Abstract The aim of this research is to explore if microcredit lending model(Vicoba) can lift rural farmers out of poverty

trap. The central focus on this paper analyse the impact of (cocoba) Vicoba groups in improving the well being of the community. expenditure of profits, future spendings on dividends and challenges facing Vicoba members in doing business. Findings from empirical investigation conclude that Vicoba lending model cannot lift rural poor out of poverty. This is because rural poor face underdevelopment syndrome - This a combination of factors that make an individual/ community stagnate or progress at a very slow pace. However the model act as a buffer to protect rural poor not to fall under the established poverty line . Recommendation given; a cross disciplinary and intergrated approach is a must in order to solve the dynamics of poverty.

CONTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION BANK IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND COMMUNITY WELLBEING THE CASE OF COMMMUNITY CONSERVATION BANK (COCOBA) AROUND SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK

By

DONATUS MASSAWE

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

MOSHI UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF COOPERATIVE AND BUSINESS STUDIES

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JANUARY 2012 CERTIFICATION I the undersigned, certify that, I have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business Studies a research proposal entitled, CONTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION BANK IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND COMMUNITY WELLBEING a case study of Serengeti district, for the fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Bachelor of Arts in Community Economic Development at Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business Studies. Name: Registration No. Program: Donatus Augustino Massawe FCCDS/BA-CED/249/09 BA-CED

Signature: _______________________ Date: ________________

SUPERVISOR This proposal has been submitted with my/our approval and she/he may continue with fieldwork activities and other phases in line with the course requirements. Name of Supervisor: ______________________________ Signature: ______________________________________ Date____________________________________

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Certification Table of Contents .

PAGE i

..iv viii

List of abbreviations .. v 1.0 INTRODUCTION .. 1 1 . 2

1.1 Background of the Problem 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Objective of the Study 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Significance of the Study 2.0 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 .. 4

.. 5 .. 6 ..11

3.1 Research Design

.11 .. 11

3.2 Description of the study Area 3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Types of data 3.3.2 Sources of Data

.. 12 .12 ..12 ..13

3.3.3 Techniques of Data Collection 3.4 Sampling 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3

..13

Sampling frame .13 Sample size ...13

Sampling techniques ...14 14

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3.7 Data Analysis Techniques

References 16 Appendices .19 Questionnaire . List of tables Table 3.1 distribution of respondents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS COCOBA Community Conservation Bank SHGs Self Help Groups FSA Financial Services Associations VSLA Village Services Loan Associations MMD Masa Masa Dabaru VICOBA Village community Bank

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study Climate change, natural resources depletion and pollution problems have put environmental issues high on the global development agenda. Recently, these issues have also been raised in the microfinance sector, with promoters of a green microfinance advocating that microfinance, beyond its double financial and social bottom line, should include a third environmental objective as well (Green Microfinance, 2007; Rippey, 2009). New concepts have then emerged in the microfinance sector: that of a triple bottom line of profit, people and planet (Araya & Christen, 2004), defined around the objectives of maintaining financial viability while advancing the social interests of stakeholders and protecting the environment (Rippey, 2009); and that of a green microfinance, a microfinance that integrates the principles of environmental sustainability in all its operations and promotes environmentally-sound practices

