,1
s,2
k
T T h T T
L
k
T T
hL
T .
k
1+
hL

=
+
=


To determine the wind chill effect, we must determine the heat loss for the windy day and use
it to evaluate the hypothetical ambient air temperature,

T , which would provide the same

heat loss on a calm day, Hence,

s,1 s,1
windy calm
T T T T
q
L 1 L 1
k h k h


= =

+ +




From these relations, we can now find the results sought:

(a)
2
calm
windy
2
0.003 m 1
q 0.2 W/m K 0.015 0.0154
65 W/m K
0.003 m 1
q 0.015 0.04
0.2 W/m K
25 W/m K
+
+

= =
+
+

calm
windy
q
0.553
q

<

(b)
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
s,2
calm
2
0.2 W/m K
15 C 36 C
25 W/m K 0.003 m
T 22.1 C
0.2 W/m K
1
25 W/m K 0.003 m

= =

<


( )
( )
( )
( )
2
s,2
windy
2
0.2 W/m K
15 C 36 C
65 W/m K 0.003m
T 10.8 C
0.2 W/m K
1
65 W/m K 0.003m

= =

<

(c) ( )
( )
( )
0.003/0.2 1/ 25
T 36 C 36 15 C 56.3 C
0.003/ 0.2 1/ 65

+
= + =
+

<

COMMENTS: The wind chill effect is equivalent to a decrease of T
s,2
by 11.3C and
increase in the heat loss by a factor of (0.553)
-1
= 1.81.
PROBLEM3.43
KNOWN: Steady-state temperature distribution of convex shape for material with k = k
o
(1 +
oT) where o is a constant and the mid-point temperature is AT
o
higher than expected for a
linear temperature distribution.
FIND: Relationship to evaluate o in terms of AT
o
and T
1
, T
2
(the temperatures at the
boundaries).
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) No
internal heat generation, (4) o is positive and constant.
ANALYSIS: At any location in the wall, Fouriers law has the form
( )
x o
dT
q k 1 T .
dx
o '' = + (1)
Since
x
q'' is a constant, we can separate Eq. (1), identify appropriate integration limits, and
integrate to obtain
( )
2
1
L T
x o
0 T
q dx k 1 T dT o '' = +
} }
(2)
2 2
o 2 1
x 2 1
T T
k
q T T .
L 2 2
o o
( | | | |
( | |
'' = + +
( | |
\ . \ .
(3)
We could perform the same integration, but with the upper limits at x = L/2, to obtain
2 2
o L/2 1
x L/2 1
T T
2k
q T T
L 2 2
o o
( | | | |
( | |
'' = + +
( | |
\ . \ .
(4)
where
( )
1 2
L/2 o
T T
T T L/2 T .
2
+
= = + A (5)
Setting Eq. (3) equal to Eq. (4), substituting from Eq. (5) for T
L/2
, and solving for o, it
follows that
( )
( )
o
2
2 2
1 2 o
2 1
2 T
.
T T / 2 T T / 2 T
o
A
=
( + + + A

<
PROBLEM3.58
KNOWN: Electric current flow, resistance, diameter and environmental conditions
associated with a cable.
FIND: (a) Surface temperature of bare cable, (b) Cable surface and insulation temperatures
for a thin coating of insulation, (c) Insulation thickness which provides the lowest value of the
maximum insulation temperature. Corresponding value of this temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction in r, (3)
Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: (a) The rate at which heat is transferred to the surroundings is fixed by the rate
of heat generation in the cable. Performing an energy balance for a control surface about the
cable, it follows that
g
E q =

or, for the bare cable, ( ) ( )

2
e i s
I R L=h D L T T . t

' With
( )
( )
2 2 4
e
q =I R 700A 6 10 / m 294 W/m,

' ' = O = it follows that

( )
( )
s
2
i
q 294 W/m
T T 30 C+
h D
25 W/m K 0.005m
t
t

'
= + =

s
T 778.7 C. =

<
(b) With a thin coating of insulation, there exist contact and convection resistances to heat
transfer from the cable. The heat transfer rate is determined by heating within the cable,
however, and therefore remains the same.
( )
s s
t,c
t,c
i
i i
i s
t,c
T T T T
q=
1 R
1
R
h D L
D L h D L
D T T
q =
R 1/ h
t
t t
t

=
''
+
+

'
'' +
and solving for the surface temperature, find
( )
2 2
s t,c
i
q 1 294 W/m m K m K
T R T 0.02 0.04 30 C
D h 0.005m W W t t

(
' (
'' = + + = + + (
(
(


s
T 1153 C. =

<
Continued
PROBLEM3.58 (Cont.)
The insulation temperature is then obtained from
s i
t,c
T T
q=
R

or
( )
2
t,c
i s t,c
i
W m K
294 0.02
R
m W
T T qR 1153 C q 1153 C
D L 0.005m t t

''
= = =

i
T 778.7 C. =

<
(c) The maximum insulation temperature could be reduced by reducing the resistance to heat transfer
from the outer surface of the insulation. Such a reduction is possible if D
i
< D
cr
. From Example 3.6,
cr
2
k 0.5 W/m K
r 0.02m.
h
25 W/m K

= = =

Hence, D
cr
= 0.04m > D
i
= 0.005m. To minimize the maximum temperature, which exists at
the inner surface of the insulation, add insulation in the amount
( )
o i cr i
0.04 0.005 m D D D D
t=
2 2 2

