Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept.

8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Recent Progress in Sm-Co Type Permanent Magnets M. Marinescu, J. F. Liu and M. H. Walmer Electron Energy Corporation, Landisville, PA, USA Abstract. This paper presents research results reported in the past two years on high performance Sm-Co permanent magnets. The work discussed is organized in two parts: (1) Sm-Co based bulk permanent magnets referring to results on various magnetic and structural studies and new achievements in the fabrication of (i) Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets with almost zero reversible temperature coefficient of residual induction, (ii) Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets with increased electrical resistivity, and (iii) Sm-Co bulk nanocomposites and (2) Sm-Co based ribbons, nanoparticles and nanocomposite powders, for potential small scale applications or consolidation into bulk specimens, referring to the latest results on their synthesis and characterization. Keywords: permanent magnets, Sm2Co17, SmCo5, SmCo7, Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z, thermal stability, radiation stability, electrical resistivity, ribbons, nanoparticles, nanocomposites. Contact author: M. Marinescu, Electron Energy Corporation, 924 Links Ave, Landisville, PA 17538, USA; tel: 717 898 2294; fax: 717 898 0660; mmarinescu@electronenergy.com (micro)magnetic analyses. We did not include here the work on thin films. II. Sm-Co bulk permanent magnets Sintered RE(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets with zero reversible temperature coefficient of Br Permanent magnets with very low (reversible temperature coefficient of remanence, Br) over a temperature span between -50 oC and 250 oC are needed in applications such as traveling wave tubes for satellite communications and microwave directed energy systems, accelerometers, torquers, and gyroscopes, especially for military and aerospace operations. For many years, EEC has produced magnets with near zero in the temperature range of -50 oC to 150 oC and (BH)max up to 16-18 MGOe. New modified compositions with combined substitution of Gd and Er for Sm and optimized processing conditions resulted in reversible temperature coefficient of remanence, = -0.009 0.0001 ppm/oC (as derived from close-circuit remanence

I. INTRODUCTION Though Sm-Co permanent magnets can not compete with Nd-Fe-B magnets in the maximum energy product at room temperature and cost, they are far more superior for high temperature applications and for their corrosion resistance. This, in conjunction with maximum energy products, (BH)max, exceeding 30 MGOe in some Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z grades, makes Sm-Co magnets vital for high performance in applications with a service temperature between 250- 550 oC. This work is an attempt to summarize the past two years of research results related to both material development and investigations of Sm-Co based alloy systems. Our focus was on consolidated permanent magnets and their possible precursor forms (ribbons, nanoparticles and nanocomposite powders), with a strong emphasis on a practical point of view without discussing the works on

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Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept. 8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

measurements) for the temperature variation between -50 oC and 150 oC. Values of Br exceeding 9 kG and Hk of over 20 kOe for is the some compositions (Hk demagnetization field at which Br is decreased by 10%; Hk is a measure of loop squareness) allowed for excellent maximum energy products (BH)max of 18-20 MGOe at room temperature1. Figure 1 depicts the demagnetization curve at different temperatures for a selected magnet composition with the ratio of the rare earth elements Gd/Er/Sm = 30/26/44 and TM/RE ratio z = 6.90.

Figure 1 Demagnetization curves at different temperatures for (Sm,Gd,Er)(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets processed by isostatic pressing, sintering at 1210 oC, solution treatment at temperatures in the range of 1195- 1200 oC and aging at 815 oC for 36h.

