COMPARISON BETWEEN AM, FM, TV (KBP) AM BROADCASTING BAND CHANNEL BANDWIDTH MODULATING BANDWIDTH MAXIMUM FREQUENCY SWING STATION

BANDWIDTH 526.5 kHz to 1705 kHz 9 kHz 5 kHz NA 10 kHz FM BROADCASTING 88 MHz to 108 MHz 200 kHz 15 kHz 75 kHz Monophonic Stereophonic 180 kHz 256 kHz TV BROADCASTING Low Band VHF 54 88 MHZ High Band VHF 174 216 MHz *UHF 470 890 MHz 6 MHz Video BW 4.2 MHz Audio BW 15 kHz 25 kHz (Audio Frequency Swing) 6 MHz 1 channel gap

MINIMUM CARRIER 36 kHz 800 kHz SEPARATION *NOTE: UHF channels, from Channel 14 to 83 but Channels 21 to 49 allotted locally. FM STATION CLASSES CLASS A Commercial TX 10 kW to POWER 25 kW ERP < 125 kW HANTENNA 2 000 ft Allowed only in Metro Manila & Metro Cebu CLASS B Commercial 1 kW to 10 kW < 30 kW 500 ft CLASS C Community < 1 kW CLASS D Experimental < 10 W DETAILS OF SYNCHRONIZING PULSES PULSE DURATION PULSE (s) EQUALIZING 2.7 HORIZONTAL SYNC 5.4 HORIZONTAL 10 BLANKING VERTICAL SYNC 190 VERTICAL 830 to 1330 BLANKING

NUMBER OF PULSES 31 500 15 750 15 750 60 60

COMPARISON BETWEEN BW & COLOR TV RECEIVERS BW RECEIVERS COLOR RECEIVERS APSECT RATIO 4:3 NO. OF 525 LINES/FRAME LINE RATE 15750 lines/sec 15734.26 lines/sec FRAME RATE 30 frames/sec 29.97 frames/sec FIELD RATE 60 fields/sec 59.94 fields/sec SOUND SUB 4.5 MHz CARRIER COLOR SUB 3.579545 MHz CARRIER *NOTE: Actual scanning lines in broadcasting is 485.

DETAILS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BLANKING HORIZONTAL BLANKING VERTICAL BLANKING Period Time (s) Period Time
Total line (H) H blanking H sync pulse Front porch Back porch Visible line time 63.5 0.15H 0.18H or 9.5 11.5 0.08H or 4.75 0.5 0.02H or 1.27 (minimum) 0.06H or 3.81 (minimum) 52 54 Total Field (V) V blanking Each V sync pulse Total of 6 V sync pulse Each equalizing pulse Each serration Visible field time 0.0167 s 0.05V 0.08V or 0.0008-0.0013s 27.35 s 3H or 190.5 s 0.04H or 2.54 s 0.07H or 4.4 s 0.92V 0.95V or 0.015 0.016 s

COLOR COMPONENTS LUMA Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B In Phase I = 0.60R - 0.28G - 0.32B CHROMA Quadrature Phase Q = 0.21R 0.52G + 0.31B DVD TYPES TYPE DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 DVD-14 DVD-18 DVD REGIONS REGION 0 1 2

CAPACITY 4.7 GB 8.54 GB 9.4 GB 13.24 GB 17.08 GB

DESCRIPTION SS-SL SS-DL DS-SL DS-ML DS-DL

4 5 6 8 DISC SPEEDS

AREA No designated region North America Japan Europe South Africa Middle East South East Asia Philippines Taiwan Korea Australia New Zealand CS America Russia Balance of Asia & Africa China Special Non-Theatrical Venues

OLD RECORDINGS SINGLES (7) LONG PLAYING ALBUMS (12) DIRECTION OF ROTATION

78 rpm 45 rpm 33 1/3 rpm Clockwise

COMPACT DISCS SAMPLING RATE CAPACITY TOTAL RUN TIME 44 100 samples per sec 780 MB + 74 minutes (typical) High Definition (Density) Compact Disc Encoded with 20 bits Super Audio Compact SACD Disc Uses *ATRAC compression technique MINIDISC 5:1 compression 140 MB capacity *NOTE: ATRAC means Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding COMPARISON BETWEEN VCD AND DVD DVD 12 cm 4.37 to 15.9 780 MB GB MPEG-1 MPEG-2 1 hour 2+ hours VCD

COLOR SYSTEMS National Television Systems Committee American Standard Phase Alternation by Line PAL European Standard Developed in Germany Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire French Standard MOTION PICTURES SPECIFICATIONS SIZES ASPECT RATIO FRAME SPEED SHUTTER SPEED 35 mm, 16 mm, 8 mm 16:9 (1.78) 24 frames/sec 48x /sec

