Using TI-83/84 CALCULATE functions

Calc BC Review Material (primarily Chapters 1-10)

AP Calculus BC

Make sure you practice with the functions in red To Display the CALCULATE menu, press 2nd-CALC 1: value Calculate a function Y value for a given X Finds a zero (x-intercept) of a function Part B #82 2: zero 3: minimum Finds a minimum of a function 4: maximum Finds a maximum of a function 5: intersect Finds an intersection of two functions 6: dy/dx Finds a numeric derivative of a function Part B #80 7: f ( x )dx Finds a numeric integral of a function

References are from AP Calc 2003 BC Exam, Parts A & B

Unit Circle: (x,y) = (cos, sin)

Must know trig functions of common angles!!

2.1: Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem 2.1 Differentiability Implies Continuity If f is differentiable at x = c, then f is continuous at x = c Question: Does continuity imply differentiability?
i.e. If a function is continuous at x=c, does that mean it is also differentiable at x=c? Answer : NO!!

AP Exam Part A - #13, Part B - #76

2.2/2.3 Differentiation Rules

The Power Rule (Theorem 2.3) Product Rule Quotient Rule Trig Functions Exponential

2.2: Position, Velocity, Acceleration

Generally position is s(t), x(t), h(t) position at time t Velocity is derivative of the position function Acceleration is derivative of velocity To find min/max Position examine its derivative (set ds/dt=0) Velocity examine its derivative (set dv/dt=0) Acceleration examine its derivative (set da/dt=0)
Read question carefully what is it asking for?

d n [u ] = nu n 1u ' dx
d [uv ] = uv '+ vu ' dx
d u vu ' uv ' = dx v v2
d [sin x] = cos x dx
d [cos x] = sin x dx

d [tan x] = sec2 x dx
d [sec x] = sec x tan x dx

d [cot x] = csc2 x dx d [csc x] = csc x cot x dx

d u e = eu u ' dx

d u' [ln u ] = dx u

AP Exam Part B - #87, #91

2.4: Differentiation - Chain Rule

One of the most powerful differentiation rules! NEED TO KNOW for the AP exam! Deals with composite functions
Outer function

2.5: Implicit Differentiation

For functions not defined in the explicit y=f(x) form do implicit differentiation Differentiate both sides of eqn with respect to x Collect all terms involving dy/dx on left side Move all other terms to right side Solve for dy/dx Example: 2 2

y = f ( g ( x )) = f (u )
Inner Function

x + 4 y = 7 + 3 xy

AP Exam Part A #1, #3, #8, #9,

AP Exam Part B #79

2004 FRQ #4 (a)

2.6: Guidelines for Solving Related Rates dx

dt

3.2: Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

6 mi

1.

Identify all given quantities and quantities to be determined. (Make a sketch) 2. Write an equation for any given rates of change. State which rates of change we are to find. 3. Implicitly differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time t. 4. Substitute into equation all known values for variables and their rates of change. Solve for the required rates of change. AP Exam Part B - #78 AP Exam Part A - #12

Instantaneous Rate of Change

Average Rate of Change

AP Calc AB Exam Part B - #83, 92

1.4 Intermediate Value Theorem

If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b], and y is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number x = c in the open interval (a, b) such that f(c) = y.
.

Curve Sketching and Analysis

y = f(x) must be continuous at each: dy critical point: dx = 0 or undefined. And dont forget endpoints local minimum: local maximum:
dy dx

3.1 Extreme Value Theorem

.

goes (,0,+) or (,und,+) or dx 2 > 0

d2y dx 2

d2y

If f(x) is continuous on [a, b], then f has both a minimum and a maximum on the interval.
AP Calc AB Exam Part B - #80

dy goes (+,0,) or (+,und,) or dx

<0

point of inflection: concavity changes

d2y goes from (+,0,), (,0,+), dx 2 (+,und,), or (,und,+)

3.3: Increasing/Decreasing Functions and 1st Derivative Test

Section 3.4: Concavity & 2nd Derivative Test

AP Exam Part A - #16

AP Exam Part B- #82 , #90, #91

Critical Numbers, Points of Inflection, Extremum

Critical Numbers
f(x) =0 of f(x) = undefined Potential extremum (min or max) Place where function can change from incr to decr or decr to increasing

3.7: Guidelines for Solving Optimization (i.e. Min/Max) Problems

1. Identify all given quantities and quantities to be determined. Make sketch if feasible. 2. Write primary eqn for quantity to be maximized (or minimized) 3. Rewrite primary eqn to having a single independent variable (may involve the use of secondary eqn) 4. Determined the desired max/min value by calculus techniques learned in Chapters 3.1-3.4
TakeHomeQuiz #2

Potential Point of Inflection

f(x) = 0 or f(x) = undefined Potentially a point of inflection Place where concavity can change from concave up to concave down or vice versa

Extremum (min or max)