magnets which have a high resistivity due to the insulation effect of polymer binders, but in general the operating temperature is dramatically limited by the polymer softening above 200 oC. Recently2, fully dense composite magnets were produced by sintering blends of Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnet powder precursors and small amounts of CaF3 powders. The resistivity of the magnets with 2.5 wt% CaF3 increased by 30% whereas the magnetic performance was only slightly altered: Br = 10.8 kG, Hci > 25 kOe, (BH)max = 27.1 MGOe. It was found that some amount of Sm diffuses into the CaF3 inclusions upon processing the magnet at high temperatures. However, this can be compensated with excess Sm in the magnet powder precursor. A much higher increase in the electrical resistivity of ~ 1000 cm was achieved in glass-bonded anisotropic Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z / B2O3 magnets produced by hot pressing at 475 oC, which is slightly above the melting point of B2O3. In this case, the Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z powder had already developed hard magnetic properties and B2O3 acted as a binder. The relatively low-temperature consolidation preserved the high coercivity of the Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnet powder, but the residual induction was decreased due to a lower density and led to a (BH)max of 8 MGOe. Effect of oxygen and residual carbon in sintered Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets For applications above 400 oC, Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets need to be coated usually by Ni plating. A recent study3 reported results of the in-air oxidation process of uncoated Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets at temperatures between 300 oC and 600 oC. The respective findings suggest that the oxides layers formed on the surface, which is depleted in Sm, are CuO, Co3O4 and CoFe2O4. These layers do not exceed 15 m and their effect on magnetic properties is negligible. A so-called internal oxidation

Sintered Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets with increased electrical resisitivity The electrical resistivity of Sm-Co magnets typically ranges from 37-77 cm, while of Nd-Fe-B magnets is about 0.14 cm. Magnets with increased electrical resistivity are needed in permanent magnet motors and high speed power generators in order to reduce eddy current losses. One of the solutions is to use bonded

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Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept. 8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Normalized Magnetic Flux

zone was found to follow the above oxide layers and to consist of a CoFe matrix with a Sm-rich oxide and Cu and Co precipitates. This zone grows parabolically in time inwards the bulk body of the magnets and can be more damaging to the magnetic properties. Residual carbon in Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets may become an important issue when the magnets are produced from powder milled in alcohol or consolidated with an organic binder aid (especially in the case of small specimens which are otherwise difficult to be formed). A study4 showed that the magnetic properties of the magnets start to deteriorate when the carbon content is above 0.1 wt%, and even extinguish for 0.43 wt% carbon. It appears that carbon reacts with Zr forming ZrC, possibly during sintering. The typical cellular microstructure of Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets appears to be highly distorted in the specimens containing 0.43 wt% carbon and have much larger nonuniform cells while the amount of the 1:5 cell boundaries is reduced. The widelyaccepted mechanism of Cu diffusion to the 1:5 cell boundary and hence the development of coercivity intermediated by some Zr-rich lamellar phase may hold the answer to the non-existent coercivity when Zr is consumed into the ZrC phase. Thermal stability and radiation resistance of high-temperature Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z sintered magnets Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z sintered magnets are used also in space applications such as high power ion propulsion engines where they operate at elevated temperatures under vacuum and radiation. Ultra high temperature (UHT) Sm-Co magnets that can be used up to 550 oC have been developed5 at EEC in the late 90s. The thermal stability, in terms of magnetic irreversible losses, for different grades of Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z sintered magnets has been monitored for

many years6. Magnets with a lower operating temperature (larger Fe content) showed more pronounced losses after exposure at 300 oC in air, while the Ni and Al coated high temperature magnets able to operate up to 550 oC showed almost no losses after the initial thermal stabilization, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Thermal stability at 300oC in air for more than three years, of various Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets with an operating temperature of 250 oC to 550 oC.

1.0

Sm-Co Magnet Sample

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Nd-Fe-B Magnet Smaple

0.0 1E12 1E13 1E14 1E15 1E16 1E17

2

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1E19

Neutron Flux (n/cm )

Figure 3 Normalized magnetic flux of Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z and Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets versus neutron flux.

Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets have also a superior radiation resistance compared to Nd-Fe-B magnets. It was shown6 that SmCo magnets do not have any noticeable changes in magnetic properties (Figure 3), while Nd13Dy2Fe77B8 magnets appear to

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Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept. 8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

loose almost 100% of their magnetic flux with a neutron flux of 1016 n/cm2. The radiation resistance and thermal stability are somewhat related because the irradiation damage is most likely caused by a radiationinduced thermal effect and less by structural modifications. Sm-Co nanocomposites Sm-Co 2:17 alloy compositions with lean-Sm content that provide reasonably high magnetization, continue to be a challenge with regard to the ability to develop useful intrinsic coercivity. The attempts to produce nanostructured Sm-Co magnets with reduced amounts of nonmagnetic atomic species and no cellular microstructure have not yet resulted in a significant breakthrough. However, the research conducted in the last two years unveiled some new interesting aspects. Finer grains (20-50 nm) developed with the addition of Zr in Sm(CobalFe0.3ZrxB0.04)10 melt spun ribbons7 lead to a 67% increase of Hci to 6.5 kOe and 70% increase of (BH)max to 9.5 MGOe. Grain refinement is also responsible for the increase in coercivity in Nb added Sm(Co0.67Fe0.2Zr0.05B0.04Nb0.04)8 ribbons that show an Hci of 21 kOe. However after the consolidation of these ribbons into bulk specimens by hot deformation, the magnetic properties are still modest with a low remanence, and poor demagnetization curve squarness. The squareness is improved in hot deformed specimens with the addition of Cu. It had not yet been investigated why the addition of Cu in Sm(CobalFe0.2Zr0.05B0.04Cu0.04)8 increases the Hci (from 15.1 kOe to 17 kOe) is it because Cu stabilizes the formation of the hexagonal 1:5 and 1:7 phases or does it form secondary phases that act as domain wall pinning centers. Interestingly, a crystallographic texture was formed in the multiphase 2:17R/1:5H(1:7H)/2:7R

Sm(CobalFe0.2Zr0.05B0.04Cu0.04)8 hot 7 deformed magnets . This may be the first report on inducing texture in 2:17R phase and further studies are needed. Development of texture is usually expected for 1:5H and 1:7H phases upon rapid quenching when there is a quenching temperature gradient or upon hot deformation; however, 2:17R phase is known to develop twin defects. The following magnetic properties were reported for measurements along the easy magnetization direction of hot deformed Sm(CobalFe0.2Zr0.05B0.04Cu0.04)8 specimens: Hci ~ 9kOe, 4Mr ~ 7.5 kG, (BH)max ~13.2 MGOe; the demagnetization curves along the easy and hard magnetic axis are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Demagnetization curves of Sm(Co0.63Fe0.2Zr0.05B0.04Cu0.04Nb0.04)8 hot deformed bulk magnet (from ref. 7).

In an attempt to develop anisotropic SmCo based magnets with a morphology consisting of 2:17 grains insulated by a nonmagnetic phase, small amounts of Ag, C, Ga, In and Sn were added to Sm2Co17, Sm2(Co,Fe)17 and Sm2(Co,Fe,Mn)17 system in the ingot preparation8. All the additions, except Ga, are not soluble into 2:17 phase and form secondary phases. However, different aspects of the morphology and properties of these secondary phases such as poor wetting of the matrix grains (Sm-Ag phase), high melting temperature (Sm-CoAg-Sn phase) or ferromagnetic behavior (when SmCo5 forms at the grain boundaries) discard most of the respective elements. The

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Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept. 8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

most interesting results are from the addition of In that results in the precipitation of a Sm-Co-In (assumed) non-magnetic phase with a low melting temperature (1070oC) and fairly good wetting behavior, able to support low temperature liquid phase sintering for achieving almost full density. Figure 5 shows the morphology of this specimen along the fractured section in the micrograph taken by scanning electron microscopy in back scattering mode and distribution of elemental In. Although the grains are considerably large, it appears that the addition of In leads to an increased Hci of up to 8 kOe in Sm12.5(Co0.85Fe0.11Mn0.04)86In1.5 magnets sintered at 1075oC and annealed at 1000oC with a subsequent quenching. The remanence of the best specimens did not exceed 9 kG, which limits the practical use of these magnets.
(a) (b)

Figure 5 (a) BSE SEM image of a fractured surface of Sm12.5(Co0.85Fe0.075Mn0.075)86In1.5 magnet sintered at 1075 oC and (b) indium elemental map for the selected area.

