PI-NET International v. Avis Budget Group Et. Al.

Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1
Filed 05/09/12 Page 1 of 60 Page ID #:2
Andr E. Jardini (State Bar No. 71335)
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2 K.L. Myles (State Bar No. 243272)

3
klmkpclegal.com KNAPP, PETERSEN & CLARK
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Joseph S. Farzam (State Bar No. 210817)
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PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC.
10 Attorneys for Plaintiff

11
12
13
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
14
c V 12 - 04 0 3 6 ~\\~t 1
) NO.
15 PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC.,
16 Plaintiff,
COMPLAINT FOR PATENT

j INFRINGEMENT
)
) )
17 v.
19
DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
18 AVIS BUDGET GROUP, INC., AND AVIS BUDGET CAR RENTAL LLC,
Defendants.
j
20
21
INTRODUCTION
1. Plaintiff
22
23
'nfringement and
PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC., fies this complaint for patent

jury demand against defendants AVIS BUDGET GROUP, INC., and
24
VIS BUDGET CAR RENTAL LLC ("the defendants"), and alleges as follows:
25
PARTIES
2. Plaintiff
26
KNAPP, PETERSEN & CLARKE
PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC. ("PI-NET") is a California
27
orporation with its principal place of
business in Menlo Park, California. PI-NET has been

-1-
28
1472992.1 08000/00951
1 provider of innovative software products, services and solutions that enable distributed
2 ansaction processing and control over public and private networks, including, without
3 imitation, the Internet and the World Wide Web.

4
3.
The patents asserted here were issued to Dr. Lakshmi Arunachalam, PI-NET'S
5 ounder. The patents disclose the fundamental technology underlying Web commerce by
6 se of
Web applications. The patents describe a method and apparatus for providing realthe pioneering
7 ime, two-way transactional capabilities on the Web. The examples of
8 echnology in the patents encompass the transactions commonly entered into by defendants
9 ith their vehicle rental customers.
10
11
4.
Defendants AVIS BUDGET GROUP, INC. and AVIS BUDGET CAR
NTAL LLC (collectively "AVIS") are headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey. AVIS
12 perates as a car rental company, in the United States under the names Avis and Budget.
13
JURISDICTION AND VENUE

5.
This action arises under the patent laws of
14
the United States, Title 35, United
15 States Code, including 35 U.S.c. sections 271 and 281-285. This Court has jurisdiction
16 ver the action pursuant to 28 U.S.c. sections 1331 and 1338(a).

17
6.
Upon information and belief, defendants are subject to this Court's specific
18 nd general personal jurisdiction due at least to their substantial business within the State of
19 alifornia and this judicial distrct, including:

20
(a)
Operating a vehicle rental business by use of Internet transaction
21 capabilities which infringe the patents herein alleged in California and in this judicial
22 district; and
23
(b)
Regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent
24 courses of conduct; and/or

25
(c)
Deriving substantial revenue from products and/or services provided to
26 individuals in California and in this judicial district.

27
7.
Venue is proper in this
judicial district under 28 U.S.c. sections 1391(b) (c)
28 nd (d) and 28 U.S.c. section 1400(b).

-214729921 08000/00951
GENERAL ALLEGATIONS
8.
On November 16. 1999, the United States Patent and Trademark Office duly
3 nd legally issued United States Patent Number 5,987,500 (the '''500 patent") entitled
4 'Value-Added Network System For Enabling Real-Time, By-Directional Transactions On A
5 etwork" to Dr. Lakshmi Arnachalam. PI-NET is the assignee of all rights, title and
6 'nterest in the '500 patent including the right to recover damages for past infringement. A
7 opy of
the '500 patent is attached to the complaint as exhibit A.

9.
On January 31,2012, the United States Patent and Trademark Office duly and
9 egally issued United States Patent Number 8,108,492 (the '''492 patent") entitled "Web
10 pplication Network Portal" to Dr. Lakshmi Arunachalam. PI-NET is the assignee of all
11 'ghts, title and interest in the '492 patent, including the right to recover damages for past
12 'nfringement. A copy of
the '492 patent is attached to the complaint as exhibit B.
13 10. The '500 patent is valid and enforceable.
14 11. The '492 patent is valid and enforceable.
15 12. Defendants infrnge the '500 patent directly, contrbutorily and/or by active
16 'nducement by conducting real-time two-way transactions from Web applications across the
17 eb concerning rental transactions for automobiles and/or trucks. Such capabilities include
18 reservations system, payment information, pickup and drop-off times and locations,
19 election of a class of
vehicle, and other detailed information. This real-time two-way
20 ansactional capability on the Web is described in the '500 patent and infringed by
21 efendants.
22
13.
Defendants infringe the '492 patent directly, contrbutorily and/or by active
23 'nducement by conducting real-time two-way transactions from Web applications across the
24 eb concerning rental transactions for automobiles and/or trucks. Such capabilities include
25 reservations system, payment information, pickup and drop-off times and locations,
26 election of a class of
vehicle, and other detailed information. This real-time two-way
KNAPP,
& CLARKE
27 ransactional capability on the Web is described in the '492 patent and infringed by
PETERSEN 28
efendants.
-3\472992.\ 08000100951
14.
The online capabilities of defendants AVIS infringe the '500 and '492 patents,
2 xemplified, in part, by the following screen shot of its opening screen which displays the
3 eservation, location and vehicle selection applications of the inventions of
the patents-in-
4
5
6 7
8
9
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18 19
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15.
Defendants' infringing acts have been without express or implied license by

PI-NET'
20 I-NET, and/or in violation of
S rights or claims for relief.

RELIEF
21 FIRST CLAIM FOR
22 INFRIGEMENT OF THE '500 PATENT

23
16.
PI-NET incorporates by reference each and every allegation in paragraphs 1
24 hrough 15, as though fully set forth herein.

25
17.
Defendants have been and now are infringing, inducing the infringement of,
the '500 patent, literally and/or under the doctrine
26 nd/or contributing to the infringement of
KNAPP, PETERSEN
27
f equivalence, by conducting real-time two-way transactions on the Web in connection

ith the rental of vehicles to their customers.
-414729921 0800010095 i
& CLARKE 28
18.
PI - NET has not authorized the defendants to use its technology for
2 ansactions over the Web with its customers as covered by the '500 patent.
3
19. As a result of defendants' infringing conduct, PI -NET has suffered and will
4 ontinue to suffer, substantial and irreparable damage. Upon information and belief,
5 efendants' infringement, induced infringement and/or its contributory infringement of
the
6 500 patent will continue unless enjoined by this Court.

7 20. Defendants' infringement is and has been willfuL.
8 21. Upon information and belief, to the extent defendants lacked actual knowledge
9 fthe '500 patent prior to this lawsuit, at a minimum they had constructive notice of
the '500
10 atent by operation of at least 35 U.S.C. section 287.

11
22.
PI-NET has no adequate remedy at law for defendants' infringement,

the '500 patent. Unless the
12 ontrbutory infringement, and/or induced infringement of
13 efendants' infringing activities are enjoined by this Court, PI-NET wil continue to suffer
14 onetary damages in an amount not yet determined.
15 SECOND CLAIM FOR RELIEF

16 INFRINGEMENT OF THE '492 PATENT
17
23.
PI - NET incorporates by reference each and every allegation in paragraphs 1
18 hrough 22, as though fully set forth herein.

19
24.
Defendants have been and now are infringing, inducing the infringement of,
the '492 patent, literally and/or under the doctrine
20 nd/or contributing to the infringement of
21 f equivalents, by conducting real-time two-way transactions on the Web in connection with

22 he rental of vehicles to their customers.
23
25. PI-NET has not authorized the defendants to use its technology for
ansactions over the Web with its customers as covered by the '492 patent.
26. As a result of defendants' infringing conduct, PI-NET has suffered and will
ontinue to suffer, substantial and irreparable damage. Upon information and belief,
efendants' infringement, induced infringement and/or its contributory infringement of
24
25
26
27
the
28 500 patent will continue unless enjoined by this Court.
-5i 472992.1 08000100951
27.
Defendants had knowledge of the '492 patent prior to filing of this complaint
2 ut have continued to engage in their infringing conduct nonetheless. Defendants'
3 'nfringement is and has been willfuL.