Occurs at critical numbers Relative Max if f goes from positive to negative Relative Min if f goes from negative to positive Relative Max if f is negative Relative Min if f is positive Absolute extremum at critical numbers or endpoints

Point of Inflection
Occur at Potential Pt of Inflection Pt of Inflection if f goes from positive to negative or negative to positive Pt of Inflection if f goes from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing

Part A- #21, Part B- #87

Integration Rules + Chain Rule

The Power Rule Trig Functions

du =

u +C n +1

n +1

AP EXAM Part A #2,#5, #8

4.3: Left, Right,Midpoint Riemann Sum & Trapezoidal Approximations

(cos u)du = sin u + C (sin u )du = cos u + C (sec u)du = tan u + C (sec u tan u)du = sec u + C (csc u cot u)du = csc u + C (csc u)du = cot u + C
2 2

Exponential Inverse Trig

e du =e
u

+C

du = ln u + C u
du a u
2 2

du 1 u = arctan + C + u2 a a

= arcsin

u +C a

du u2 a2

u 1 = arc sec + C a a

AP Exam Part A #25

See AP Exam Part B #85

4.3 Approximating Area by Trapezoids

4.3: Definite Integral as the Area of a Region

Width(Trapezoid ) =

ba n

Area(OneTrapezoid ) =

1 ba ( f ( xi ) + f ( xi +1 ) ) 2 n

Area ( AllEquiWidthTrapezoids) = 1 ba ( f ( x0 ) + 2 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + .... + 2 f ( xn1 ) + f ( xn ) ) 2 n

AP Exam Part B #85, TakeHomeQuiz #8

4.4: Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

4.4: Average Value of a Function

The value f(c) in the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is the average value of f on the interval [a,b] Average Value =

Theorem does not specify how to find c, only guarantees the existence of at least one number c in the interval

b 1 f ( x ) dx b a a

AP Exam Part B - #83, #88

4.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus & 2nd Fundamental Thm

Applications of Antidifferentiation
Finding specific antiderivatives using specific conditions Understanding definite integral of the rate of change of a quantity from [a,b] as the total amount of change from [a,b] Given an initial condition, ex. f(a), can determine f(b) by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
f (b) = f ( a) + f '( x)dx
a b

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a ) where F '( x ) = f ( x)

2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

f '( x)dx = f (b) f ( a)

d b( x) f (t )dt = f (b( x))b '( x) f (a( x))a '( x) dx a ( x )

d b( x) f (t )dt = f (b( x))b '( x) dx a AP Exam Part A - #18, #27

AP Exam Part B - #84, #91

6.1: Slope Fields

Slope Fields - One way of visualizing the family of antiderivatives
What is being graphed is the slope (little line segments representing dy/dx) What is being estimated is the solution (i.e. try to follow the little tangent lines to approximate the solution given a starting point)

6.1 Eulers Method

Approximate a solution given a starting point (x0,y0) and slope y=F(x0,y0) and some small h.

Method
Figure out which (x,y) produce dy/dx = 0 For each (x,y) draw a short line segment representing dy/dx note when slope is negative or positive AP Exam BC Part A #14, 2005 FRQ #4 AP Exam Part A #5, 2006 FRQ #5

6.2: Growth and Decay Models

If the rate of change of variable y is proportional to the value of y, then we have a function with exponential growth or decay.
Solve thru Separation of Variable Technique

6.3: Logistic Differential Equation

Exponential growth is unlimited Population growth generally has a maximum carrying capacity L, modeled by

dy y = ky (1 ) dt L

k and L are positive constants If 0<y<L, then dy/dt > 0 As t approaches infinity, y approaches L

AP Exam Part A #21, 2004 AP FRQ #5(a)

6.3 Separation of Variables

Find the general solution of Separate the Variables: Integrate both sides:

7.1: Area between 2 Curves

Area = (uppercurve lowercurve)dx
a b

a and b could be given, or points of intersection

2005 FRQ #1(a,b) 2005 FRQ #5(a) Note integral (area) is

computed geometrically, not thru integration

7.2: Volume: Solids with Known Cross Sections

7.2-7.3: Volume of Solids of Revolution

Disk Method
Slice up solid into disks (no holes)

A(square) = s2

3 2 A(equilateral triangle) = 4 s

Washer Method
Just like disks with hole in the middle
[note: radius = s/2]

A(rectangle)= s * height A(semicircle) = (1/2) (s/2)2

2003 Exam Part B #89 (equil. triangle) 2004 FRQ #2(c) square cross sections

7.2: Volume: The Washer Method

Washer involves an outer radius (R(x)) and an inner radius (r(x))

7.4 : Definition of Arc Length

Computing Arc Length as Definite Integral

AP Exam Part A #15 2005 AP FRQ #1(c), 2004 FRQ #2(b)

8.2 : Integration by Parts

8.2 : Using the Tabular Method

For problems that require repeated use of Integ by Parts, Tabular method can help to organize your work. x3e x dx