CALL SIGN ALLOCATION PHILIPPINE ALLOCATION LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO BROADCAST TV TIMELINE MARCH 1935 1936 1937 1941 First TV service launched in Germany Berlin Olympics televised Experimental TV operates in US Commercial US broadcasts commences DU to DZ DZ and DW DY DX

NTSC

HDCD

SECAM

SMPTE COLOR BARS (Society of Motion Pictures & Television Engineers) WHITE YELLOW CYAN GREEN 100 % 89 % 70 % 59 % MAGENTA RED BLUE BLACK 41 % 30 % 11 % 0%

SIZE CAPACITY COMPRESSION MOVIE LENGTH

TYPICAL MONITOR RESOLUTIONS 640i 720i/720p 1050p Standard definition High definition High definition (16:9) TRF &

INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY AM FM TV PM AND FM PM Modulation index (max. phase deviation) Max. Freq. deviation k1Vm k1Vmfm FM k2Vm/fm k2Vm Picture Sound 455 kHz 10.7 MHz 41.25 MHz 45.75 MHz

COMPARISON BETWEEN BLU-RAY & HD DVD BLU RAY HD DVD

Sony, Dell, HP, LG, Samsung, Hitachi, Philips, Sharp Thomson 25/50 GB Focused on capacity Sony, Columbia-Tri Star, 20TH Century Fox Marketed by Sony as Professional Disc Toshiba, NEC 15/30/45 GB Focused on compatibility Universal, Warner, Paramount Also known as Advanced Optical Disc

COMPARISON BETWEEN SUPERHET RECEIVERS

ADVANTAGES TRF SUPERHET Simple in design Easy to tune Fixed bandwidth over Excellent sensitivity the designed reception band DISADVANTAGES TRF SUPERHET Difficult to tune Complex design Poor selectivity Poor sensitivity

SOUND SPECTRUM INFRASONIC AUDIO ULTRASONIC SOUND SPEED SUBSONIC SONIC SUPERSONIC TRANSONIC

f < 20 Hz 20 Hz < f < 20 kHz f < 20 kHz

DIAMETER OF CORE AND CLADDING FOR SINGLE-MODE AND MULTI-MODE SINGLE-MODE MULTI-MODE Diameter of 0.5 m to 10 Diameter of 50 m or 62.5 core m core m Diameter of 125 m cladding Diameter of 250 m to 1 000 m primary buffer TRANSMISSION LINES CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE RG-59/U RG-11/U RG-214/U RG-58/U RG-8A/U TWIN LEAD 73 75 50 53.5 50 300 USES TV antenna, Cable TV, HF antennas VHF antennas Satellite TV antennas, UHF & Microwave CB antennas TV antennas

less than speed of sound equal to the speed of sound greater than the speed of sound relating to aerodynamic flow or flight conditions at speed near the speed of sound

TELEVISION QUALITY Contrast Brightness Resolution Color saturation Hue

PICTURE Range between black and white Background illumination Sharpness or details Intensity or level of color Tint of color

SIGNAL Amplitude of AC video signal DC bias on picture tube Frequency response of video signal Amplitude of 3.58 MHz chroma signal Phase angle of 3.58 MHz chroma signal

COMB FILTER VIDEO DETECTOR COLOR BURST

Separates luminance (Y) and chrominance (C) signal Separates audio and video signal Separates the color sync to Y & C

WINDOW STANDARD WAVELENGTHS 1550 nm 1300 nm 850 nm 660 nm 1300 nm window 1500 nm window 1380 nm

TRANSMISSION LINE INPUT IMPEDANCE LENGTH TERMINATION l = /4 Shorted l = /4 Open l < /4 Shorted l < /4 Open l > /4 Shorted l > /4 Open TIP (green) RING (red) SLAVE (yellow) GROUND (either black or white)

LC EQUIVALENT Parallel LC Series LC Pure inductor Pure capacitor Pure capacitor Pure inductor

Long distance communications Short distance communications 0.5 dB/km 0.1 to 0.2 dB/km Losses due to water absorption; produces OH- which will absorb light signal and convert it to heat

used to transmit signal used to receive as a spare or for special purpose ground

TCP/IP PROTOCOLS APPLICATION Domain Name Protocol File Transfer Protocol Finger Protocol HyperText Transport Protocol Post Office Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol TELNET Protocol DOMAIN NAME SERVICE SUFFIX COM EDU GOV MIL NET ORG ORGANIZATION TYPE Commercial Organization Educational Organization Government Agency Military Organization Networking Organization Non-Profit Organization ACRONYM DOMAIN FTP FINGER HTTP POP SMTP SNMP TELNET DESCRIPTION Defines the DNS Provides the transfer between computers Provides information about the specified user Conveys information between a Web browser and a Web server Enables PC users to access mail from a mail server Provides electronic mail transfer Provides the exchange of management information Provides remote terminal access to a host PORT 53 20, 21 79 80 110 25 161, 162 23