4
28.
Upon information and belief, to the extent any defendants lacked actual
5 owledge of the '492 patent prior to this lawsuit, at a minimum they had constructive
6 otice of
the '500 patent by operation of at least 35 U.S.c. section 287.
29.
PI -NET has no adequate remedy at law for defendants' infringement,

the '492 patent. Unless the
8 ontributory infringement, and/or induced infringement of
9 efendants' infringing activities are enjoined by this Court, PI-NET will continue to suffer
10 onetary damages in an amount not yet determined.
11 PRAYER FOR RELIEF

12 WHEREFORE, PI-NET prays for judgment:
13
1.
That defendants have infringed, contributorily infringed and/or actively

the '500 patent.
14 induced infringement of
15
2.
That defendants have infrnged, contrbutorily infringed and/or actively
16 induced infringement of the '492 patent.

17 18
19 of
3.
That defendants' infringement was wilfuL.
4.
infringement of
That defendants be preliminarily and permanently enjoined from further acts

the '500 patent.
20
5.
That defendants be preliminarily and permanently enjoined from further acts
21 of infringement of the '492 patent.

22
23 infringement of
6.
That PI-NET be awarded damages adequate to compensate for defendants'

the '500 patent.
24
7.
That PI-NET be awarded damages adequate to compensate for defendants'
25 infringement of the '492 patent.

26
KNAPP, PETERSEN
8.
That PI-NET be awarded prejudgment interest and post-judgment interest at
27 the maximum rate allowed by law.

9.
& CLARKE 28
That the Court declare this to be an exceptional case pursuant to 35 U.S.c.

-6-
1472992.1 08000100951
1 section 285, and award PI-NET its attorneys' fees.

2 10. That the Court award PI-NET enhanced damages pursuant to 35 U.S.C.
3 section 284.
4 11. That the Court award a compulsory future royalty.
5 12. That PI-NET be awarded costs of Court; and

6 13. That PI -NET be awarded such other and further relief as the Court deems just
7
8
and proper.
9 Dated: May 8, 2012

10
11
-- (.
By:
12
13
14
15
Andr E. Jar ini K.L. Myles Attorneys for Plai PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC.
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-71472992.1 08000100951
1 DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL

2 Plaintiff
PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC. hereby demands a tral by jury in this
matter.
4
5
Dated: May 8, 2012
6 7
8
- ..
By:
9 10
11
Andr E. J ardi i K.L. Myles Attorneys for Plainti PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC.
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-81472992.1 08000100951
EXHIBIT A
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111~I11111111111111111111111111111
US005987500A
United States Patent (I9)

Arnachalam
(54) VALUE-ADDED NETWORK SYSTEM FOR
(11)
Patent Number:
5,987,500
*Nov. 16, 1999
(45)
Date of Patent:
ENABLING RE-TIME, BY-DIRCTIONAL
(56)
References Cited
TRSACTIONS ON A NETWORK
(751 Inventor: Lakshmi Arunachalam, Menlo Park,
PUBLICATONS
"Coding with HTML forms: HTML goes interactive",

Andrew Davidson, Dr. Dobb'slournal, V20, N6,lun.I995,
Calif.
(73) Asignee: Pi-Net International, Inc., Menlo Park,

Calif.
(*) Notice:
This patent issued on a continued pros-
p. I6. Primary Exallirier-Robert B. Harrell Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Blakely, Sokoloff, Taylor &
Zafman LLP
(57)
ABSTRACT
ecution application filed under 37 CFR 1.53(d), and is subject to the twenty year
patent term proviions of 35 U.S.c.
154(a)(2).
(21) App!. No.: 08/879,958
(22) Filed: Jun. 20, 1997
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for providing real-time, two-way transactional capabilities on the Web. Specifically, one embodiment of the present invention discloses a confgurable value-added network switch for enablig real-time transactions on the World Wide Web. The configurable value added network switch comprises a system for switching to a transactional application in response
to a user specification from a World Wide Web application, a system means for transmitting a transaction request from
Related U.S. Application Data

(62j
(60)
Division of application No. 08(700,726, Aug. 5, 1996, Pat.
No.5, 778, 178
the transactional application, and a system for processing the
transaction request. Additionally, a method for enabling

object routing is disclosed, comprising the steps of creating
a virtual information store containing information entries
Provisional application No. 60/006,634, Nov. 13, 1995.
(51j (52) (58)
Int. Ci. 6 ....... ......... ...... ................... ............. G06F 13/00 U.S. Ci. .............................................................. 709/203
Field of Search ........................ 364/DIG. I, DIG. 2;

395/762, 200.3, 200.3I, 200.32, 200.43,
and attributes associating each of the information entries and the attributes with an object identity, and asigning a unique network address to each of the object identities. Finally, a method is diclosed for enabling service management of the value-added network service, to perform OAM&P functions
on the services network.
35 Claims, I3 Drawing Sheets
68I, 682, 683, 684, 685, 689; 709/200,

201, 202, 203, 213, 30I, 302, 303, 304,
305; 710/200
USER CONNECTS TO WEe SERVER RUNNNG AN EXCHAGE
802
EXCHAGE ACllVA TES GRAPHICAl USER INTERFACE TO PRESET USE WITH LAST
80
OF POSVC APPlIATION OPTIOS
812
,818
9'
u.s. Patent
Nov. 16, 1999
Sheet 1 of 13
5,987,500
CAR WEB
DEALER
SERVER
CAR DEALER
105
BROWSE
LINK
104
103
WEB BROWSER
102
http://www.car.com
FIG.
I A (PRIOR ART)
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u.s. Patent
Nov. 16, 1999
Sheet 2 of 13
5,987,500
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Sheet 4 of 13
5,987,500
300 r OSIMODEL
APPLICATION
307
PRESENTATION
306
SESSION
305
TRANSPORT
304
NETORK
303
DATA LINK
302
PHYSICAL
301
FIG. 3
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BACK
OFFICE
WEB SITE
SERVICE CHANNELS
e . r.
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.WEBSERVER
DATABASE MIDDLEWARE
l"------------.O/S
HARDWARE
TELCO WIRELESS CATV
: MIDDLEWARE
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS
CARRIERS
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----------"' APPLICATIONS
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__________.. OPERATING i SYSTEM KIOSK i HARDWARE ~------------- 'ATM CASH REGISTER : HARDWARE i i LIVE TELLEA
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FIG. 4A
SERVICE CHANNELS
TRANSWEB EXCHANGE
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DATABAS l MIDDLEWARE E
WEB PAGE
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CARRIERS
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Ul
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----------"' APPLICATIONS
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HARDWARE .------------- .ATM CASH REGISTER : HARDWARE i LIVE TELLER i
ti
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48
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u.s. Patent
Nov. 16, 1999
Sheet 6 of 13
5,987,500
. .
.
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USER
100
.. -
TRANSACTIONS BUlTON
500
WEB PAGE 105

WEB SERVER 104
FIG. 5A
OPERATOR AGENT
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WEB
SERVER
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ll
EXCHANGE 501
WEB PAGE
POINT-OFSERVICE APPLICATIONS 505 510
VAN
SWITCH
OBJECT ROUTER
520
525
FIG.
58
/5
U.S. Patent
Nov. 16, 1999
Sheet 7 of 13
5,987,500
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POINT-OF- SERVICE APPLICATIONS