It has been shown in early studies9 that the combined Mn and Fe substitution for Co in Sm2Co17 sintered magnets with the rhombohedral Th2Zn17-type structure results in an increase of both anisotropy constant K1 and saturation magnetization Ms. Moreover, a higher anisotropy can be obtained in the disordered TbCu7-type structure of Sm2Co17 phase, which is mostly favored when applying non-equilibrium synthesis methods such as rapid quenching or mechanical alloying or upon devitrification annealing of non-crystalline precursors synthesized with

these methods. Thus, a recent study10 was focused on Smx(Co,Fe,Mn)100-x (x= 9-16.7 at%) high energy ball milled powder and consolidated magnets prepared by hot pressing. The powder and magnets were isotropic and, for a slightly overstoichiometric composition, the (BH)max was 15.6 MGOe for the annealed Sm11(Co0.85Fe0.075Mn0.075)89 powder and 15.7 MGOe for Sm13(Co0.7Fe0.25Mn0.05)87 hot pressed magnets with a 88% density. Although the level of (BH)max was in the range of that obtained for the Fe substitution alone, the addition of Mn brings a better structural stability of the magnets which can be hot pressed at temperatures as high as 750- 800 oC without the precipitation of unwanted phases (i.e. 1:3, 1:2 phases). The variation of the hysteresis parameters as a function of the annealing temperature between 550 oC and 800 oC for Smx(Co0.85Fe0.075Mn0.075)100-x is given in Figure 6. The efforts to develop nanocomposite counterparts by shifting the composition towards a lean-Sm content were not successful in terms of the achieved levels of (BH)max. What is interesting to note is that a low devitrification annealing temperature (600 oC) may lead to a fine 1:7 / bcc exchange coupled microstructure that exhibits a high 4Mr = 11.4 kG but the respective temperature is apparently not enough to develop a reasonable Hci. For higher annealing temperature (800 oC), which results in an Hci ~ 7 kOe, the exchange coupling is altered as a consequence of microstructure coarsening and a pronounced kink appears in the demagnetization curve. Bulk nanocrystalline SmCo7-xHfx have been produced with 98% full density by spark plasma sintering of the precursor high energy ball milled powder11. However, the dramatic increase of Hci with the Hf addition up to 20.8 kOe for SmCo6.08Hf0.2 is hindered by values of 4Mr below 6 kG. Hysteresis

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Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept. 8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

loops for bulk nanocrystalline specimens with different Hf content is given in Figure 7.

melt-spun binary SmxCo100-x alloys with x ranging from 4 to 16 was also recently revisited12. For the ribbons spun at 40 m/s wheel speed, 1:7 and fcc/hcp Co phases were observed up to x = 12. As expected, Co dendrites precipitate at low Sm content while the microstructure was eutectic when x = 8. For compositions with x = 6 to 10, the Co precipitates are scaled to less than 50 nm with an elongated (rods) morphology and the matrix consists of almost submicron 1:7 grains. For Sm-rich compositions the structure becomes coarser. The formation of 1:5 phase leads to the increase of Hci up to 9.3 kOe, but the maximum energy product is expected to be low due to modest magnetization values. Similar with the case of Fe-Pt and SmFe-N systems for which the magnetic properties are dependent on the structural ordering, the intrinsic coercivity and magnetization / demagnetization processes in Sm-Co melt-spun ribbons can be correlated with the order-disorder phase transformations. In a recent work13, the small addition of C and Nb to the base SmCo composition with a stoichiometry in the neighborhood of 2:17 phase is not necessarily accounted for the relative high Hci (7.85 kOe) as developed through microstructure refinement. The microstructure of (Sm12Co88)94Nb3C3 ribbons spun at 40 m/s is reported to consist of ~100 nm 1:7 grains and ~ 10 nm Co precipitates (however, it may be hard to distinguish fcc Co from fcc NbC). NbC precipitates at the grain boundaries upon annealing, part of the 1:7 phase transforms into the long-range ordered 2:17R phase and Hci is increased to a little over 9 kOe. The authors suggest that the increased role of domain wall pinning observed is a result of the presence of antiphase defects, APD, with a size of ~ 8 nm. The interface between the defects and the matrix acts as domain wall pinning sites in a way similar to the