(GreenMicrofinance, 2007). A growing number of microfinance institutions (MFIs) are indeed starting to adopt procedures and develop products seeking to and mitigate their environmental impact promote a more sustainable development (Benjamin, & Wilshusen, 2007). Microfinance donors and investors are beginning to include environmental criteria in their due diligence requirements. Some technical assistance providers (donors, NGOs) are setting up support programs to encourage environmental management by MFIs (Allen, and Staehle, 2008). Dedicated websites have started to gather the few (but growing number of) publications existing on the subject. And the issue is even being discussed now in specific roundtables organized in major international microfinance events or in discussion forums set up on the internet.
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However, very few studies have tackled the issue so far, and the relevance and effectiveness of a green microfinance is sometimes questioned by microfinance professionals. Some practitioners indeed argue that this environmental bottom line does not respond to a need or priority for microfinance clients, that it would only bring about additional constraints and costs for MFIs and their clients, or those microfinance institutions are not in a position to address the issue in an effective manner (Blackman, 2000). 1.2 Statement of the research problem There is broad appreciation that wildlife conservation should not be at the expense of local communities, but should be both in its short- as well as long-term interest. If wildlife is conserved, develops unhindered, and is available in abundance, wildlife-based tourism can flourish (Borge, 2004). Such tourism, if well managed, will create national economic benefits (contribution to GDP, employment, government taxation, etc), but can also benefit local communities, through inclusive business practices and community outreach programmes. Communities will gain access to alternative incomes and will be both appreciative and have an interest in sustaining the wildlife resource at the heart of this virtuous circle. The environmental impact of microfinance has received relatively little study. The alternative income approach aimed at supporting livelihood activities that were an alternative to resource extraction from protected areas with the objective of reducing the pressure on biodiversity and natural resources are of great importance to communities around national parks (Castelo, & Lima, 2006). Typical alternative income generating activities (IGAs) have included tree planting, ecotourism, beekeeping, vegetable growing and chicken production. These efforts have had mixed results. It is often difficult to substitute one activity for another. For example the
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economic value of beekeeping rarely competes with activities such as charcoal making, and chicken rearing does not substitute for the cultural values of bush meat (BRAC, 2006). The livelihood needs of many households are such that these activities have marginally supplemented incomes but not to the extent that the problem activities can be abandoned. Problems have been experienced, such as those people who undertake the alternative are not necessarily the most resource dependant households. Thus the beneficiaries of these activities are not the same as those harvesting from protected areas. Further income from such activities has often been reinvested in other environmentally damaging activities. Resting on the above argument this study intends to analyze the impact of community conservation bank in environmental protection and community wellbeing which will take COCOBA around Serengeti National Park as the case study.

1.3 Research objectives 1.3.1 General objectives The general objective of the study is to analyze the impact of Community Conservation Bank in improving the wellbeing of the communities 1.3.2 Specific objectives The specific objectives of the study are; i) To explore the awareness and participation of community members in environmental protection activities in areas around Serengeti National Park
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ii) To examine the current knowledge of community members on the importance of conservation activities carried out by COCOBA. iii) To investigate the socio-economic benefit of alternative income generating activities established by COCOBA members and community at large.

1.4 Research Questions i) What is the level of awareness and participation of community members in environmental protection activities in areas around Serengeti National Park? ii) What is the current knowledge of community members on the importance of conservation activities carried out by COCOBA? iii) What are the socio-economic benefits of alternative income generating activities established by COCOBA to members and community at large? 1.5 Significance of the Study Specifically, the study is done to enable the researcher to fulfill the requirement for the award of a Degree in Bachelor of Arts in Community Economic Development. It will lead to the realization of the alternatives income generating activities for the community wellbeing and enhance environment protection for the eco-system.