BANK (1) CAR DEALER (2) PIZZERIA (3)
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WEB PAGE 505
~XCHANGE 501~
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Nov. 16, 1999
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Sheet 9 of 13
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BANK
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Sheet 10 of 13
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Sheet 11 of 13
5,987,500
WEB
SERVER (NODE)
123.123.123.123
OBJECT 1
~
OBJECT
~ OTHER
OBJECTS
OBJECT
123.123.123.123.1
123.123.123.123.3
123.123.123.123.2
FIG.
68
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u.s. Patent
Nov. 16, 1999
Sheet 12 of 13
5,987,500
r VAN SWITCH 520
SWITCHING BOUNDARY
SERVICE SERVICE
702 701
~ 704
MANAGEMENT APPLICATION
SERVICE SERVICE
FIG. 7
c:1
u.s. Patent
Nov. 16, 1999
Sheet 13 of 13
5,987,500
USER CONNECTS TO WEB SERVER RUNNING AN EXCHANGE
~
,
+
L5802
USER ISSUES REQUEST FOR TRANSACTIONAL APPLICATION
i-804
~806
WEB SERVER HANDS OFF REQUEST TO EXCHANGE
,
EXCHANGE ACTIVATES GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE TO PRESENT USER WITH LAST OF POSVC APPLICATION OPTIONS
Ls 808
+
USER MAKES REQUEST FROM POSVC APPLICATION LIST
~810
T
SWITCHING COMPONENT IN EXCHANGE
~8
12
SWITCHES USER TO
SELECTED POSVC APPLICATION
l
-,
OBJECT ROUTING COMPONENT
~814
EXECUTES USER'S REQUEST
DATA RETRIEVED FROM DATA REPOSITORY VIA TMP
~816
Ls81 8
,
USER CONTINUES TRANSACTION (OPTIONAL) OR ENDS TRANSACTION
(E
FIG. 8
cJ~
5,987,500
1 VALUE-ADDED NETWORK SYSTEM FOR
2 application scripts must be created for each account, as

illustrated in FIG. lB. The bank thus has to create individual scripts for each of its services to offer usrs access to these servces. User 100 can then interact in a liited fashion with
5 these individual applications. Creating and managing indi-
ENABliNG RE-TIME, BY-DIRCTIONAL TRNSACTIONS ON A NETWORK

RELATED APPLICATONS
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08nOO,726, filed Aug. 5, I996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,778,I78.
FIELD OF THE INVENTON
vidual CGI scripts for each service is not a viable solution for merchants with a large number of services. As the Web expands and electronic commerce becomes
more desirable, the need increases for robust, real-time,
10 bi-directional transactional capabilities on the Web. A true The present invention relates to the area of Internet real-time, bi-directional transaction would allow a user to communications. Specifically, the present invention relates connect to a variety of services on the Web, and perform
to a method and apparatus for configurable value-added
real-time transactions on those services. For example,
network switching and object routing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVNTON

With the Internet and the World Wide Web ("the Web") evolving rapidly as a viable consumer medium for electronic
although user IOO can browse car dealer Web page IOs 15 today, the user cannot purchase the car, negotiate a car loan or perform other types of real-time, two-way transactions
that he can perform with a live salesperson at the car

20 that he desires to perform, such as purchas a car, and
dealership. Ideally, user IOO in FIG. IA would be able to access car dealer Web page 105, select specifc transactions
perform the purchase in real-time, with two-way interaction capabilities. CGI applications provide user 100 with a limited ability for two-way interaction with car dealer Web page
obtain a loan and complete the purchase of the car via a COL
commerce, new on-line services are emerging to fill the

needs of on-line users. An Internet user today can browse on
the Web via the use of a Web browser. Web browsers are software interfaces thai run on Web clients to allow access
to Web servers via a simple user interface. A Web user's
IOs, but due to the lack of interaction and management capabilities today from a Web browser are, however, extremely limited. The user can perform one-way, browse- 25 between the car dealer and the bank, he wil not be able to
only interactions. Additionally, the user has limited

"deferred" transactional capabilties, namely electronic mail (e-mail) capabilties. E-mail capabilities are referred to as "deferred transactions" because the consumer's request is
application. The ability to compleie robust real-time, twoway transactions is thus not truly available on the Web today.
not proces."ed until the e-mail is received, read, and the 30

person or system reading the e-mail executes the transaction. This transaction is ihus not performed in real-time.
SUMMAY OF THE INVNTON
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for providing real-time, two-way FlG. lA illustrates typical user interactions on the Web transactional capabilities on the Web. Specifically, one today. User 100 sends out a request from Web browser 102 35 embodiment of the present invention discloses a configin the form of a universal resource locator (URL) I01 in the urable value-added network switch for enabling real-time following manner: http://ww.car.com. URL 101 is protransactions on the World Wide Web. The configurable value cesd by Web browser 102 that determines the URL coradded network switch compries means for switching to a responds to car dealer Web page 105, on car dealer Web transactional application in response to a user specifcalion server 104. Web browser 102 then establihes browse link 40 from a World Wide Web application, means for transmitting
103 to car dealer Web page 105. User 100 ca browse Web
page 105 and select "hot li" to jump to other locations in
a transaction request from the transctional application, and
means for procesing the tranction request. Web page 105, or to move to other Web pages on the Web. According to another aspect of the present invention, a This interaction is typically a browse-only interaction. method and apparatus for enablig object routing on the Under limited circumstances, the usr may be able to fill out 45 World Wide Web is dislosed. The method for enabling
a form on car dealer Web page 105, and e-mail the form to car dealer Web server 104. This interaction is stil strictly a one-way browse mode communications link, with the e-mail providing limited, deferred transactional capabilities.
two-way servces on the Web via Common Gateway Interobject routing comprises the steps of creatig a virtal information store containing information entries and
attributes, asociating each of the information entres and the
attributes with an objeci ideniity, and asigning a unique

network address to each of the object identities.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present
Under liited circumstances, a user may have access to 50
face (CGI) applications. CGI is a standard interface for

runing external programs on a Web server. It allows Web
servers to .create documents dynamically when the server receives a request from the Web browser. When the Web 55
server receives a request for a document, the Web server
invention wil be apparent from the accmpanyiiig drawings and from the detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
dynamically executes the appropriate CGI script and transbe apparent from the accmpanying drawings and from the mits the output of the execution back to the requesting Web detailed description of the present invention as set forth browser. This interaction can thus be termed a "two-way" transaction. It is a severely limited transaction, however, 60 below. FIG. IA is an illustration of a current user's browse because each CGI applicaiion is customized for a particular capabilities on the Web via a Web browser. type of application or service. FIG. IB is an illustration of a current user's capabilities For example, as ilustrated in FIG. IB, user IOO may to perform limited transactions on the Web via COL appliaccess bank I50's Web server and attempt to perform
transactions on checking account I52 and to make a pay- 65 cations. FlO. 2 illustrates a typical computer system on which the ment on loan account I54. In order for user IOO to access present invention may be utilized. checking account 152 and loan account 154 on the Web, CGI
The features and advantages of the present invention wil
;)3
5,987,500
3
FIG.
and instructions. A data storage medium 208 contaimng digital information is configured to operate with mass storage device 207 to allow processor 202 access to the digital FIG. 4A ilustrates conceptually the user value chain as it information on data storage medium 208 via bus 201. exists today. Processor 202 may be any of a wide variety of general FIG.4B illustrates one embodiment of the present inven- 5 purose processors or microprocessrs such as the Pention. tium microprocessor manufactured by InteFM CorporaFIG. SA ilustrates a user accessing a Web server includtion or the Motorola 68040 or Power PCTM brand micro3 ilustrates the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
ModeL.
ing one embodiment of the present invention.
processor manufactured by manufactured by Motorola
FIG. SB illustrates the exchange component according to 10 Corporation. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in one embodiment of the present nvention. the art, however, that other varieties of processors may also be used in a particular computer system. Display device 205 FIG. SC illustrates an example of a point-of-service may be a liquid crystal device, cathode ray tube (CRT), or (POSvc) application lit. other suitable display device. Mass storage device 207 may FIG. SD illustrates a user selecting a bank POSvc appLi15 be a conventional hard disk drive, floppy disk drive, cation from the POSvc application list. CD-ROM drive, or other magnetic or optical data storage FIG. SE illustrates a three-way transaction accordig to device for reading and writing information stored on a hard one embodiment of the present invention. disk, a floppy disk, a CD-ROM a magnetic tape, or other FIG. 6A illustrates a value-added network (VAN switch. magnetic or optical data storage medium. Data storage FIG. 6B illustrates the hierarchical addressing tree struc- 20 medium 208 may be a hard disk, a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, ture of the networked objects in DOLSms. a magnetic tape, or other magnetic or optical data storage medium. 7 illustrates conceptually the layered architecture of FIG. a VAN switch. In general, processor 202 retrieves processing instructions and data from a data storage medium 208 using mass storage FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of
the present invention.
25 device 207 and downloads this information into random access memory 203 for execution. Processor 202, then
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
executes an instruction stream from random access memory
context of the present specifcation includes conventional
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus 30 flow of instructions executed by procesr 202. Equivalent for configurable value-added network switching and object input device 206 may also be a pointing device such as a routing and management. "Web browset' as usd in the conventional mouse or trackball device. The results of tbis
203 or read-only memory 204. Command selections and information input at input device 206 are used to direct the
Web browsers such as NCSA Mosaic from NCSA and processing execution are then displayed o.n display device 205. Netscape Mosaic from Netscape. The present invention 35 The preferred embodiment of the present invention is is independent of the Web browser being utilized and the
usr can use any Web browser, without modifcations to the
implemented as a software module, which may be executed
Web browser. In the following detailed description, numer-
on a computer system such as computer system 200 in a
ous specific details are sel forth in order to provide a
conventional manner. Using well known techniques, the thorough understanding of the present invention. It wil be 40 application software of the preferred embodiment is stored on data storage medium 208 and subsequently loaded into apparent to one of ordinar skil in the art, however, that and executed within computer system 200. Once initiated, these specifc details need not be used to practice the present
invention. In other instances, well-known strctures, interthe softare of the preferred embodiment operates in the
faces and processes have not been shown in detail in order