Figure 6 Effect of annealing temperature on intrinsic coercivity, remanent magnetization and maximum energy product of high-energy milled and annealed Smx(Co0.85Fe0.075Mn0.075)100-x alloys.

Figure 7 Hysteresis loops of the bulk nanocrystalline SmCo7xHfx magnets produced by spark plasma sintering (from ref. 11).

III. Sm-Co ribbons, nanoparticles and nanocomposite powders Sm-Co melt spun ribbons The topic of the evolution of microstructure and magnetic properties in

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Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept. 8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z systems with a 2:17 /1:5 cellular microstructure. The dramatic effect of microstructure refinement14 with the precipitation of RCoC2 carbides that may act as grain growth inhibitors was achieved in Sm-(Co,Fe)-C and Sm-(Co,Fe,Mn)-C melt spun ribbons and is shown in Figure 8. The combined addition of Mn and C did contribute to an intrinsic coercivity of Hci= 11.7 kOe but the largest (BH)max = 14.7 MGOe was reached with a Mn-free Sm13(Co0.75Fe0.25)82.5C4.5 stoichiometry. Stoichiometry and quenching rate dictate the phase composition and, up to a certain extent, C suppresses the formation of the stable 2:17R in favor of the disordered metastable 1:7H14. Another atomic specie know to stabilize the 1:7 structure and increase the anisotropy field is Ti whose addition to SmCo7 lead to a Hci of 9.7 kOe in SmCo7.1Ti0.4 ribbons spun at high wheel speed15. However, the exposure at 750 oC starts to transform 1:7 into 2:17.
(1) (2) (a)

annealing of core/shell structured Co/Sm2O3 nanoparticles17. The intrinsic coercivities at room temperature were 8 kOe and 1.4 kOe, respectively. Isotropic SmCo5/Fe nanocomposite powders were synthesized18 by high temperature reductive annealing of Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in a SmCohydroxide matrix. The general trend of the magnetic properties of this isotropic composite powder is typical: with increasing amounts of Fe nanoparticles incorporated into SmCo5 nanostructured matrix, magnetization increases and intrinsic coercivity declines. Figure 9 shows the structure of the nanocomposite powder together with the hysteresis of the Fe-free SmCo5 and SmCo5Fe1.5 nanocomposites.
(a) (b)

Figure 8 Bright-field TEM images for (1) Sm12(Co0.75Fe0.25)88 and (2a) Sm13(Co0.75Fe0.25)81C6 ribbons spun at 20m/s. EDX spectra for grain-interior and grain boundary region are given in (2b) and (2c) respectively (from ref. 15).

Figure 9 (a) HRTEM image of a single aggregate of the SmCo5/Fe1 nanocomposite powder with the dashed lines circling the nanocrystalline grains of either SmCo5 or Fe. (b) Hysteresis loops of the SmCo5 and SmCo5/Fe1.5 nanocomposite powder (from ref. 19).