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 The study is expected to provide findings which will lead to realization of the initiatives to be undertaken in the effective environmental conservation particularly in National parks.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Community Conservation Bank (COCOBA) is informal voluntary group consisting of 30 individuals, established for the purpose of mobilizing savings for lending back to group members. The members are normally mixed gender, and they should reside in the same village. The associations are built on the principle of pooled individual savings as the foundation for building capital with the motivation to save coming from the groups. The groups then finance members income generating activities through loans from the general fund. COCOBA are Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) based on the MMD methodology originally developed by CARE Norway in Niger, and subsequently applied in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Allen & Staehle 2008). MMD is derived from Masa Masa Dabaru which roughly translates as women on the move, and the original model had a strong emphasis on womens empowerment. The MMD methodology is the basis for the VSLA model and subsequently the Village Community Bank (VICOBA) and Conservation Community Bank (COCOBA) variants used in Tanzania. The basic principles of VSLA are explained below. VSLAs are informal voluntary groups consisting of 30 individuals, established for the purpose of mobilizing savings for lending back to group members. The members are normally mixed
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gender, and they should reside in the same village. The associations are built on the principle of pooled individual savings as the foundation for building capital with the motivation to save coming from the groups. The groups then finance members income generating activities through loans from the general fund. Grant (2002) documented that, VSLAs elect members to the posts of chairperson, secretary, treasurer, key keepers and cashiers. Each post is subject for re-election after every business activity cycle which runs between 12 and 18 months. The groups maintain the following records: a register of minutes, register of accounts, membership register, loan register and attendance register. At the close of the business cycle accounts are audited by the members and shares are refunded and dividends paid from the profit gained through lending to members. After closing their accounts, the business cycle starts afresh with a new period of savings and the purchase of shares. Meetings for buying shares and eventually distributing loans are held on a weekly or bi-weekly basis as decided by the members. Members have the option of buying between 1 and 3 shares at a price decided by the members at the beginning of the cycle. In addition to buying of shares or contributing to the group fund, members of the banks are required to contribute to smaller educational, health and, in some cases, environmental funds. Members may then apply to take an interest free loan from the aforementioned social and environmental funds (ibid). Hall (2006) emphasized that loans, on which interest is to be paid, are offered to finance and income generating activity. The model also requires members to form groups of five which are charged with the responsibility of loan appraisal and guarantee through joint liability. All borrowers are required to pay an insurance against their loan at a rate determined by the
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members which is usually between 5 and 10%. Groups often operate savings accounts with a local bank and some group funds are, therefore, kept in a formal bank, although this is not a requirement of the model. Groups promote a savings habit or ethic amongst members, train them in financial management and literacy, as well as establish social funds as a mechanism for micro insurance for health and education needs. Some groups, as mentioned, also established environment funds for individual or group environmental projects. Improved environmental management, via a microfinance scheme, is to a considerable extent mediated via the financial and social benefits that the scheme provides, and these have to be functioning to achieve improved environmental governance (Allen, 2006). Thus, the three factors are linked: when individuals, households and solidarity groups are making money and working together improved environmental governance is possible, but not automatic, and households can make a wider range of choices. Stated differently - to deliver support to individual or household businesses a microfinance scheme has to function financially. To support individual or collective action over environmental management within the groups or wider society, it has to function socially. Village Savings and Loan Associations Found in Tanzania are similar to The Financial Services Association (FSA) model (Jazayeri, 2000) found in Kenya which deals with the mobilization of local financial resources in the form of equity capital in order to establish a locally owned and managed financial institution. The organizational structure of the FSA and its operating principles allows for the separation of ownership and management. The shareholders appoint board members, while the board appoints a manager and a cashier. The FSAs core activities include a) the provision of micro loans with the interest going to its shareholders and b) savings
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deposits (for safe custody only and not available for lending). Other potential products and services include money transfer and micro insurance. FSAs use available local knowledge and information about its shareholders, who are at the same time the sole clients, for loan appraisal and recovery. The shares sold by the FSA are assumed to be negotiable instruments; they can be sold or transferred without the permission of FSA. Although this could be seen as strength to the FSA model, on the ground this has proved otherwise, people in rural areas find it difficult to trade the shares, and hence opt for savings with informal institutions such as ROSCAs and formal institutions such as banks or SACCOS (Jazayeri, 2000). Mary Kay (2006) documented that loans for FSAs come from FSAs capital consisting of the equity raised from the sale of shares and retained earnings. A shareholder is allowed to borrow three to five times her/his share value depending on the policy of a particular FSA. Borrowing against shares provides an operational constraint because the shares are not easily transferable. FSAs use a combination of physical collateral (landed property and chattels-bicycles, furniture) and solidarity groups for peer pressure. Gugerty (2007) reported that investors in the FSA expect return on their investments on top of being the sole users of the financial services offered by FSAs. The FSA are required to hold annual audits to determine the net profit and to determine the percentage of dividend payment and determine the new share price. The new share price, after dividend, is determined by taking 90% of the book value and dividing the capital and retained earnings by the number of existing shares.