= =
t = 0.0175m. <
The cable surface temperature may then be obtained from
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
s s
2
t,c
cr i
i cr
2
T T T 30 C
q =
R ln D / D 1
ln 0.04/0.005 0.02 m K/W 1
D 2 k h D
W
0.005m 2 0.5 W/m K
25 0.04m
m K
t t t
t t
t

'
=
''

+ +
+ +

Hence,
( )
s s
T 30 C T 30 C W
294
m 1.27+0.66+0.32 m K/W 2.25 m K/W

= =


s
T 692.5 C =

Recognizing that q = (T
s
- T
i
)/R
t,c
, find
( )
2
t,c
i s t,c s
i
W m K
294 0.02
R
m W
T T qR T q 692.5 C
D L 0.005m t t

''
= = =

i
T 318.2 C. =

<
COMMENTS: Use of the critical insulation thickness in lieu of a thin coating has the effect of
reducing the maximum insulation temperature from 778.7C to 318.2C. Use of the critical
insulation thickness also reduces the cable surface temperature to 692.5C from 778.7C with no
insulation or from 1153C with a thin coating.
PROBLEM3.86
KNOWN: Diameter, resistivity, thermal conductivity, emissivity, voltage, and maximum temperature
of heater wire. Convection coefficient and air exit temperature. Temperature of surroundings.
FIND: Maximum operating current, heater length and power rating.
SCHEMATIC:
T = 50 C
o
oo
h = 250 W/m -K
2
T =
o
T
max
Nichrome wire
D = 1 mm, L
I
= 10 -m
e
-6
O
k = 25 W/m-K
= 0.20 c
T = 1200 C
max
o
Air
V = 110 V
T 1200 C
s
o
T
sur
= 50 C
o
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Uniform wire temperature, (3) Constant properties, (4)
Radiation exchange with large surroundings.
ANALYSIS: Assuming a uniform wire temperature, T
max
= T(r = 0) T
o
~ T
s
, the maximum
volumetric heat generation may be obtained from Eq. (3.60), but with the total heat transfer
coefficient, h
t
= h + h
r
, used in lieu of the convection coefficient h. With
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 8 2 4 2 2 2
r s sur s sur
h T T T T 0.20 5.67 10 W / m K 1473 323 K 1473 323 K 46.3 W / m K co

= + + = + + =
( )
2 2
t
h 250 46.3 W/ m K 296.3W/ m K = + =
( )
( )
( )
2
9 3 t
max s
o
2 296.3W/ m K
2h
q T T 1150 C 1.36 10 W/ m
r 0.0005m

= = =
Hence, with
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
e c
e e e
2 2
2 c
c
I L/ A
I R I I
q
LA
A
D / 4

t
= = = =

( )
1/ 2
1/ 2 2
2 9 3
max
max
6
e
0.001m
q D 1.36 10 W/ m
I 29.0A
4 4
10 m
t
t

| |
| |
| = = =
|
|
O \ .
\ .

<
Also, with AE = I R
e
= I (
e
L/A
c
),
( )
( )
2
c
6
max e
110V 0.001m / 4
E A
L 2.98m
I
29.0A 10 m
t

(
A (

= = =
O
<
and the power rating is
( )
elec max
P E I 110V 29A 3190W 3.19kW = A = = = <
COMMENTS: To assess the validity of assuming a uniform wire temperature, Eq. (3.58) may be
used to compute the centerline temperature corresponding to
max
q and a surface temperature of
1200C. It follows that
( )
( )
9 3 2 2
o
o s
1.36 10 W / m 0.0005m q r
T T 1200 C 1203 C.
4 k 4 25 W / m K

= + = + =

With only a
3C temperature difference between the centerline and surface of the wire, the assumption is
excellent.
PROBLEM3.124
KNOWN: Very long rod (D, k) subjected to induction heating experiences uniform volumetric
generation ( ) q over the center, 30-mm long portion. The unheated portions experience convection
(T

, h).
FIND: Calculate the temperature of the rod at the mid-point of the heated portion within the coil, T
o
,
and at the edge of the heated portion, T
b
.
SCHEMATIC:
L = 15 mm
x
Very long rod, 5 mm dia.
q = 7.5x10 W/m
6 3
.
k = 25 W/m-K
x = 0 x = L
Fin
q
.
q (L) = q
x f

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction with uniform q in

portion of rod within the coil; no convection from lateral surface of rod, (3) Exposed portions of rod
behave as infinitely long fins, and (4) Constant properties, (5) Neglect radiation.
ANALYSIS: The portion of the rod within the coil, 0 s x s + L, experiences one-dimensional
conduction with uniform generation. From Eq. 3.48,
2
o b
qL
T T
2k
= +

(1)
The portion of the rod beyond the coil, L s x s , behaves as an infinitely long fin for which the heat
rate from Eq. 3.85 is
( ) ( ) ( )
1/ 2
f x c b
q q L hPkA T T

= = (2)
where P = tD and A
c
= tD
2
/4. From an overall energy balance on the imbedded portion of the rod as
illustrated in the schematic above, find the heat rate as
in out gen
E E E 0 + =

f c
q qA L 0 + =
f c
q qA L = (3)
Combining Eqs. (1-3),
( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
b c
T T qA L hPk

= + (4)
( )
2
1/ 2 1/ 2
o c
qL
T T qA L hPk
2k

= + +

(5)
and substituting numerical values find
o b
T 305 C T 272 C = = <
COMMENT: Assuming 0.8 c = and T
sur
= T

= 20C, h
rad
= 14.6 W/m
2
K. Hence, radiation is
significant and would serve to substantially reduce both T
o
and T
b
.