Appendix 4 Transformer regulation

The standard formula for determining the percentage regulation of a transformer at full load and at a power factor cos ~bis* Vx sin (fi2 q- VR COS (fi2 q- (wx COS 02 -- W sin ~2 )2 R 200 where (A4.1)

Vx is the percentage reactance voltage at full load

VR is the percentage resistance voltage at full load ~bis the angle of lag of the full-load current

This formula is correct for the determination of the regulation at any load differing from full load, and it is only necessary to divide Vx and VR wherever they appear in the formula by the factor given by dividing the full-load current by the current corresponding to the particular load at which the regulation is desired. In most practical cases the load current flowing through a transformer has lagging power factor so that no doubts can arise with regard to the correct signs to be used, for these are exactly as given in the above general equation. From time to time, however, it is necessary to calculate the regulation for currents at leading power factors and it is, therefore, interesting to consider whether the standard formula given above applies in such cases. Like many other problems of this kind, the solution can be obtained from the geometry of the figure, and the following investigation has been conducted upon this basis, referring all quantities to the secondary side, and working on a per phase basis. Drop perpendiculars from A and B to OC produced, (Figure A4.1) meeting OC produced at E and D respectively. With radius OA and centre O draw an arc AF to meet OC produced at E power factor - cos ~2 -- COS COG *For impedances above 20 per cent refer to Chapter 1. 844

Appendix4
A B CD ,F

845

OA

primary terminal voltage, reversed in time phase and multiplied by the ratio N2/N t, (Vi") OC secondary terminal voltage, (1/2) AB total resistance voltage drop at: filll load, (tzR~) BC total reactance voltage drop at full load, (I2X'~) OG secondary full-load current, (I2) (b2 angle of lag of the full-load current

Figure A4.1 Regulation diagram -lagging power factor load

Since AB is parallel to OG, AB must make an angle q52 with OC produced and BC must make an angle 90 ~ - q52 with OC. OA - OC OA = 100 OF - OC OA CF = 100~ OA = 100 CD + DE + EF OA = 100 BC sin 02 -+- AB cos 02 _+_ EF OA
= V sin ~2 nt- VR COS 02 -Jr-100

percentage regulation - 100

OA EF OA

where Vx and VR are the percentage reactance and resistance voltage drops at full load respectively. In order to evaluate EF it must be r e m e m b e r e d that OF is the radius of a circle and that AE is a perpendicular to it from a point on the circumference, and that, therefore, EF AE EFAE OE + OF AE 2 OE + OF

846

Appendix 4

Now although EF may be appreciable compared with CF, it is negligible compared with so large a quantity as OE + OF, and therefore it is permissible to write 2OF for the latter. Thus AE 2
m

EF-

AE 2 2OA

2OF therefore

100

AE 2 = 1 0 0 ~ 2OA 2 OA EF -- 100
_

( B C c o s ~2 - AB sin ~2)2

2OA 2 200

( V cos q52 - VR sin ~2)2 ( V cos ~b - VR sin r 2 200

p e r c e n t a g e regulation = V sin q~2 -+

VRCOS (fi2 -4-

In Fig. A4.2 the power factor of the load

= COS 0 2

leading

= cos(360 ~ - 02) lagging

-- COS q~2 lagging

AB and BC make angles 02 and 90 ~ - 02 respectively with OC.

G
o2

Figure A4.2 Regulation diagram leading power factor load

Appendix 4
Therefore, percentage regulation - 100 = 100 (OA - OC) OA (OF - OC)

847

OA (-CF) = 1 0 0 ~ OA - C D + DE + EF = 100 OA AE 2 -- - V sin 02 + VR c o s 02 -4-- 100 =-Vsin02+V Rcos02+(V 2OA 2 c o s 0 2 + V Rsin02)2 200

Now, 0360 ~
02

and therefore, sin02 - -sing52 cos 02 - cos ~2 and percentage regulation (V cos 4~2 - VR sin ~2)2 200 (A4.2)

= V~ sin r

+ vR cos ~2 +

It will be seen from Eqs (A4. l) and (A4.2) that the final regulation formula is the same for lagging and leading power factors provided the angle r is the true angle of lag measured clockwise from the position of the secondary terminal voltage phasor. Thus, in the case of a lagging power factor cos q~2 the angle ~2 is substituted directly into the regulation formula, but in the case of a leading power factor cos 02 the angle to be substituted is not 02 but q~2 = (360 ~ - 02), and the following relationship must be observed: cos q~2 - cos (360 ~ and sin ~2 -- sin (360 ~ - 02) - - s i n 02 If the percentage regulation comes out negative, it indicates that the load has produced a rise in voltage.
02) -- COS02