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Ideally, the FSA is expected to take a legal form that allows mobilizing and allocating of shares among its subscribers (Premchander, 2003). Different countries which have promoted the FSA have registered FSAs in different legal forms. In Kenya, for example, they are registered under the Ministry of Social Development and Gender as associations, legal entities that do not require members to be shareholders but just members with entry fees and annual subscription (Mule et al. 2002). Developing economies possess abundant natural capital and also human capital to an extent that production of scarce man made capital traditionally comes along with depletion of natural capital (ngel, 2004). In an environmental conservation angle self help groups can be used as instruments to work towards building up human and social capital, leading to the utilization of natural capital in a sustainable manner to produce man made capital (Anderson et al, 2002). In the study of the success of Self Gelp Groups (SGH) in India Githitho (2003) revealed that active participation of members in SHGs, high degree of awareness about the advantages of group activities, social cohesion, entrepreneurship and effectiveness of facilitation were emerging as important parameters contributing to the success of SHGs. Furthermore Githitho (ibid) documented that domination of a few in the group, low house hold income of members and low awareness of the benefits of collective action leading to low participation in group activities make groups weak in financial and participatory aspects. Lack of perennial livelihood options, lack of management skills making them dependent on the facilitating organization and ignorance about the benefits of participatory management of Self Help Groups were the obstacles before collective action.

15

The effectiveness and sustainability of community initiated collective action along with sufficient awareness creation in programmes of natural resource management has been proved by the studies of Gugerty (2007), Premchander (2003) and Bhattacharya and Robinson (2007). Success of collective action emerges from higher levels of social capital due to a sense of community among people, presence of a committed local administration and local leadership. The activities of SHGs in environmental conservation have been well documented in many studies including those of Millinga (2007) Musoke et al (2006) and Anyango et al (2007) although none of them methodically evaluates how and how far these groups have attained their goal.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design A descriptive research design will be applied in conducting this research; this is because of its flexibility in data collection methods. It will provide an in depth analysis of the study facts. According to Kothari (2004), descriptive research studies are the studies concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual or of a group. 3.2 Description of the study area The study will be conducted in Serengeti district located in Mara region. Mara region is in the northern part of Tanzania. It is located between latitude 1 and 2 and degrees 31o South of the Equator and between longitude 33o 10' and 35o 15' East of Greenwich. The region is bordered by the Republic of Kenya to the North, Kagera Region to the West, Mwanza and Shinyanga

16

regions to the South and Arusha to the East. It is also flanked by lake Victoria on the Northern West. 3.3 Data collection 3.3.1 Types of Data Both primary and secondary data will be collected in this study. Secondary data will be gathered from previous research, office documents, internet sources, journals, and various publications. Primary data will be collected from field survey in the study area.

3.3.2 Sources of Data Primary data Primary data will be gathered from community members and community leaders, visiting the various parts of the research area, a researcher will be able to observe firsthand information and the actual situation and make up the assessment. Secondary data

Secondary data will be collected from the existing documents from the previous researches and office documents. 3.3.3 Techniques of data collection During the process of data collection the following techniques will be used for data collection; Focus group discussion
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This will involve the discussion between the researcher and community leaders to obtain information on how they can work with the community members to enable take their responsibilities in decision organs. Questionnaire

The researcher will use questionnaires as a tool of gathering primary data from the study area. Both closed-ended questionnaires and open-ended questionnaires will be used. The questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents in order to fill them and return so that they can be analyzed to get the results. Documentary review

This method will be used to collect secondary data by studying the available documents within the ward offices and previous research reports. This will be done through reviewing the records for more information because it will provide the real information and evidence on the study.

3.4 Sampling Sampling is the procedure a researcher will use to select participants for the study; it is a process of selecting a number of individuals or objects from a population (Donald and Kombo, 2006).

