Health Care

Assignment #3

Concepcion,Alissa Kris L.

Mumps
is a relatively mild short-term viral infection of the salivary glands that usually occurs during childhood. Typically, mumps is characterized by a painful swelling of both cheek areas, although the person could have swelling on one side or no perceivable swelling at all. The salivary glands are also called the parotid glands, therefore, mumps is sometimes referred to as an inflammation of the parotid glands (epidemic parotitis). Cause Typhoid fever is a severe infection caused by a bacterium, Salmonella typhi. S. typhi is in the same family of bacteria as the type spread by chicken and eggs, commonly known as salmonella poisoning or food poisoning. S. typhi bacteria do not have vomiting and diarrhea as the most prominent symptoms of their presence in humans. Instead, persistently high fever is the hallmark of S. typhi infection. Signs and symptoms
The most common symptoms include: Fever Headache Muscle aches Tiredness Loss of appetite Swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis)

Diagnosis If your doctor suspects that you or your child has mumps, a virus culture or a blood test may be needed. The blood test can detect mumps antibodies, which indicate whether this is a recent or past infection Treatment Medications (such asacetaminophen or ibuprofen) to control fever or pain Warm, moist towels to help with swelling Fluids Rest until the fever improves Soft, bland diet.

Diphtheria
Inflammation of the meninges, the three membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by infection by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Other causes include cancer (metastasis to the meninges), inflammatory diseases, and drugs. In some cases the cause of meningitis cannot be determined. The treatment depends on the cause of the meningitis. Cause
transmission of an infectious agent by another person by one or more of the following: saliva, air, cough, fecal-oral route, surfaces, blood, needles, blood transfusions, sexual contact, mother to fetus,

signs and symptoms Symptoms usually occur 2 to 5 days after you have come in contact with the bacteria.

Bluish coloration of the skin Bloody, watery drainage from nose Breathing problems o Difficulty breathing o Rapid breathing o Stridor Chills Croup-like (barking) cough Drooling (suggests airway blockage is about to occur) Fever Hoarseness Painful swallowing Skin lesions (usually seen in tropical areas) Sore throat (may range from mild to severe)

Diagnosis The diagnosis of diphtheria should be considered in the setting of relevant clinical manifestations (sore throat, malaise, cervical lymphadenopathic, and low grade fever) together with appropriate epidemiologic risk factors. Mild pharyngeal erythematic typically progresses to areas of white exudates; these coalesce to form an adherent gray pseudo membrane that bleeds with scraping. Clinical suspicion for diphtheria should be further heightened in the setting of adherent pharyngeal, palatal, or nasal membranes, systemic toxicity, hoarseness, stridor, palatal paralysis, and/or serosanguineous nasal discharge

Treatment If the health care provider thinks you have diphtheria, treatment should be started immediately, even before test results are available. Diphtheria antitoxin is given as a shot into a muscle or through an IV (intravenous line). The infection is then treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and erythromycin. People with diphtheria may need to stay in the hospital while the antitoxin is being received. Other treatments may include:

Fluids by IV Oxygen Bed rest Heart monitoring Insertion of a breathing tube Correction of airway blockages Anyone who has come into contact with the infected person should receive an immunization or booster shots against diphtheria. Protective immunity lasts only 10 years from the time of vaccination, so it is important for adults to get a booster of tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine every 10 years. Those without symptoms who carry diphtheria should be treated with antibiotics.

CHOLERA
An acute infectious disease of the small intestine, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe dehydration, and depletion of electrolytes. Also called Asiatic cholera. Any of various diseases of domesticated animals, such as chickens, turkeys, or hogs, marked by severe gastroenteritis. Cause
A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. However, the deadly effects of the disease are the result of a potent toxin, called CTX, that the bacteria produce in the small intestine. CTX binds to the intestinal walls, where it interferes with the normal flow of sodium and chloride. This causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes). Contaminated water supplies are the main source of cholera infection, although raw shellfish, uncooked fruits and vegetables, and other foods also can harbor V. cholera. Cholera bacteria have two distinct life cycles one in the environment and one in humans. Signs and symptom When a person becomes infected with the bacteria that cause cholera (Vibrio cholerae), the bacteria begin to multiply within the intestines. After 24 to 48 hours, signs and symptoms of cholera can occur. The period between becoming infected and the start of cholera symptoms is known as the cholera incubation period.

An infection with Vibrio cholerae often doesn't result in symptoms, or it results in only mild symptoms. In some cases, however, symptoms can be severe. Severe signs and symptoms develop in approximately 1 out of every 20 infected people. These people may experience a rapid loss of body fluids, leading to dehydration and shock. Without cholera treatment, death can occur within hours. Diagnosis In order to make a cholera diagnosis, the doctor will ask a number of questions about the following topics:

Recent history of foods or drinks that have been consumed

 Recent travel history Current medical conditions Current medicines.