not to unecessariy obscure the present invention.
45
manner described below. 3 ilustrates the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) FIG.
2 illustrates a typical computer system 200 in which FIG. the present invention operates. The preferred embodiment of
the present invention is implemented on an IBMTM Personal
reference modeL. OSI Model 300 is an international standard that provides a common basis for the coordination of standarcls development, for the purose of systems interconnec-
tion. The present invention is implemented to function as a Computer manufactured by IBM Corporation of Armonk, N.Y. AIternate embodiments may be implemented on a 50 routing switch within the "application layet' of the OSI
Macintosh computer manufactured by Apple
modeL. The model defines seven layers, with each layer
Computer, Incorprated of Cupertino, Calif. It wil be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other alternative computer system architectures may als be employed. In general, such computer systems as ilustrated by FIG. 55 lille Data li layer 302 is the next layer above physical layer 301. Data lin layer 302 transmits chunk across the 2 comprise a bus 201 for communicating information, a
processor 202 coupled with the bus 201 for processing
link and deal with problems lie checksumming to detect
data corruption, orderly coordination of the use of shared
communicating with its peer layer in another node through layer 30I is the lowest layer, the use of a protocol. Physical with responsibility to transmit unstructured bits across a
information, main memory 203 coupled with the bus 20I for media and addressing when multiple systems are reachable. storing information and instructions for the processor 202, a read-only memory 204 coupled with the bus 20I for storing 60 Network bridges operate within data link layer 302. Network layer 303 enables any pair of systems in the static information and instructions for the processor 202, a network to communicate with each other. Network layer 303 display device 205 coupled with the bus 20I for displaying
information for a computer user, an input device 206 coupled with the bus 20I for communicating information
contains hardware units such as routers, that handle routing,
packet fragmentation and reassembly of packets. Transport

layer 304 establishes a reliable communication stream
and command selections to the processr 202, and a mass 65
storage device 207, such as a magnetic disk and associated disk drive, coupled with the bus 201 for storing information
between a pair of systems, dealing wiih errors such as lost

packets, duplicate packets, packet reordering and fragmen-
dt/
5,987,500
5
tation. Session layer 305 offers seivices above the simple
6
example, usr 100 can select button 500, entitled "Transac-
communication stream provided by transport layer 304.

Thes servces include dialog control and chaining. Presen-
tions" and Web seiver 104 bands user IOO's request over to
the exchange component. The button and the title can be

replace by any mechanism that can instruct a Web server to
tation layer 306 provides a means by which OSI compliant applications can agree on representations for data. Finally, application layer 307 includes services such as fie transfer, access and management seivices (ITAM), electronic mail
and virtual terminal (VI seivices. Application layer 307
hand over the consumer's request to the exchange component.
FIG. 5B illustrates exchange 501. Exchange 50I comprises Web page 50S and point-of-seivice (POSvc) applications 510. Excbange SOl als conceptually includes a
provides a means for application programs to access the OSI environment. As described above, the present invention is 10 (::~~~;d ::~r~e~~t:i~dbe~~w)~j;gs~~u:~~liC~::~ein~ implemented to function as a routing switch in application are transactional applications, namely applications that are layer 307. Application layer routing creates an open channel designed to incorporate and take advantage of the capabilifor the management, and the selective flow of data from ties provided by the present invention. Although exchange remote databases on a network. 501 is depicted as residing on Web seiver I04, the exchange A. Oveiview 15 can also reside on a separate computer system tbat resides on FlG. 4A ilustrates conceptually the user value chain as it the Internet and bas an Internet address. Exchange 501 may exists today. The user value chain in FlG. 4A depicts the also include operator agent 503 that interacts with a man-
agement manager (described in more detail below). Exchange 501 creates and allows for the management (or "transaction" for the purposes of the present invention 20 distributed control) of a service network, operating within includes any type of commercial or other type of interaction the boundaries of an IP-based facilties network. Thus, that a user may want to perform. Examples of transactions exchange 501 and a management agent component, include a deposit into a bank account, a request for a loan described in more detail below, under the headings "VAN from a bank, a purchase of a car from a car dealership or a Switch and Object Routing," together perform the purchase of a car with fiancing from a banle A large variety 25 switching, object routing, application and service manageof other transactions are also possible. ment functions according to one embodiment of the present
channels through which the transactions are performed. A
A typical user transaction today may involve user iOO
types of transactions that are performed today, and the
walkng into a bank or driving up to a teller machine, and
invention.
displays an exchange Web page 505 that includes a list of machine (ATM) software applications. Alternatively, user 30 POSvc applications 5IO accessible by excbange SOl. A 100 can perform the same transaction by using a personal POSvc application is an application that can execute the type computer (PC), activating application software on his PC to of transaction that the user may be interested in performing. access his bank account, and dialing into the bank via a The POSvc list is displayed via the graphical user interface modem line. If usr 100 is a Web user, however, there is no component. One embodiment of the present invention supcurrent mechanism for performing a robust, real-time trans- 35 ports HyperText Markup Language as the graphical user action with the bank as illustrated in FIG. 4A. COL scripts interface component. Virtual Reality Markup Language and
interacting with a live bank teller, or automated teller
Exchange 50I processes the consumer's request and
provide only limited two-way capabilties, as described above. Thus, due to this lack of a robust mechanism by which real-time Web transactions can be performed, the
bank is unable to be a tre "Web merchant," namely a 40
Java are also supported by this embodiment. A varety of

other graphical user interface standards can als be utiized
to implement the graphical user interface.

An example of a POSvc application list is illustrated in FIG. Sc. User 100 can thus select from POSvc applications Bank 510(I), Car Oealer 510(2) or Pizzeria 510(3). Numer-
merchant capable of providing complete transactional services on the Web.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, as
ous other POSvc applications can als be included in tbis

selection. If user 100 desires to perform a number of banng
ilustrated in FIG. 4B, each merchant that desires to be a
Web merchant can provide real-time transactional capabil- 45 transactions, and selects the Bank application, a Ban ties to usrs who desire to access the merchants' services via POSvc application wil be activated and presented to usr
the Web. This embodiment includes a seivice network

