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POSLOVNI ENGLESKI JEZIK ZA TREU GODINU

GRAMMAR

GRAMATIKA THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE


The present perfect continuous tense ( sadanji trajni perfekt) is constructed with have been and the suffix ing. Sadanji trajni perfekt se gradi od have been, za tree lice has been i nastavka ing koji se dodaje na glavni glagol. Example: I have been working all day.
1. I have been working 2. You have been working 3. He has been working

1. We have been working 2. You have been working 3. They have been working

4. She has been working 5. It has been working The question form is constructed by inversion, the auxiliary verb have/has comes before the subject (Pitanja se grade inverzijom have/has dolazi ispred subjekta). 1. Have I been working 2. Have you been working 3. Has he been working 4. Has she been working 5. Has it been working The negative form is constructed with have/has not been and the suffix ing (Negativni oblik se gradi dodavanjem nastavka not na pomocni glagol have/has). 1. I have not been working 1. We have not been working 1. Have we been working 2. Have you been working 3. Have they been working

2. You have not been working 2. You have not been working 3. He has not been working 4. She has not been working 5. It has not been working 3. They have not been working

This tense is used for an action which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished (Ovo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je pocela u proslosti ali jos uvek traje ili samo sto se zavrsila. Akcenat je na duzini trajanja radnje).

MODAL VERBS MAY, MIGHT, MUST, COULD, SHOULD, NEED, OUGHT TO MODALNI GLAGOLI MAY, MIGHT, MUST, COULD, SHOULD, NEED, OUGHT TO

Zajednike odlike ovih glagola (Common characteristics of these verbs) :


1. Ne mogu da stoje sami u re enici ( They cannot stand alone in the

sentence, they are always accompanied by another verb): I may do that.


2. Imaju isti oblik za sva lica ( They have the same form for all the

persons): I can ; You can; He can; She can; It can; We can; You can; They can
3. Upitni oblik grade stavljanjem glagola ispred subjekta ( They form their

interrogative forms by inversion): Can I? ; Can you?; Can he?; Can she?; Can it?; Can we?; Can you?; Can they?
4. Odrini oblik grade dodavanjem odrine rece not ( They form their

negative forms by adding not) : I cannot; You cannot; He may not; She may not; It may not; We may not; You may not; They may not MAY AND MIGHT Koristimo may i might za davanje I traenje dozvole ( We use may and might to ask for and give permission): May I come to see you again? I wonder if I might borrow your pen. May i might se koriste za izraavanje verovatnoe u sadanjosti I budunosti. Might se koristi kada je manja verovatnoa da e odredjena radnja da se dogodi ( Both may and might are used to express probability in the present and future. Might is used when something is possible but unlikely.) I may go to England next year. ( It is possible that I shall) I might go to England next year. (It is possible but unlikely)

COULD Koristimo could za prolost da bismo pokazalo da je neko neto znao, umeo da uradi I da je neto bilo mogue ( We use could to indicate that someone knew how to do something and that something was possible): I could read and write when I was five. Koristimo could za utiva pitanja ( We use could to ask for something politely: Could you , please, open the door for me? MUST Must= moram izraava 1. Potrebu (necessity) Example: We must wash the glasses. 2. Obavezu (obligation) Example: Soldiers must obey without question. 3. Zapovest (command, order) Example: You must come very early.
4. Verovatnou (possibility)

Example: He must be at home now. 5. Zabranu ( prohibition) Example: You mustn`t do that. SHOULD/ OUGHT TO Koristimo should/ ought to= trebati da bismo izrazili da oekujemo da se dogodi neto kao to smo planirali ( We use should/ ought to to imply that we expect something to happen as planned): He should be here any minute now. / He ought to be here any minute now. Koristimo should and ought to da bismo izrazili obavezu I da bi dali savet ( We use should and ought to indicate obligation and give advice) : You should eat regularly. You ought to see a doctor.