3.3.1 Sampling frame The population under study consist of 30 people in which male are 15 and female are 10 and 5 community leaders. The study will focus on heads of households and community leaders. 3.3.2 Sample size

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The size of the sample will be determined based on sex, age, occupation and socio-economic activities of the respondents. The sample will consist of 30 respondents in which 25 will be community members, 10 female and five community leaders. Table3.1: The sample size to be used in data collection in the study area Male 15 Female 10 Community leaders 5 Total 30

3.4.3 Sampling Techniques Stratified and random sampling techniques will be used to select sample representative for the study. In order to have good representation, clustering of community members selection will base on their eligibility to take part in decision making organs. Under such the following sampling techniques will be applied;

Stratified sampling This technique will be used to get the representatives of men and women where the population under study will be divided into two groups men and women and then simple random sampling will be applied in each strata.

Simple random sampling This technique will be used to obtain sample representatives from each stratum of male and female community members.
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Purposive sampling This technique will be used to get representatives of village leaders.

3.5 Data analysis techniques In analyzing the data both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used; Qualitative technique

The study will use qualitative method to analyze non numerical data, because it obtain a more realistic feel of the world that cannot be experienced in the numerical data and statistical analysis as it is the case in quantitative analysis. It will provide a holistic view of the phenomena under investigation. Ability to interact with the research subjects in their own language and on their own terms will favor the use of qualitative technique. Quantitative technique

The quantitative technique was used to analyze numerical data obtained from the field survey because it follows firmly the original set of research objectives, arriving at more objective conclusions, determining the issues of causality. It will enable to achieve high level of reliability of gathered data due to controlled observations, and survey. It eliminates the subjectivity of judgment. The compilation, coding and processing of numerical data will be facilitated by the use of software package for social sciences (SPSS).

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4.0 4.1

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the results obtained from the primary data and their discussions. The study findings were generated by transcribing the interviewee responses according to each question and the codes were generated from the literature. The codes were applied to the interview transcripts. Thereafter as to provide the feed back from the question does cocoba improve the wellbeing of the community member and conservation of the environment?, a case of Serengeti district, village Robanda number of themes were created from each interview question and thus, answers obtained from all interviewee were grouped based on the themes. 4.1.1 Sex of the respondent:

According to data collected it has shown that female is the one who are in COCOBA and no men at all, as for the men are 0% and women are 100% (Table1). But this shows that women are improving by engaging in different activities which increase their income as they also start to save although men are not engage in COCOBA. (Table; 1) sex of the respondents in the surveyed area (Robanda) No 1 2 3 Sex Female Male Total Frequency 28 2 30 Percentage 93.3 6.7 100

6.7% of the respondent were men but were not from the COCOBA , they were from VEO (village executive office) and other were local native in Robanda village in Serengeti district but non-members. And 93.3% were the COCOBA members which are women. 21

4.1.2 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

(Table2) shows that adult 30-50 are the one who participating more in COCOBA than youth. That is 12.5% for age 18-30 of the total population and 70.83% are the one who range from30-50 and 16.67% above 50 of the entire population in COCOBA. But the majority are the one in 30-50,and all of them they have a family , hence they prove to be worth in membership commitment because no collateral that is presented by the member hence having a family in the existing community it is one among the important thing that they encounters. (Table; 2) Age of the respondents in the COCOBA NO 1 2 3 4 AGE 18-30 30-50 50> FREQUENCY 3 17 4 24 PERCENTAGE (%) 12.5 70.83 16.67 100

4.1.3 Education of the respondents

Table3 shows 23% of respondents show that they have informal education, 72% which is majority has acquire primary education , 5% secondary education and . This shows that majority of households education is low because 72% of respondents did not go beyond primary but they have some basics of understanding including writing and reading where by this helps them much in participating and running their COCOBA groups well with a common understanding. 22

