Science Respiratory and Circulatory System Quiz Respiratory System Breath To remove CO2, waste and bring O2 Respiratory

y System Regulates pH of blood, contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inhaled air, produces sound, rids body of water and heat via exhalation Nose - Receptors for smell stimuli -Warms, moistens, filters air -Modifies speech sounds Pharynx -Common passageway for air and food -Epiglottis covers trachea when swallowing to prevent chocking Larynx -Above trachea -Contains vocal cords, elastic folds of tissue that vibrate when air passes, produces sound Trachea -Supported by cartilage, lined by mucus to trap particles -Cilla moves mucus and trapped particles up to pharynx Bronchi -Two large tubes that lead to lungs -From bronchus to bronchioles to alveoli Lungs and Alveoli -Lung has 350 mill alveoli, 750 sp ft of surface area for gas exchange -O2 diffuses in, CO2 diffuses out -Red blood cells single file through alveoli capillaries, maximize blood cells diffusion of 02, diffusion of CO2 to alveoli -Hemoglobin in red blood cells increase carrying capacity Diaphram -Tightly seals chest cavity -Inhalation, diaphragm contracts, flattens, expands volume of chest cavity -Lower pressure per volume created, air comes in to stabilize -Exhalation when diaphragm relaxes, pulls up, decrease volume of chest cavity -Higher pressure per volume, air goes out to stabilize -Controlled by medulla oblongata (brain stem) monitor ONLY Co2 levels via pH of blood -CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, lowers pH -More acidity of blood, higher breathing rate -Decrease of O2 levels make no difference Diseases -Laryngitis - inflammation of larynx -Blocked trachea treated by abdominal thrusts, a tracheotomy, or intubation -Bronchitis inhaled irritants cause excess mucus, coughing, inflammation, frequent infections -Asthma smooth muscles surrounding bronchioles spasm and constrict passageway of air -Pneumonia infection or inflammation of alveoli, cant transfer gases Problems -Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

-Found in exhaust fumes, furnaces, heaters, smoke -Binds to hemoglobin 200 times more strongly than 02, interferes with ETC in mitochondria -Oderless, colorless, need CO detectors -Cigarette smoking -Contains: Carbon Monoxide, Nicotine(addictive), Tar(contains carcinogens) -Cardiovascular disease: raises blood pressure, damages blood vessels, causes buildup of plaque -Cancer: increases risk of cancer in respiratory areas -Emphysema: damages alveoli, lungs expand less, slow suffocation, long, progressive death -Chronic bronchitis paralyzes cilia in respiratory tract, bronchi become swollen, clogged with mucus Circulatory System -Deoxygenated blood enters heart from Superior, Inferior Vena Cava -Goes into right atrium, right atrium pumps blood to right ventricle -Blood enters right ventricle via Tricuspid Valve -Ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary valve -Goes through pulmonary artery to lung and gets oxygenated -Oxygenated blood goes to left atrium via pulmonary vein -Gets pumped to mitral valve into left ventricle -Then gets pumped to aortic valve and goes to aorta -Aorta takes blood everywhere in body Vein Artery -Towards heart -Away from heart -Thinner, lower pressure -Thicker walls, more pressure from -Usually deoxygenated blood heart pumping -Exception, pulmonary vein -Smooth muscles for making veins -Smooth muscles, valves keep wider direction -Pushed by heart pumping pressure -No pressure from heart to -Usually oxygenated push blood -Deoxygenated if not part of aorta -Skeletal muscles push blood cycle, like pulmonary artery -Coronary artery, branch of aorta, gives oxygenated blood to heart cells

Capillaries Cell thin walls, small vessels, blood single file for nutrient, O2 diffusion to tissues

Blood Circulation -Heart located near center of chest -Hollow muscle, enclosed in pericardium -Two thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue -Heartbeat 2 networks of muscle fibers in heart, atrium and ventricle -When one fiber stimulated, all fibers stimulated -Network contracts at same time -Contraction begins in small group of cardiac muscle cells in right atrium, called senatorial node -Pace for heartbeat kept -Impulse picked u by atrioventrical node of fibers, taken to fibers in ventricles -Once contracts, blood flows out of heart -Neurotransmitters release signals based on blood needs Blood Pressure Heart contracts, makes wave of pressure, keeps blood flowing -Sphygmomanometer is blood pressure meter, cuff in upper arm, pumps air to stop blood flow, measures pressure at release -Sensory neurons detect blood pressure, send impulse to medulla oblongata -Releases neurotransmitters, if low blood pressure, smooth muscles contract -Kidneys remove water from blood, less pressure, (happens when heart hormones detect high blood pressure) Diseases Atherosclerosis: fatty deposits, plaque build, blocks blood flow, increases blood pressure, if too much build up, obstructs tissues beyond point

High Blood Pressure heart works harder, damages heart muscles, blood vessels Heart Attack If corornary artery blocked, O2 blocked, part of heart dies, Stroke blood clots to brain, brain cells die due to no o2 Blood Cells Kidney Regulates blood volume, blood pressure via releasing plasma to raise blood pressure pH maintained by bicarbonate buffering system, removes CO2, regulates ph to keep O2 Anemia Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity: low red blood cells, low hemoglobin, deformed red blood cells Plasma 70% of blood, 90% water, 10% dissolved salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste, plasma proteins -Plasma Proteins 3 Groups -Albumins regulate osmotic pressure, blood volume, helps transfer substances -Globulins are antibodies -Fibrinogens allow blood to clot Red Blood Cell Most numerous cells, millions in 1ml of blood, transports o2, color from hemoglobin (protein that binds to O2 in lung, transports) -thin center, produced in red bone marrow, hemoglobin fills cells, pushes out nucleus, organelles, live only 120 days White Blood Cells 1:700 red blood cells, produced n red bone marrow, have nucleus but no hemoglobin -Mature in thymus and bone marrow, exposed to foreign substances -Engulf any foreign substances -Some slip across capillary walls, attack invading organisms in body tissue -Amount increased when body fighting Blood Clots -Pieces of cytoplasm enclosed in cell membrane from large cells in bone marrow -Become sticky when encounter broken blood vessel, release clotting factors -Converts fibrinogen into sticky fibrin, prevents bleeding Lymphatic System -Blood leaks into surround tissue, lymphatic tissue keeps blood -Leakage vital for nutrient movement into tissue -Mainly plasma leaks, called lymph, returned to circulatory system via superior vena cava -Many nodes around lymph areas act as filters, with white blood cells to filter out foreign particles -Pushed by skeletal muscles -White blood cells in lymph kill pathogens -Lymph vessels in villi absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins, carry them to blood -Edema is swelling of tissues with fluid, occurs when lymph doesnt take blood leak Placenta -Temporary organ, creatied during pregnancy -Nourishes fetus selectively, selectively diffuses some nutrients from mom -No pathogens, acts as buffer -Secretes proteins to hide it from moms immune system from being attacked -Secretes hormones so fetus gets what it wants -Umbilical vein drains fetal blood from placenta to fetal heart, brings nutrients, O2 -Artery carries fetal blood away from fetal heart to placenta, removes CO2, waste -Fetal heart has connection between atria, foramen ovale, allows blood shortcut, goes to left ventricle automatically -Blood bypasses going to lung for no reason, already oxygenated, goes through ductus arteriosus, shortcut from pulmonary artery to aorta -Everything covered after birth -Umbilical cord cut, placenta comes out