NEED Need = potrebno, kao modalni glagol izraava da neto nije neophodno da se uradi ( Need as a modal verb implies that it is not necessary to do something) : You need never worry about money. ; You needn`t do anything. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE III III tip uslovnih reenica se gradi od davno prolog vremena ( had+ -ed/ III kolona) i would + have + -ed/ III kolona. ( Conditional sentences- type III is formed with the past perfect tense and would have + -ed/ III). Davno prolo vreme se gradi od had i nastavka ed koji se dodaje pravilnim glagolima, a za nepravilne se ui trea kolona napamet. ( The past perfect tense is formed with had + -ed for regular verbs and III column for irregular verbs). Example: I had already finished my lunch when he arrived. Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom, to jest glagol dolazi ispred subjekta ( Interrogative form is made with inversion): Had you already finished your lunch when he arrived? Negativni oblik se gradi dodavanjem odrine rece not na had ( Negative form is made by adding not on had) : I had not already finished my lunch when he arrived. Veznik if se u treem tipu prevodi da sam: If she had invited me to the party I would have come. ( Da me je pozvala na urku doao bih. Ali ona me nije pozvala). REPORTED SPEECH INDIREKTNI GOVOR INDIRECT COMMANDS Zapovedni nain upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru zamenjuje se infinitivom sa to ( The direct imperative is replaced by the to-infinitive in the reported speech). Negativne komande se prebacuju u indirektan govor tako to se stavlja odrina reca not ispred infinitiva u indirektnom govoru. Pri tom u glavnoj reenici se najee upotrebljavaju glagoli: ask, order, tell and command. Example: Shut the door!- He asked me to shut the door. Don`t shout.- She ordered us not to shout.

INDIRECT STATEMENTS Kada je glagol kojim se poinje renica u indirektnom govoru u prezentu, sadanjem perfektu ili future, vremena u sledeoj reenici ili reenicama se ne menjaju i ubacuje se veznik that. ( When the reporting verb is in the present or present perfect or future tense, there is no change of tenses in the words reported). Example: Tom says: I am wrong. Tom says that he is wrong. INDIRECT QUESTIONS Upitne reenice u kojima u direktnom govoru nema nikakva upitne rei u indirektnom vezuju se za glavnu reenicu veznicima if= da li ili whether( Interrogative sentences not beginning with a question word are connected with the main clause by conjunctions if or whether in reported speech). Red rei u indirektnim pitanjima isti je kao u potvrdnoj reenici , tj. nema inverzije kao u direktnom pitanju ( The word order of reported questions is the same as in a simple statement, there is no inversion as in simple questions). Example: Is he at home?- John asks if he is at home. U pitanjima koja poinju nekom upitnom rei- who, when, why, what, how itd. ova re spaja reenicu kojom se poinje indirektni govor sa sledeom ( In questions introduced by a question- word-who, what, when, etc.- this word serves as a link between the introductory verb and the reported question). Example: She asks: What is your name?- She asks what my name is. EXERCISES: PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH: 1. Run quickly. ( He told me.) 2. Don`t be late for school. ( Mother told me)
3. I don`t know John Smith. ( Peter says)

4. You are quite right. ( Teacher agrees) 5. How old are you? 6. Can you speak English?

7. Where do you live? 8. Have you got a bicycle? 9. What time is it? 10. What do you want? PLURAL OF NOUNS Mnoina imenica se gradi dodavanjem nastavka s. ( The plural of nouns is formed by adding s). Example: book-books Imenice koje sa zavravaju na s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z dobijaju-es u mnoini( Nouns ending in s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z add es in the plural). Example: Bus-buses Imenice koje se zavravaju na-y ispred koga se nalazi suglasnik menjaju y u i i dodaje im se es u mnoini ( Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y into I and add es in the plural). Example: country-countries Imenice koje se zavravaju na y ispred koga se nalazi samoglasnik, prave mnoinu dodavanjem s ( Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form plural by adding s). Example: day-days 13 imenica koje se zavravaju na f ili fe menjaju f u v dobijaju es u mnoini( 13 nouns ending in f or fe change f into v and es in the plual). 1.Knife-knives - noevi 2. life- lives -ivoti 3. wife- wives supruge 4. leaf- leaves- lie 5. half-halves- polovine 6. shelf-shelves- police