(TABLE 3) Education status of the respondent of COCOBA in Robanda No 1 2 3 4 Education level primary secondary informal total Frequency 17 1 6 24 Percentage 72 5 23 100

4.1.4

Marital status of the respondent

Majority of the cocoba members were married (72.2%) while 9.0 % were single, 15.5% were widows and divorce. A (Table4) This shows that most villages where by women from families are the ones who are joined COCOBA, they have awareness of what they capable of so as fulfill family responsibilities, so

COCOBA helps them much to tackle those responsibilities like providing loan which lead to the access of he better food to the family, access to better health services as well as sending their children to school. Table 4: Marital status of the respondents in COCOBA (Robanda) No 1 2 3 4 Marital status Married Single Divorce Widow Frequency 21 3 1 5 Percentage 72.2 9.0 3.3 15.5

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4.2 Social economic welfare 4.2.1 Range of services offered by COCOBA

Services offered by COCOBA to members are savings as well as providing members with loans and social security in family problems like funeral activities. (Figure1) shows that 85% the respondent obtain saving and loan service only while 15% percentage of the few members have extend in helping themselves in social security problems like funeral activities. Figure1; range of services offered by (COCOBA) to its members

Social security (fig1) refer to those services given to a COCOBA member when there are crucial problems like serious ill of or death of a COCOBA member or his/her close relative like husband/wife or children, They extend they are service to help one another in the membership program (COCOBA). 4.2.2 ACCESS TO CREDIT Loans offered by COCOBA are available, accessible and affordable, and they have benefited the (COCOBA) members in many ways. The COCOBA is formulated by 30 members, which comprise of the 6 group where by each group consists of 5 members. Each year at list 3 of the member from the small 24

group of 5 people they get loan, COCOBA has proven be wealth to respondents(members) who were asked to name three main use of obtained loan, during the interview exercise where by the information below were provided. PURPOSE OF LOAN; 1. Animal keeping loans has helps members to have the access in buying and handling domestic animal like poultry, beekeeping, and goats. They can sell the animals to be used as food to others so as to avoid the illegal animal poaching , which at the end of it will led to the increase of the income to the members. 2. Business loans these loans are issued for the purpose of conducting small businesses among themselves. Some of them expand the existing businesses while others establish new businesses. Examples majority are involved in selling of agriculture product to which they buy some place else and sell them to there village such of those products are buying and selling food crop, fruits , Mama-Lishe, Bodaboda, Mitumba, tailors, lending money to others, opening shops, local brew , 3. Educational loans, these helps members to supply their children with basic school needs like books, as well as other school contributions like school fees for there children. 4. Human basic need; Also some of the members they use the loan for building better house, access to food nutrition, health and medical expenses, and others.

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FIGURE 2; PURPOSE OF THE LOAN

loan purpose
Business Animal education human basic need

Overall, 55 percent of the COCOBA members had borrowed money at least once in the year. But always the proposition of the loan is given to the members depending on the amount of money contributed by the individual in every week. 17% they take loan of 0tsh-600,000tsh, 39% they take loan of 600,000tsh1,000,000tsh, while 44% of the members they take a loan of more than 1,000,000. This shows that Most of members have started to see the beneficial of taking loan in COCOBA that is why they have highly committed so as to get higher loan than before. FRUNKFURT they offer their support by providing the 1,000,000tsh loan to the group per year. Figure3; loan accessibility level by the COCOBA members

group a (0-600,000) group b (600,000-1,000,000) group c (1,000,000>)

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4.2.3 Household food security 79.2% of sample had at least three meals a day and 20.8% had two meals per day (Table5). Also Table6 shows that majority of household had improved their diet as 62.5% says that their diet had improved while 25% remained the same as before they join COCOBA while 12.5% did not see the contribution yet. This is contrary to data collected in base line survey report by CARE which shows that 60.2% of household interviewed take two meals per day while 31.6% take three meals per day and 8.2% take one meal a day. This implies that COCOBA has play a great role in this as farmers use the obtained loans in agricultural activities in improving conservation agriculture and small business that has lead to increased income and agricultural produce as food security.