running on top of a facilities network, namely the Internet,
the Web via Web server "switching" sites. (Switching is
desribed in more detail below). Users may also utilize other
100, as ilustrated in FIG. 50. For the purposes of
the Web or e-mail networks. For the purposes of this a different computer system (Web server 104) from the application, users are described as utilzing PC's to access 50 computer systems of the Web merchants running POSvc
applications (computer system 200). Exchange 501 may,
illustration, exchange 50I in FIG. 50 is shown as running on
however, also be 00 tbe same computer system as one or
components interact to provide this service network ing data from a host or data repository 575 in the Bank functionality, namely an exchange, an operator agent, a "Back Offce." The Bank Back Offce comprises legacy management agent, a management manager and a graphical databases and other data repositories tbat are utilized by the user interface. Al five components are described in more 60 Bank to store its data. 1bs connection between user iOO and
detail below.
personal devices such as network computers or cellular more of the computer systein of the Web mercbants. devices to access the merchants' seivices via appropriate Once Bank POSvc application 510 has been activated, switching sites. These switching sites include non-Web 55 user iOO will be ahle to connect to Bank seivices and utilize network computer sites and cellular provider sites. Five the application to perform banking transactions, thus access-
operator agent on Web server I04 may be activated to ensure server I04 receives user IOO's indication that he desires 10 65 the availability of distributed functions and capabilities. perform real-time transactions, the request is handed over 10 Each Web merchant may choose Ihe types of seivices that
As ilustrated in FIG. 5A, user 100 accesses Web server I04. Having accessed Web seiver I04, user iOO can decide that he desires to perform real-time transactions. Wben Web
Bank seivices is managed by excbange 501. As illustrated in FIG. 50, once the connection is made between Bank POSvc
application 510(I), for example, and Bank services, an
an exchange component. Thus, from Web page ios, for
it would like to offer its clienis. In this example, if Bank
25
5,987,500
7
decided to include in their POSvc application access to checking and savings accounts, user 100 will be able to
perform real-time transactions against his checkig and
8
identity. The networked object identity identifies the infor-
mation entries and attributes in the DOLSIB as individual

networked objects, and each networked object is asigned an Internet address. The Internet address is asigned based on
5 the IP address of the node at which the networked object
savings accounts. Thus, if user 100 moves $500 from his checking account into his savings account, the transaction will be performed in real-time, in the same manner the
resides. For example, in FIG. SA, Web server I04 is a node on the transaction would have been performed by a live teller at the Internet, with an IP address. All networked object associated bank or an AT machine. Therefore, unlike his prior access with Web server I04 will therefore be asigned an Internet to his account, user 100 now has the capability to do more than browse his bank account. The ability to perform these 10 address based on the Web server I04's IP address. These networked objects thus "branch" from the node, creating a typcs of robust, real-time transactions from a Wcb client is
a signifcant aspect of the present invention.
hierarchical tree structure. The Internet address for each
networked object in the tree essentially establihes the Bank can also decide to provide other types of services in individual object as an "IP-reachable" or accessible node on POSvc application 5IO(1). For example, Bank may agree with Car dealership to allow Bank cutomers to purchase a 15 the Internet. TMP utilies this Internet address to uniquely identify and access the object from the DOLSIB' FIG. 6B car from that dealer, request a car loan from Bank and have ilustrates an example of this hierarchical addressing tree the entire transaction performed on the Web, as ilustrated in strcrure. FIG. 5E. In this instance, the transactions are not merely Each object in the DOLSIB has a name, a syntax and an two-way, between the tLser and Bank, but three-way, amongst the consumer, Bank and Car dealership. According 20 encoding. The name is an administratively assigned object ID specifying an object type. The object type together with La one aspect of the present invention, this three-way transaction can be expanded to n-way transactions, where n represents a predetermined number of merchants or other
service providers who have agreed to cooperate to provide
the object instance serves to uniquely identify a specific instantiation of the object. For example, if object 6IO is information about models of cars, then one instance of that
25 object would provide user 100 with information about a specific model of the car whie another instance would
services to users. The present invention therefore allows for "any-to-any" communication and transactions on the Web, thus facilitating a large, flexible variety of robust, real-time
transactions on the Web.
provide information about a diferent model of the car. The syntax of an object type defines the abstract data structure
corresponding to that object type. Encoding of objects
Finally, Bank may also decide to provide intra-merchant

or intra-bank services, together with the inter-merchant
30 defines how the object is represented by the object type

syntax while being transmitted over the network. C. Management and Administration As described above, exchange 50I and management agent
services described above. For example, if Bank creates a POSvc application for use by the Bank Payroll department, Bank may provide its own employees with a means for
submitting timecards for payroll processing by the Dank's
601 together constitute a VAN switch. FIG. 7 ilustrates
Human Resources (HR) Department. An employee selects 35 conceptually the layered architecture of VAN switch 520. Specifically, boundary service 701 provides the interfaces the Bank HR POSvc application, and submits his timecard. between VAN switch 520, the Internet and the Web, and The employee's timecard is processed by accessing the multi-media end user devices such as PCS, televisions or employee's payroll information, stored in the Bank's Back telephones. Boundary service 701 also provides the interface Offce. The transaction is thus processd in real-time, and the 40 to the on-line service provider. A user can ronnect to a local employee receives his paycheck immediately. application, namely one accessible via a local VAN switch, B. Van Switching and Object Routing or be routed or "switched" to an application accessible via As described above, exchange 501 and management agent a remote VAN switch. 601, ilustrated in FIG. 6A together constitute a value-added Switching servce 702 is an OSI application layer switch. network (VAN switch. These two elements may take on diferent roles as necessary, including peer-to-peer, client- 45 Switching service 702 thus represents the core of the VAN switch. It performs a number of tasks including the routing server or master-slave roles. Management manager 603 is of user connections to remote VAN switches, described in ilustrated as residing on a separate computer system on the the paragraph above, multiplexing and prioritization of Internet. Management manager 603 can, however, also requests, and flow control. Switching servce 702 also reside on the same machine as exchange SOl. Management 50 faciltates open systems' connectivity with both the Internet manager 603 interacts with the operator agent 503 residing (a public switched network) and private networks including on exchange 501. back offce networks, such as bang networks. InterconVAN switch 520 provides multi-protocol object routing,
depending upon the specifc VAN services chosen. Ths

incorporates the same security features as the traditional
nected application layer switches form the application net-
work backbne. These switches are one significant aspect of multi-protocol object routing is provided via a proprietary protocol, TransWeb Management Protocol (TP). TMP 55 the present invention.
Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP. It also allows for the integration of other traditional security
Management service 703 contains tools such as Information Management Services (IMS) and application Network
Management Services (NMS). These tools are used by the end users to manage network resources, including VAN mechanisms, including RSA security mechanisms. One embodiment of the present invention utilizes TMP 60 switches. Management service 703 also provides applications that perform Operations, Administration, Maintenance and distributed on-line service information bases & Provisioning (OAM&P) functions. These OAM&P func(DOLSIBs) to perform object routing. Alternatively, TMP tions include security management, fault management, concan incorporate s-HTIP, Javani, the WinSock API or ORB figuration management, performance management and billwith DOLSlBs to perform object routing. DOLSIBs are
information store are associated with a networked object
the present invention.
virtual information stores optimized for networkig. All 65 ing management. Providing OAM&P functions for applications in this manner is another significant aspect of information entries and attributes in a DOLSIB virtual
;2?
5,987,500
9
Finally, application service 704 contains application programs tliat deliver customer services. Application service
10
transactional application further includes means for creating
a transaction lin between said network application and said
704 includes POSvc applications sucli as Ban POSvc
transactional application.
4. The configurable value-added network switch as descnbed above, and illustrated in FIG. 6A. Other examples of VAN services include multi-media messaging, archivaV 5 claimed in claim 2 wherein said means for receiving said usr specification futher compris: retrieval management, directory services, data staging, conferencing, financial services, home bankg, risk manmeans for presenting said user with a lit of transactional
agement and a vanety of other vertical services. Eacli VAN service is designed to meet a particular set of requirements
applications, each of said transactional application
being associated with a particular value-added network

service provider; and
related to performance, reliability, maintenance and ability 10 to handle expected traffc volume. Depending on the type of service, the characteritics of the network elements will
difer. VAN service 704 provides a number of functions including communications services for both management
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram ilustrating one embodiment of
means for submitting said user specification according to a user's selection of said transactional application from said list of transactional applications.
5. The configurable value-added network switch as
and end usrs of tlie network and control for the user over 15 claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for processing said the user's environment. transaction request further comprises means for coupling
the present invention. A user connects to a Web server
said means for transmitting to a host means.

application, and in step 8I4, the object routing component executes the usr's request. Data is retrieved from the appropriate data repository via TMP in step 8I6, and fially, the user may optionally continue the transaction in step 8I8
or end the transaction.
running an exchange component in step 802. In step 804, the claimed in claim 5 wherein said host means contains data user issues a request for a transactional application, and the 20 corresponding to said transaction request. web server hands off the request to an exchange in step 806. 7. The configurable value-added network switch as The exchange activates a graphical user interface to present claimed in claim 1 wherein said value-added network seruser with a list of POSvc application options in step 808. In vice providers cooperating to provide said plurality of step 8IO, the user makes a selection from the POSvc transactional services to users. application list. In step 812, the switching component in the 25 8. The configurable value-added network switch as exchange switches the user to the selected POSvc claimed in claim 1 further comprising means for controlling
and prioritizing mulJiple transaction requests initiated by various users.