Alternate Signs
Know when to use chain rule and when to use normal integration rule + chain rule see example below AP Exam Part A #8 AP Exam Part A #23

u and its du x3 3x2 6x 6 0

v and its v ex ex ex ex ex

cos( x3 )dx

U-substitution

x sin(6 x)dx
Integ By Parts

+ + +

Answer: x3ex 3x2ex + 6xex 6ex

8.5 : Partial Fractions

x
2

8.7 : LHopitals Rule

1 5x + 6

1) Factor denominator into linear factors

x2 - 5x + 6 = (x-3)(x-2)

2) Rewrite into partial fractions 3) Solve for constants in numerator

1 = A(x-2) + B(x-3) Let x=2 => -1B=1 => B=-1 Let x=3 => A=1
x 3dx + x 2dx
1 1

4) Integrate

AP Exam Part A #26

Can only apply to indeterminate forms f(x) and g(x) are differentiable and g(x) is not 0

LHopitals Rule
AP 2003 Exam Part A #2

8.8 : A Special Type of Improper Integral

lim

e x cos x 2 x x 0 x2 2 x

Indeterminate form?
If so, can apply LHopitals: lim f(x)/g(x) = lim f(x)/g(x) To apply LHopitals repeatedly, remember to check if indeterminate at each stage

Remember p-series? This is the integral version of the pseries! Same convergence test converges when p>1.

AP Exam Part A - #6

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9.2: Geometric Series vs. P-Series

9.7: Definition of nth degree Taylor and Maclaurin Polynomial

Converges if |r| < 1 NOTE: a/xn is geo series where r=(1/x) AP Exam Part A #9 Converges if p > 1 Divergences if 0<p1
If p=1 -> divergent harmonic series If p=1 and numerator=(-1)n -> alternating harmonic series

AP Exam Part A #22 (along with Comparison Test), #24 (geo,p-series, nth term)

AP 2006 FRQ #6, AP 2005 FRQ #6(a,b), 2004 FRQ #6(a,b,d)

9.10: Taylor and MacLaurin Series

10.3: Finding Slope of a Tangent Line to a Curve defined by Parametric Equations

Given series defn for f(x), to find f(g(x)), just substitute g(x) for x in the power series expansion for f(x). To find f(x),simply differentiate each term, including the general term AP Exam Part A #11 AP Exam Part A - #20

Finding slope of tangent line AP Exam Part A #4 AP 2006 FRQ #3(c) Finding eqn of tangent line AP Exam Part A #17, AP 2004 FRQ #3 (b)

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10.3: Finding Higher-Order Derivatives

Parametric Equations and VectorValued Functions

Parametric equations x(t) and y(t) can also be represented as a vector r(t)=<x(t), y(t)>
r(t) represents the position vector at time t

Velocity = v(t)=r(t)=<x(t),y(t)> Acceleration = a(t)=r(t)=<x(t),y(t)> Speed of the particle is the magnitude of the velocity vector 2 2
|| v(t) || = || r(t) || =
dx dy + dt dt

Finding acceleration vector

AP 2006 FRQ #3 (a)

Represented as <x(t), y(t)> - see next slide

Speed at given time t AP Exam Part B - #84, AP2006 FRQ #3 Find t when v(t)=<0,0> AP Exam Part A - #7

AP Tips re: Parametric Eqns

For particles whose position is portrayed via parametric equations When is the particle at rest?
When dy/dt=0 and dx/dt=0 (i.e. not moving in any direction)

10.4: Graphing with Polar Coordinates

Area (sector) =
1 2 r 2

When does the path of the particle have a horizontal tangent?

When dy/dt= 0 (i.e. particle not moving in y direction)

When does the path of the particle have a vertical tangent?

When dx/dt = 0 (i.e. particle not moving in x direction)

2005 AP FRQ #2(a) area in polar coords #2(b) conversion between rectangular and polar coordinates #2(c) decreasing polar function (negative 1st derivative) #2(d) 1st derivative test (max r occurs when dr/d0 = 0)

If dy/dt > 0, particle is moving upwards (dy/dt<0 moving down) If dx/dt > 0, particle is moving to the right (dx/dt<0 to the left)

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Calculator Tips
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Set calculator to RADIAN mode Report decimal approximation to [at least] three decimal places after the decimal point. E.g. 2.367 [truncate or round] Be proficient with the 4 expected capabilities.
Graph, zeros, numerically differentiate & integrate

Show set up but no need to do things by hand on the calculator portion. Watch parenthesis Use YVARS to reference functions like Y1 or Y2 Be able to store important values (eg. zeros or points of intersection) X STO> A Y STO> B Dont use decimal approximation for pi !!!! i.e. use the key on the calculator, dont approximate to 3.14 for example
(unless you want to type in minimum 10 decimal places for pi!)

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