Sm-Co nanoparticles and nanocomposite powders Sm2Co17 nanoparticles synthesized by surfactant assisted ball milling were reported16 to have Hci of 3.1 kOe for a particle size of 23 nm. Isotropic nanocrystalline SmCo5 and Sm2Co17 powders were synthesized by reductive

Anisotropic composite Sm(Co0.699Fe0.213Cu0.064Zr0.024)7.4 / nano-Fe powders were synthesized19 by depositing on anisotropic hard magnetic core Sm(Co0.699Fe0.213Cu0.064Zr0.024)7.4 powder, soft magnetic Fe nanoparticles produced by the chemical reduction of FeCl2 with NaBH4. The core powders with the particle size in the range of 10 to 400 m were coated with Fe nanoparticles with particle size below 50 nm. Optimized

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Original manuscript, Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Sept. 8-10, 2008, Crete, Greece _____________________________________________________________________________________________

deposition conditions lead to enhanced remanent magnetization from 10.5 kG to 11 kG with Fe-nanoparticle coating while the squareness of the loop and Hci>25 kOe are also preserved. Upon hot pressing, the Fe nanoparticles transform into a nanolayer distributed around the original core powder. However, some local agglomeration of Fe still occurs. The magnetic properties of the consolidated composite powders are yet to be optimized. Figure 10 shows SEM micrographs of composite Sm(Co0.699Fe0.213Cu0.064Zr0.024)7.4 / nano-Fe free powder and hot pressed magnets.
(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 10 SEM micrograph of a composite Sm(Co0.699Fe0.213Cu0.064Zr0.024)7.4 / nano-Fe free powder (a) and (b) and hot pressed magnet (c).

References 1. M. Marinescu, K. McGinnis, J.F. Liu and M.H. Walmer, this proceeding 2. M. Marinescu, A. M. Gabay, S. Kodat, J. F. Liu and G. C. Hadjipanayis, this proceeding 3. W. M. Pragnell, A. J. Williams and H. E. Evans, J. Appl. Phys., 103 (2008) 07E127 4. J. Tian, S. Zhang, X. Qu, F. Akhtar, S. Tao, J. Alloys and Compounds, 440 (2007) 89

5. M. S. Walmer, C. H. Chen, M. H. Walmer, S. Liu, and G. E. Kuhl, IEEE trans. Magn. 36 (2000) 3376 6. J. F. Liu, P. Vora, P. Dent, M. Walmer, C. Chen, J. Talnagi, S. Wu and M. Harmer, Proc. of Space Nuclear Conference 2007, Boston, Paper 2036 7. M. Q. Huang, Z. Turgut, B.M. Ma, Z. M. Chen, D. Lee, A. Higgins, C. H. Chen, S. Liu, S. Y. Chu, J. C. Horwarth, and R.T. Fingers, J. Appl. Phys. 103 (2008) 07E134 8. A. M. Gabay, M. Marinescu, J. F. Liu, and G. C. Hadjipanayis, J. Appl. Phys. (2008) to be published 9. R. S. Perkins, S. Strssler, and A. Menth, AIP Conf. Proc., no. 29 (1976) 610 10.A. Gabay, J.F. Liu and G.C. Hadjipanayis, J. Appl. Phys. (2008) to be published 11. D. Zhang, M. Yue, L. Pan, Y. Li, G. Xu, W. Liu, and J. Zhang, J. Appl. Phys., 103 (2008) 07E124 12.V.K. Ravindran and J.E. Shield, Metall. and Mat. Trans. A, 38-A (2007) 732 13. S. Aich and J.E. Shield, J. Magn., Magn. Mat., 313 (2007) 76 14. D. Sultana, A. M. Gabay, G.C. Hadjipanayis, J. Appl. Phys., 103 (2008) 07E125 15. Z. Yao, and C. B. Jiang, J. Magn. Magn. Mat., 320 (2008) 1073 16. Y. Wang, Y. Li, C. Rong and J Ping Liu, Nanotechnology 18 (2007) 465701 17. Y. Hou, Z. Xu, S. Peng, C. Rong, J. Ping Liu, and S. Sun, Adv. Mater. 19 (2007) 3349 18. Y. Hou, S. Sun, C. Rong, and J. Ping Liu, Appl. Phys. Lett., 91 (2007) 153117 19. M. Marinescu and J.F. Liu, M. J. Bonder and G.C. Hadjipanayis, J. appl. Phys., 103 (2008) 07E120

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