Human Performance and Limitations

in Aviation
Third edition R.D. Campbell
MBE, DFC, AFC, FRAeS, MB AC and

M. Bagshaw
MB, BCh, MRCS, LRCP, MFOM, DAvMed, DFFP, FRAeS

b
Blackwell Science

Contents

Preface Parti 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Human Factors: Basic Concepts Human Factors in Aviation Competence and limitations Becoming a competent pilot Accident statistics Flight safety concepts

ix 1 3 3 5 6 7 9 11 11 11 12 13 15 15 19 21 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 37 39 39 39

Part 2 Basic Aviation Physiology and Health Maintenance 2 The Basics of Flight Physiology 2.1 The atmosphere Composition Altitude The physical gas laws 2.2 The respiratory and circulation systems Functional anatomy The hypobaric environment Hypoxia Oxygen systems Cabin pressurisation Rapid decompression Decompression sickness Barotrauma Hyperventilation Effects of acceleration 2.3 The high altitude environment Ozone Cosmic radiation Relative humidity Man and the Environment: The Sensory System 3 3.1 The central and peripheral nervous system Central nervous system

vi

Contents

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

4 4.1 4.2

4.3

4.4

Peripheral nervous system The autonomic nervous (vegetative) system Workings of the nervous system Vision Functional anatomy of the eye The visual field - scanning techniques Binocular and monocular vision Night vision Hearing Functional anatomy of the ear Flight related hazards to hearing Effects of altitude change Equilibrium Functional anatomy of the vestibular system Motion sickness Integration of sensory inputs Orientation Sensory illusions and spatial disorientation Vestibular illusions Visual illusions Approach and landing errors Prevention of disorientation Health and Hygiene Personal hygiene Common minor ailments Colds Influenza Gastro-intestinal upset Problem areas for pilot health Hearing loss Defective vision Hypotension Hypertension Coronary artery disease Obesity Nutrition Tropical climates and epidemic disease Intoxication Tobacco Alcohol Drugs and self-medication

39 40 40 42 42 46 49 51 52 52 53 54 55 55 57 60 60 60 61 63 64 67 69 69 69 70 71 71 72 72 74 77 78 79 80 81 83 86 86 87 90

Contents vii

Toxic hazards Carbon monoxide 4.5 Incapacitation during flight Symptoms and causes Operational coping procedures Flying after SCUBA diving Part 3 5 5.1 5.2 Basic Aviation Psychology Human Information Processing Attention and vigilance Perception Perception illusions Perceptual subjectivity Memory Short-term memory (sensory) Long-term memory Working memory Motor memory (skills) Response selection Learning principles and techniques Motivation Human Error and Reliability Reliability of human behaviour Hypotheses of reality Theory and model of human error Error generation Ergonomics Economics Social environment Decision Making Decision-making concepts Structure phases Limits Risk assessment Practical application of risk management Avoiding and Managing Errors: Cockpit Management Error management Safety awareness Risk area awareness Error proneness

93 94 95 95 97 97 99 101 103 104 105 106 106 107 108 109 110 110 110 114 116 117 118 119 119 120 123 124 125 126 126 126 127 129 132 132 133 133 134

5.3

5.4

6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

7 7.1

8 8.1 8.2

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Contents

8.3 8.4

8.5

9 9.1

9.2 10 10.1 10.2

10.3

11 11.1

11.2 11.3

Error sources Situational awareness Multi-crew co-ordination Co-operation Group dynamics Leadership and management styles Individual duty and role Advantages and disadvantages of team work Communication Communication models Verbal and non-verbal communication Communication barriers Conflict management Personality Personality and attitudes Development Environmental influences Individual differences in personality Human Overload and Underload Arousal Stress Stressors Stress overload Anxiety and its relationship to stress Effects of stress Stress management Coping strategies Sleep and fatigue Stages of sleep Performance and alertness Management of fatigue Preventative measures Advanced Cockpit Automation Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Automation complacency Working concepts

135 136 136 138 138 140 141 142 142 143 146 147 147 149 149 150 151 151 157 157 158 161 164 165 165 167 168 170 171 172 174 175 178 181 181 181 183 184 186 187 188

In Conclusion Bibliography Index