30 claimed in claim 1 futher cmpriing means for providing
Thus, a configurabIe value-added network switching and
security management, fault management, configuration
object routing method and apparatus is disclosed. These specifc arrangements and methods described herein are
merely ilustrative of the pnnciples of the present invention.
management, performance management and biling management.

35 s"""tch for enabling real-time transactions on a network, said
iO. A method for confguring a value-added network
method for configuring said value-added network switch compromising the steps of: scope of the present invention. Althougli this invention has switching to a transactional application in response to a been shown in relation to a particular preferred einbodiment, usr specification from a network application, said it should not be considered so limited. Rather, the present 40 transactional application providing a user with a pluinvention is limited only by the scope of the appended rality of transactional servces managed by at least one claims. value-added network service provider, said valuethose of ordinary skl in the art without departing from the
Numerous modifcations in form and detail may be made by
We claim:
1. A 'configurable value-added network switch for

enabling real-time transactions on a network, said confg- 45
urable vlue-added network switch compromising:
added network service provider keeping a tranaction
flow captive, sad plurality of transactional services

being performed interactively and in real time;
transmitting a transaction request from said transactional means for switching to a transactional application in application; and processing said transaction request. response to a user specification from a network 11. The method for coufguring said value-added network application, said transactional application providing a usr with a plurality of transactional services managed 50 switch as claimed in claim iO wherein said step of sv.'Itching to a transactional application further comprises the steps of:
by at least one value-added network service provider,
said value-added network service provider keeping a transaction flow captive, said plurality of transactional
servces being performed interactively and in real time;
receiving said user specifcation;
enabling a switch to said transactional application; and

activating said tranactional application.
12. The method for configuring said value-added network means for transmitting a trdnsaction request from said 55 s""1tch as claimed in clai 11 wherein said step of activating traisactional application; and said transactional application futher includes a step of means for processing said transaction request.
creating a transaction link between said network application
and said transactional application. claimed in claim I wherein said means for switching to a 60 13. The method for configuring said value-added network transactional application further compris: switch as claimed in claim 11 further comprising the steps means for receiving; said user specification;
means for enabling a switch to said transactional appli-
of:
cation; and
means for activating said transactioDJI application.
65
claimed in claim 2 wherein said means for activating said
controlling security; performing fault management; providing configuration management; managing performance; and
;21
5,987,500
11
enabling biling management. 14. The method for confguring said value-added network switch as claimed in claim 11 wherein said step of receiving said user specification futher compries steps of:
presenting said user with a list of transactional
applications, each of said transactional application
12
to perform Operations, Admiistration, Maintenance & Provisioning (OAM&P) functions. 27. An object router on a network, said object router comprising: means for associating an object identity with information
entries and attributes, wherein the object identity rep-
being associated with a particular Internet service provider; and submitting said user specification accordig to a user's
selection of said transactional application from said lit 10
of transactional applications.
resents a networked object; means for storing said information entries and said attributes in a virtual information store; and
means for assigning a unique network address to said

object identity.
15. The method for configuring said value-added network switch as claimed in claim 10 wherein said step of process-
28. The object router in claim 27 wherein said means for associating said object identity with said information entries ing said transaction request further comprises the step of transmitting said transaction request to a host means. 15 and said attributes in said virtual information store further includes means for associating a name, a syntax and an 16. The method for configuring said value-added network
encoding for said object identity.
swich as claimed in claim is wherein said host means
contains data corresponding to said transaction request. 17. The method for confgurig said value-added network
switch as claimed in claim iO wherein said value-added 20
29. The object router in claim 28 wherein said name of

said object identity specifies an object type.
network service providers cooperate to provide said plurality

of transactional services to said user.
30. The object router in claim 29 wherein said object type and an object instance uniquely identify an instantiation of
said object type.
18. The method for confgurig said value-added network switch as claimed in claim 10 further compriing the step of
31. The object router in claim 30 wherein said syntax

defines a data structure for said object type.
controllng and prioritizing multiple transaction requests 25

initiated by various users.
19. A method for enabling object routing on a network, said method for enabling object routing comprising the steps
of:
32. The object router in claim 27 further comprising
means for utilizing said unique network address to identify
and route said object identity on the network.

33. The object router in claim 27 further comprising
associating an object identity with information entries and attributes, wherein the object identity represents a networked object; storing said information entries and said attributes in a virtual information store; and assigning a unique network address to said object identity. 20. The method in claim 19 wherein said step of associating said object identity with said information entries and
30 and route said object identity on the Internet. 34. The object router in claim 27 further comprising the
means for utilzing said unique network address to identify
step of utilizing said unique network address of said object

identity to perform Operations, Administration, Mainte-
nance & Provisioning (OAM&P) functions.

35
35. A configurable value-added network system for

enablig real-time transactions on a network, said con
fig-
urable value-added network system comprising:
.said attributes in said virtual information store further

includes the step of associating a name, a syntax and an 40 encoding for said object identity.
21. The method in claim 20 wherein said name associated with said object identity specifes an object type. 22. The method in claim 21 wherein said object type and
an object instance uniquely identify an instantiation of said 45
object type.
means for switching to a transactional application in response to a user specification from a network application, said transactional application providing a usr with a plurality of transactional servces managed
by at least one value-added network service provider,
said value-added network service provider keeping a transaction flow captive, said plurality of transactional
services being performed interactively and in real time;
23. The method in claim 22 wherein said syntax defies

a data structure for said object type.
means for activating an agent to create a transaction link

between said user application and said transactional application;
24. The method in claim 19 futher compriing the step of

utiliing said unique network address to identify and route 50
said object identity on the network.
25. The method in claim 19 further comprising the step of

utiliing said unique network address to identify and route
means for transmitting a transaction request from said transactional application; and a host means for processing said transaction request and
retrieving data corresponding to said transaction
said object identity on the Internet.
request.
* *
26. The method in claim 19 further comprising the step of 55 utiliing said unique network address of said object identity
;J ct.
EXHIBITB
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
US008108492B2
(12) United States Patent

Arunachalam
(54) WEB APPLICATlON NETWORK PORTAL
(76) Inventor: Lakshmi Arunachalam, Menlo Park,
(10) Patent No.: (45) Date of Patent:

4,984,155 A 5,125,09t A 5,t48,474 A 5,159,632 A 5,23t,566 A 5,239,662 A
US 8,108,492 B2
Jan. 31, 2012
1/1991 GeIer et al. 6/1992 Staas, Jr. et al.
9/t992 Hamlarpoulos ct al.

10/t992 Cradall
7 il993 Blutinger et al.
CA (US)
( *) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term oftlis
patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C 154(b) by 0 days.

(21) App!. No.: 12/628,060
5,285,83 A 5,297,249 A
5.329,589 A 5.329,619 A 5,347,632 A 5,367,635 A
8/1993 Danielson et al.

2/1994 Lindsey et al. 311994 Bernstein et al.
7/1994 Fraser et ai. 7/1994 Page et al.