Treatment Because death from cholera is a consequence of dehydration, the disease is treated using oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which consists of large volumes of water mixed with a blend of sugar and salts. Prepackaged mixtures are commercially available, but wide distribution in developing countries is limited by cost. Therefore, homemade ORT recipes using common household ingredients and materials have been developed. Severe cases of cholera require intravenous fluid replacement. Antibiotics can shorten illness, but ORT is still necessary even when antibiotics are used. Do not use anti-diarrheal medicines, since they prevent flushing of the bacteria out of the body.

MENINGITIS
Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, the three membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by infection by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Other causes include cancer (metastasis to the meninges), inflammatory diseases, and drugs. In some cases the cause of meningitis cannot be determined. The treatment depends on the cause of the meningitis. DIAGNOSIS If you notice any of the symptoms of meningitis, particularly in a young child, seek medical help immediately. This may mean going to the accident and emergency (A&E) department of your local hospital in the middle of the night. Do not wait for the purple rash to appear because not everyone gets a rash. Always treat a suspected case of meningitis seriously until doctors have confirmed the diagnosis. Diagnostic tests for meningitis include:

a blood test to check for the presence of bacteria or viruses that can cause meningitis a lumbar puncture where a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is taken from the base of the spine and checked for the presence of bacteria or viruses

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

pain in the muscles, joints or limbs, such as in the legs or hands unusually cold hands and feet, or shivering pale or blotchy skin and blue lips a severe headache fever nausea vomiting feeling generally unwell drowsiness confusion seizures or fits being unable to tolerate bright lights (photophobia) this is less common in young children a stiff neck also less common in young children a rapid breathing rate a blotchy red rash that does not fade or change colour when you place a glass against it the rash is not always present

CAUSE: Meningitis can be caused by a variety of things, including bacteria (the most serious), viruses, fungi, reactions to medications, and environmental toxins such as heavy metals. TREATMENT

If they have severe meningitis, they may need to be treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). See the Health A-Z topic about ICUs for more information about the type of treatment that these units provide. Antibiotics (medication for infections caused by bacteria) will be used to treat the underlying infection. These will be given intravenously (through a vein in your arm).

plenty of rest painkillers for the headache anti-emetics (anti-sickness) medicine for the vomiting

Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever is an infection caused by bacteria that can spread throughout the body. Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal. Diagnosis A diagnosis of typhoid fever can usually be confirmed by taking samples of blood, stools or urine and examining them under a microscope for Salmonella typhi bacteria. The bacteria are not always detected the first time, so you may need to have a series of tests. Testing a sample of bone marrow is a more accurate way to diagnose typhoid fever. However, getting the sample is both time consuming and painful, so it is usually only used if other tests are inconclusive. If testing confirms that you have typhoid fever, it is usually recommended that other members of your household are also tested in case you have passed the infection to them.

Cause It is caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, which is related to, but not the same as, the bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning. When someone with the infection has a bowel movement, they may pass faeces that contain the Salmonella typhi bacteria. If they do not wash their hands properly after going to toilet, they can contaminate any food they touch. If this is eaten by another person, they will also become infected. Sign and Symptoms

a high temperature (fever) that can reach 3940C (103104F), which usually increases throughout the day before falling the following morning abdominal pain constipation or diarrhoea adults tend to get constipation and children tend to get diarrhoea vomiting this usually affects children rather than adults a dry cough a dull headache that can be felt at the front of the head severe mental confusion, such as not knowing where you are or what is going on around you a skin rash made up of pink spots that are 14cm wide there are usually fewer than five spots a feeling of a swollen abdomen a slow heartbeat being increasingly very unwell loss of appetite weight loss physical exhaustion bouts of foul-smelling, yellowgreen, watery diarrhoea

severe swelling of the abdomen rapid breathing a deterioration of your mental state, such as severe confusion, apathy and, in some cases, psychosis (where a person is unable to tell the difference between reality and their imagination)

Treatment If typhoid fever is diagnosed in its early stages, usually during the first week, a course of antibiotic tablets may be prescribed for you. Most people require a 7- to 14-day course of antibiotics. Some strains of the Salmonella typhi bacteria have developed a resistance to one or more types of antibiotics. Therefore, you may be prescribed a combination of different antibiotics, depending on where in the world the infection is thought to have originated. Your symptoms should begin to improve within two to three days of taking antibiotics, but it is very important that you finish the complete course so that your symptoms do not reoccur. Make sure that you rest, drink plenty of fluids and eat regular meals. You may be able to tolerate eating smaller, more frequent meals rather than three larger meals a day.