(Table;5) number of meals per day taken by COCOBA members meals/day 2 3 Total frequency 5 19 24 20.8 79.2 100.0 percent

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Table6. COCOBA household diet improvement in Robanda Diet improvement improved stayed the same not improved Total 4.2.4 Household health The analysis (fig4) shows that COCOBAs household health has been improved as the result of improved diet to the members. Where 70% of the interviewed farmers said that their health has improved, 25% stayed the same and 5% did not know. COCOBA has been a reflection of the greater capacity of households to finance better healthcare as they always save though by small amount. This helps them a lot in case there is a need to go in hospital; however access to healthcare in Tanzania is generally financially constrained, so the COCOBA program appears to facilitate increased access to health care services. frequency 15 6 3 24 percent 62.5 25.0 12.5 100.0

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Figures 4; House hold health condition

health condition

improved stayed the same I dont know

4.2.5

ASSETS 4.2.5.1 HOUSEHOLD ITEMS

(Figure; 5)Land are most commonly owned at 89%, majority of 97% they own the house, almost 52% own and listen radio, 96% own mobile phone as individual, 73% they have bed at home, 84% own chimney as the source of light, tapping the rain water almost 61%,and few of 2% they own solar power and 1% video owners. Where by before joining COCOBA they had low access to the ownership of properties like they had good house, bed, small area of land, solar energy, radio and video Almost all of them they dont have power and water supply services, what they do is tapping the rainwater and using the river and village constructed well.

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FIGURE: 5 ASSETS OWNERSHIP

%
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 land house radio mobile phone bed chimney tapping rain water solar energy video %

4.2.5.2 Transport ownership (Figure: 6) 45% Bicycles are the most commonly owned mode of transport, owned by a little over a third of surveyed households. Less than 10 percent own a motorcycle, while use animals to transport on land. This is more advanced compare to previous where by the majority use the public transport and foot as the means of transport. Figure; 6 household members transport ownership

%
50 40 30 20 10 0 bicycle motorcycle animals %

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4.4

Members attitude towards COCOBA

The COCOBA program appears to improve access to health services for member households, by facilitating a higher level of spending on healthcare, food availability as well as increasing the education level. 52.5% of members interviewed on attitude towards COCOBA argued that, COCOBA is very good depending on the benefits they obtain in it, 30% says that it is good while 17.5% answered it is satisfactory (fig5). The overall, COCOBA members report an overwhelmingly positive impact from program participation. Almost 92% of the members the know what does the COCOBA intend to achieve, which is ensure the improvement of the village(COCOBA members) wellbeing as well as conserve the national park and its natural resource. But 8% they still dont understand what COCOBA intend to achieve It has seen that instead of members to drop out the new entrance increased as well as formation of new groups. This is proved as HICAP (Hillside Conservation Agriculture Project) firstly established nine Village Savings and Loans (VSL) groups with a total of 213 members, in 4 villages but currently there are 11 groups. The VSL members who are mostly farmers have started to benefit from small loan and the trend of VSL groups in HICAP project area is positive (CARE, 2010).

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CHAPTER 5 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION 5.1 CONCLUSION From the analysis of the research the following conclusion is drawn Services offered by VSL plays a great role in different activities such as small business as well as agricultural activities where by these activities a helps in poverty eradication as long as they increase farmers income . Also VSL members has been able to cover their children school fees and other requirements like school uniforms as the result of income generated from agricultural and business activities conducted by these farmers after obtaining loans from VSL. It was shown that 12.5% of VSL members use the obtained loan in business activities 12.5% uses in agriculture 5% uses in health 42.5% uses in business and agriculture and 12.5% uses in education. VSL participants declare that saving in the home is almost impossible given the number of competing demands they face, and they consequently pronounce themselves very grateful for the opportunity to save. Saving has given most members the capacity to improve their

livelihood and that of their families, independent of the benefits of borrowing. 33

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