7. loaf-loaves- vekne 8. thief-thieves- lopovi 9. self- selves 10. wolf-wolves- vukpvi 11. calf- calves 12. sheaf-sheaves 13. elf-elves- vilenjaci Sledece imenice imaju nepravilnu mnoinu ( The following nouns have an irregular plural): 1. Man- men 2. Woman- women 3. Child- children 4. Foot-feet 5. Tooth- teeth 6. Goose- geese
7. Mouse- mice

8. Ox- oxen
9. Louse- lice

TEXTS REPORTING DAMAGE Subject: URGENT Order no. 67329- LP Hi, Ulf The customer wasn`t happy with this shipment. It was delivered two days late and she ordered 40 glass beakers, but there were only 20 in the box. Also, one beaker was cracked and two were broken. Please call me about this right away.

Simone Subject: Re: URGENT Order no.67329-LP Hello , Simone I called but you were out. I was surprised this order was late. We were very busy last week, but there were no shipment delays. There should be two boxes. Was there only one? I am sure this is a shipping company problem. The beakers were in good condition when they left our factory. Was the box damaged? Please contact the shipping agents and insurance company. Ulf Subject: Re: URGENT Order no. 67329-LP Hi, Ulf Sorry I was out when you called. I checked with the customer and you were right. It was a shipping problem and there were two boxes. The first box was crushed and dented and three beakers were damaged. The second box was delivered late, but all the beakers were in good condition. We replaced the damaged beakers and the customer was happy. The shipping agent is paying for the damage. Thanks a lot, Simone Dear Sendy, I am so glad that you are coming to me soon and that we shall be together this summer as well. I checked it yesterday: your train is due to arrive in Belgrade at 10 : 15 a.m. I shall meet you at the railway station unless your train is late much. In that case, take a taxi to Ljubljanska Banka in 5 Marsala Tita Street, as that is where I am working at present. If you haven`t got much luggage, you can walk to my Branch Office as well. When you come out of the Station building by the main entrance, walk straight up the hill. At the second traffic lights turn to the left and on up the street. Turn into the third street on your left-hand side. My new Branch Office is the

third building from the corner on your right-hand side of Marshala Tita Streetyou can`t miss it! I enjoy my job of a clerk very much: I meet many people, many of them are foreigners, so that I often speak English to them. I`m looking forward to seeing you, Yours Ljilja TELEPHONE ENQUIRIES LIZ: Could I speak to Teresa Volpe, please? TERESA: Speaking. LIZ: This is Liz Parker. I`m calling from Just for You. I`m returning your call. TERESA: Oh good. I`ve just opened a gift shop in London. I saw your stand at the Birmingham trade fair and I thought your gift bags looked lovely. I`m looking for some special gift bags. The problem is the quantity and the discount. LIZ: I`m afraid our maximum discount is usually twenty per cent for a single order of a thousand packets. TERESA: Well, the quantity is fine, because three of us want to order together. But the thing is we already have an offer of a better price from another company, which my partners are prepared to accept. LIZ: Oh. TERESA: Well, I was hoping for a thirty-five per cent discount. LIZ: Oh. Um how about twenty-five per cent? TERESA: Yes, okay, but only if you can deliver them to three different addresses. LIZ: Well, okay, as you`re just starting. TERESA: Great. We`d like them delivered before next Tuesday, if that`s AN OFFER FROM AN AGENCY Dear Mr Silvestrini, Teresa Volpe and I were really pleased to meet you in Florence and see your splendid clocks. I was especially excited about the fact that every clock has a unique design, and I am sure that this will prove a very strong selling point.