9/1994 Filepp et al. I II 1994 Bauer et al. 1/1995 Kightetal. 41 t995 Dellafera et al.
(22) Filed:
(65)
Nov. 30, 2009
5,383,1l3 A
5,404,523 A
Prior Publication Data

us 201010306102 Al
(Continued)
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
Dec. 2,2010
Related U.S. Application Data

(60)
WO WO 00/63781 Al tO/2000
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
U.S. Appl. No. 12/268,060, filed Nov. 30,2009, Aiunachalam. U.S. Appl. No. 12/628,066, filed Nov. 30, 2009, Arunachalam.
U.s. Appl. No. 12/628,068, filed Nov. 30, 2009, Arnachalain.
WO WO 97/t8515 Al 5fl997
Division of application No. 11/980,185, filed on Oct.
30, 2007, now Pat. No. 8,037,158, which is a continuation-in-par of application No. 09/792,323,
filed on Feb. 23, 2001, now Pat. NO.7 ,340,506, wluch
is a division of application No. 09/296,207, filed on Apr. 21, 1999, now Pat. No. 6,212,556, which is a continuation-in-par of application No. 08/879,958, filed on Jun. 20, 1997, now Pat. No. 5,987,500, which is a division of application No. 081700,726, filed on
Aug. 5, 1996, now PaL. No. 5,778,178.
(60) (51) (52) (58)
U.S. Appl. No. 12/628,069, fied Nov. 30, 2009, Arunachalam.
(Continued)
Primary Examiner - Viet Vu
Provisional application No. 60/006,634, fied on Nov. 13,1995.

Int.
(57)
ABSTRACT
The present invenrion provides a method and apparanis for

providing real -time, two-way transactional capabilities on the
Web. Specifically, one embodiment of
G06F 13/00 (2006.01)

U.S. CI. ......................... 709/2I9; 709/225; 709/228 Field of Classification Search .................. 709/217,
Ct.
the present invention
709/219,223,224,225,227,229
See application file for complete search history.
discloses a method for enabling object routing, the method comprising the steps of creating a virtal information store containing information enTries and attrbutes associating each
of the information entres and the attnbutes with an object
(56)
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13 Claims, 13 DrawIng Sheets
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WEBSERVER~
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tii-
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BANK
'BACK OFFICE'
= l" ~ = l"
I
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CLIENT I MANAGEMENT. AGENT I
r-----i
CHECKING ACCOUNT
NAME
I ~I ---_.._-------1
LL
PASSWORD
I
~ ~ ? ~ ..
DATA
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-BANK (1)
I
--~
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-+-~
I I I
REPOSITORY
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COMPUTR SYSTEM 20
WEB SERVER .t
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I _ _ EYHAGE 521
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Jan. 31, 2012
Sheet 9 or
13
US 8,108,492 B2
BANK
JI
//
//
'- "WEB
PAGE
"
"
, '\
, '\
CAR DEALER
--- --- --
WEPAGE~
FIG. 5E
1Y
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Jan. 31, 2012
Sheet 10 of 13
US 8,108,492 B2
'----1 \\ I i~~ ii ~, I 51 '~II :Woe i 1: I ,~~II ~I I ~ I en I \ l4-_..~I I

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, Jan. 31, 2012
Sheet 11 of 13
US 8,108,492 B2
WEB
SERVER (NODE)
123.123.123.123
~ ~ OTHER
OBJECT
OBJECTS
OBJECT
123.123.123.123.1
123.123.123.123.3
OBJECT
123.123.123.123.2
FIG.
68
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u.s. Patent
Jan. 31, 2012
Sheet 12 of 13
US 8,108,492 B2
r VAN SWITCH 52
SWITCHING BOUNDARY
SERVICE SERVICE
12 ZQ
zn ~
MANAGEMEN APPLICATION
SERVICE SERVICE
FIG. 7
a'l
u.s. Patent
Jan. 31, 2012
Sheet 13 of 13
US 8,108,492 B2
USER CONNECTS TO WEB SERVER RUNNING AN EXCHANGE
~
l l
+
L.80
USER ISSUES REQUEST FOR l- 80 TRANSACTIONA APPUCATION
WEB SERVER HANDS OFF

REQUEST
.-80
TO EXCHGE
EXCHANGE ACTIVATES GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE TO PRESENT USER WITH LAST
l.-8
80
OF POSVC APPlICA nON OPTIONS
l
USER MAKES REQUEST FROM POSvc APPLICATION UST
.s810
12
l
SWITCHIN COMPONEN IN EXCHANE SWICHES USER TO
SELECTED POSvc APPLICATION
+
OBECT ROUTNG COMPONEN Ls 814
EXECUS USER'S REQUEST
+
DATA RETIEVD FROM DATA REPITORY VIA TMP
1-816
..
USER CONTINUES TRNSACTION (OPTIONA) OR ENDS TRNSACTION
~81 8
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8
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US 8,108,492 B2
1
WEB APPliCATION NETIVORK PORTAL

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
2
external progrms on a Web server. It allows Web servers to
create documents dynamically when the server receives a

request from the Web browser. When the Web server receives
a reuest for a document, the Web server dynamically
5 executes the appropriate CGI script and transmits the output
This application is a divisional and claims the priority

benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 111980,185 filed
Oct. 30, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,7,158, which is a contiiiiation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/792,
323, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,340,506, filed Feb. 23, 2001, which i 0 or service. is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/296,207, For example, as illustrated in FIG. IB, user 100 may access filed Apr. 21, i 999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,212,556, which is a bank 150's Web server and attempt to peiform transactions on continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. checking account I52 and to make a payment on loan account 08/879,958, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,500, filed Jun. 20,1997, which is a divisional and claims the priority benefit of U.S. 15 154. In order for user 100 to access checking account 152 and loan account 154 on the Web, CGI application scripts must be patent application Ser. No. 08/700,726, now U.S. Pat. No. created for each account, as illustrated in FIG. 1 B. The bank 5,778,178, filed Aug. 5,1996, which claims tle priority benthus has to crete individual scripts for each of its services to efit of U.S. provisional application 60/006,634 filed Nov. 13,
of the execution back to the requesting Web browser. This interaction can thus be termed a "two.way" transaction. It is a severely limited transaction, however, because each CGI application is customized for a particular type of application
1995. Ths application also claims benefit under 35 U.S.c. ofter users acces to these services. User 100 can then interact 1I9(e) to U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/006,634 20 in a limited fashion with these individual applications. Crefiled Nov. 13, 1995. The following applications are related ating and managing individual CGI scripts for each service is applications: application Ser. Nos. 09/863,704; 12/628,066; not a viable solution for merchants with a large number of
12/628,068; 12/628,069, 12/932,758 and 60/206,422.
BACKGROUND
to a variety of services on the Web, and pedorm real-time transactions on user metlod and apparattls for configurable value-added network 30 100 can browsethose services. For example, althougl user car dealer Web page 105 today, the switching and object routing. cannot purchase the car, negotiate a car loan or pedorm other 2. Backgrund of the Invention types of real-time, two-way trallSactions that he can pedorm With the Internet and the World Wide Web ("the Web") with a live salesperson at the car de.alership. Ideally, user 100 evolving rapidly as a viable consumer medium for electrOluc commerce, new on-line services are emerging to fill the nees 35 in FIG. lA would be able to access car dealer Web page 105, select specific transactions that he desires to perform, such as of on-line usen;. An Internet user today can browse on the purchase a car, and pedorm the purchase in real-time, with Web via the use of a Web browser. Web browsers arc softwarc interfaces that run on Web clients to allow access to Web two-way interaction capabilities. CGI applications provide servers via a simple user inteiface. A Web user's capabilities user 100 with a limited ability for two-way interaction with today from a Web browser are, however, extremely limited. 40 car dea ler Web page t OS, but due to the lack of interaction and TIie user can perform one-way, browse-only interdctions. management between the car dealer and the ban, he wil not
municatiollS. Specifically, the present invention relates to a
Additionally, the user has limited "deferre" transactional
be able to obtain a loan and complete the purchase of
I. Ficld of the Invcntion The present invention relates to the area of Internet com-
services. As the Web expands and electronic coinnerce becmes 25 more desirable, the need increases for robust, real-time, bidirectional transactional capabilities on the Web. A tre realtime, bi-directional trnsaction would allow a user to connect
capabilities, naely electronic mail (e-mail) capabilities. E-mail capabilities are referred to as "deferrd transactions"
because the consumer's request is not prossed until the
via a CGI application. TIie ability to complete robust realtime, two-way transactions is thus not truly available on the
45 Web today.
the car
e-mail is received read, and the person or system reding the

e-mail executes the transaction. Ths trnsaclion is thus not pedormed in rea-time. FIG. IA ilustrates tyical user interactions on the Web
SUMMRY OF THE INVNTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide today. User 100 sends out a request from Web browser 102 in 50 a method and apparatus for providing real-time, two-way the form of a universal resoun:e locator (URL) 101 in the transactional capabilities on the Web. Specifically, one following maner: htt://v.ww.ca.com. URL 101 is proembodiment otthe present invention discloses a configuble cessed by Web browser 102 that determines the URL correvalue-added network switch for enabling real-time transacsJXnds to car deaer Web page 105, on car dealer Web server tions on the World Wide Web. The configurable value added 104. Web browser 102 then
establishes browse link 103 to car 55
network switch comprises meas for switching to a trsac-
dealer Web page t 05. User 100 can browse Web page ios and
selcct "hot links" to jump to other locations in Wcb pagc 105, or to move to other Web pages on the Web. Ths interaction is
tional application in response to a user specification from a