As I explained in Florence, I have an agency in London and I promote gifts which are individually made for the gift shop trade. I am looking for products like yours and I am sure that with my contacts I could sell at least 120 units a year. As we discussed in Florence, we could set up an initial twelve-month agreement between us. There are two ways of doing this: A By sale or return. You would send me an initial lot of 30 clocks. I would pay at the end of the month for any clocks I have sold , and you would send replacements. At the end of twelve months, any unsold clocks would be returned to you. B Alternatively, you would send me a consignment of 30 clocks every quarter and I would pay at the end of every quarter for any clocks that have been sold. However, I would undertake to pay you for all the clocks you send me at the end of the twelve months even if they have not all been sold. In Florence you indicated that you might prefer option B. This agreement would mean that I could offer you 50 per unit, delivery CIF. Furthermore in a sale or return agreement , I would be able to offer you a price of 58 per unit. You would still bear all the cost of transport to London but I would bear the cost of transport for any returned clocks. If you could confirm which option you prefer, I will draw up a draft contract for your perusal. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, Marek Staniuk

QUICK-CHANGE INVENTORY Most big fashion retailers have to guess what their customers will want in nine months` time so they can start making it now. But product cycle times are much shorter at Zara, a Spanish fashion company with 519 stores IN 46 countries. It takes Zara just three weeks to go from designing a new product to selling it. Zara is a complete supply chain, from start to finish. Design, manufacture, and distribution are integrated and they take place in-house. Zara`s competitors outsource all the manufacturing and use cheaper foreign labor, but Zara

makes half its clothes itself. It has 23 highly automated factories in Spain where the fabrics are cut and dyed by robots. Most finished products are only in its warehouse for a few hours. It does not store clothes. It moves them. Zara can respond quickly to market trends. At the end of every working day the store managers report on sales to the headquarters in Spain. They give feedback about what customers like, and this information goes back to the design department right away. Product lines can be discarded or altered and new lines can be created immediately. The company keeps costs down by keeping inventories low. New products are delivered to the stores twice a week and lead times are short. Zara can receive and ship an order almost as fast as a teenage customer can change his or her mind, and that`s very important in the world of fashion. It`s what keeps Zara ahead of its competitors. Rapid design, just-in-time production, and fast stock turnover are the keys to Zara`s success.

VOCABULARY RENIK Customer = muterija Shipment = prevoz robe, robna poiljka Deliver = isporuivati

Order = (v) naruiti (n) narudbenica, nalog Beaker = merica Crack = naprsnuti Delay = odlaganje, zakanjenje Damage = otetiti Insurance company = osiguravajue drutvo Check = ispitati, proveriti Crush = smrskana, zgnjeena Dent = ulubiti Replace = zameniti Pay = platiti Due to = oekivati, po planu Railway station = eleznika stanica Luggage = prtljag Branch = filijala Main entrance = glavni ulaz Straight = pavo Traffic lights = semafor Clerk = slubenik Foreigner = stranac Look forward to = jedva ekati neto Enquiry = raspitivanje, istraga Stand = tand Trade fair = trgovinski sajam Quantity = koliina Discount = popust

Offer = ponuda Price cena Accept = prihvatiti Splendid = sjajne, velianstvene Unique = jedinstven Gift = poklon Set up = osnovati, otpoeti neto Agreement = ugovor initial = poetni Replacement = zamena Unsold = neprodat Consignment = isporuka, poiljka Undertake = obavezati se, preduzimati CIF = cost, freight, and insurance = cena, teret I osiguranje Bear = snositi Return = vraati Confirm = potvrditi Draw up = sastavljati Draft = concept Contract = ugovor Perusal = taan pregled, ispitivanje Inventory = inventar, popis Retailer = kompanija za prodaju na malo Fashion = moda Store = prodavnica Supply = snabdeti Chain = lanac

Manufacture = industrijski proizvoditi Distribution = dostavljanje competitor = konkurent Fabric = tkanina Dye = farbati Warehouse = skladite Respond = odgovoriti Market = trite Feedback = povratna informacija Department = odsek, odeljenje Discard = odbaciti Alter = menjati Rapid = brz Stock turnover = obrt zaliha Success = uspeh

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