World Wide Web application, means for trsmitting a tras-
action request from the transactional application, and means
typically a browse-only interaction. Under limited cirumfor processing the transaction request. stances, the user may be able to fill out a form on car dealer 60 According to another aspect of the present invention, a Web page 105, and e-mail the form to car dealer Web ~erver nieihod and apparatus for enabling object routing on the I04. TIiis interaction is still strictly a one-way browse mode World Wide Web is discloscd. The method for enabling object comiiiuiications link, with the e-mail providing limiied, routing comprises the sieps of creating a vimial infomiation deferred transactional capabilities. siore containing iiormation entries and attributes, associatUnder limited circumstances. a user may have access to 65
ing each ofihe infoniialion entries and the aMiibutes with an
the Web via Comiion Gateway Interface (CGI) applications. CGI is a srandard intertncc for niiuung
two.way ~er\'ices 011
object ideniity, and assigning a unique network addre,s to each otthc objcci idcntities.
Ljt
US 8, i 08,492 B2
3 Oter objects, features and advantages of the present
invention wil be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features and advantages of
4
of ordinar skill in the ar that other alternative computer
system architectures may also be employed. In general, such computer systems as illustrated by FIG. 2 compnse a bus 20I for coinmunicating information, a pro5 cessor 202 coupled with the bus 20I for processing informa-
ModeL.
tion, main memory 203 coupled with the bus 201 for storing the present invention will information and instrctions for thc proccssor 202, a rcadbe apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the only memory 204 coupled with the bus 201 for storig static detailed description of the present invention as set forth infonnation and instrctions for the processor 202, a display 10 device 205 coupled with the bus 201 for displaying informabelow. tion for a computer user, an input device 206 coupled with the FIG. .1 A is an illustration of a current user's browse capabus 201 for coiiunicatiiig information and coirand selecbilities on the Web via a Web browser. tions to the processor 202, and a mass storage device 207, FIG. IB is an illustrtion of a curent user's capabilities to such as a magnetic disk and associated disk drive, coupled pedorm limited transactions on the Web via CGI applicai 5 with the bus 201 for storing information and instrctions. A tions. data storage medium 208 containing digital informtion is FIG. 2 illustrates a tyical computer system on which the configured to operate with mass storagc dcvice 207 to allow present invention may be utilized. processor 202 access to the digital infomiation on data storFIG. 3 ilustrates the Open Sysrems Interconnecrion (OSI) age medium 208 via bus 201.
FIG. 4A illustrtes conceptually the user v:ilue chain as it

exists today.
FIG. 4B illustrates one embodiment of
20 Processor 202 may be any of a wide vaety of general

purpse processors or microproessors such as the Pentitu TM microprocessor manufactured by Intel Corporation
or the Motorola 68040 or Power PCTM brand microprocestion. sor manufacturd by manufactured by Motorola CorporaFIG. SA illustrtes a user accessing a Web server including 25 tion. It will be apparent to those of ordinar skill in the art, one embodiment of the present invention. however, that other varieties of processors may also be used in
one embodiment of
the present inven-
FIG. 5B ilustrates the exchange component according to the present invention. FIG. 5C illustrates an example of a point-of-service
a particular computcr systcm. Display dcvice 205 may bc a liquid crystal device, cathode ray tube (CRT), or other suitable display device. Mass storage device 207 may be a con30 ventional hard disk drive, fioppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive,
FIG. 5D ilustrtes a user selecting a bank POSvc application from the POSvc application list.
FIG. 5E illustrates a tliree-way transaction :iccording to one embodiment ofrhe present invention.
(POSvc) application list.
or other magnetic or optical data slonige device for reading and writing information stored on a hard disk, a floppy disk, a CD-ROM a magnetic tape, or other magnetic or optical data storage medium. Data storage medium 208 may be a hard
FIG. 6A ilustrates a value-added network (VAN switch. 35 disk, a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, or other FIG. 6B ilustrates the hierarchical addressing tree strucmagnetic or optical data stomge medium. ture oftlie networked objects in DOLSlBs. In general, processor 202 retrieves processing instructions FIG. 7 illustrates conceptually the layered :ircliitecture of a and data from a data storage mediwn 208 using mass storage VAN switch. device 207 and dowioads this infonnation into radom
FIG. 8 is a flow diagrm ilustrating one embodiment of
present invention.
tiie
40 access memory 203 for execution. Processor 202, then

executes an instruction stream from random access memory
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for configurable value-added network switching and object roUl-
203 or read-only memory 204. Command selections and inormation input at input device 206 are used to direct the
flow of instrctions executed by processor 202. Equivalent
ing and management. "Web browser" as used in the context of the present specification ineludes conventional Web browsers
45 input device 206 may also be a pointing device such as a conventional mouse or trackball device. The results of this
processing execution are then displayed on display device
such as NCSA Mosaic from NCSA and Netscape

Mosaic from Netscape. The present invention is inde50
205.
TIie preferred embodiment of tiie present invention is

implemented as a softare module, which may be executed
pendent of the Web browser being utilized and the user can on a computer system such as compuier sysiem 200 in a use any Web browser, without modifications to the Web conventional manner. Using well known tecluiques, the browser. In the following detailed description, numerous speapplication softare of the preferred embodiment is stored on cific details are set fort in order to provide a thorough underdata storage medium 208 and subsequently loaded into and standig of the preent invention. It will be apparent to one of 55 executed within computer system 200. Once initiated, the ordinary skill in the art, however, that these specific details sofiware oftbe preferre emlxidimeiitoperates iiiihe manner need not be used to practice the present invention. In other described below. instances, well-known strucrures, intedaces and processes FIG. 3 illustrates the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) have not been shown in detail in order not to unecessarly reference modeL. OSI Model 300 is an interntional standard obscure the present invention. 60 that provides a common basis for the coordination of stanFIG. 2 illustrdtes a typical computer system 200 in which dad~ development, for the purpose of systems interconnecthe present invention operates. TIie preferred embodimcnt of tion. TIie present invention is iinplemeiited to function as a
the present invention is implemented on an IBMTM Personal
Computer manufacture by IBM Corporation of Armonk,
routing switch within the "application layer" of the OSl

modeL. The model defines seven layers. with each layer
N.. Altemate embodiments may be implemented on a 65 llUliicating with its peer layer iii another node through the use
MacintoshT" coiiputer manulcture by Appk Ciiiiputer, Incorporatcd ofCupcrrino, Calif. It will bc apparent to thosc
of ~ protocol. Physical layer 301 is the lowest I~yer, with responsibility to transmit unstnicturcd bits ncross a link Data
com-
jo
US 8,108,492 B2
5
link layer 302 is the next layer above physical layer 30 1. Data
6
cellular provider sites. Five components interact to provide ths service network functionality, namely an exchange, an operator agent, a management agent, a management manager
and a grplncal user interface. All five components are
link layer 302 trnsmits chun across the lin and deals with problems like checksummng to detect data corrption, orderly coordination of the use of shared media and addressing when multiple systems are reachable. Network bridges
operate within data lin layer 302.
described in more detail below.

As ilustrted in FIG. SA, user 100 accesses Web server
Nctwork laycr 303 enables any pair of systems in the

network to co=unicate with each other. Network layer 303
104. Having accessed Web server I04, user 100 can decde
contans hardware uints such as routers that handle routing, server I04 receives user 100's indication that he desires to packet frgmentation and reassembly of packets. Transport i 0
layer 304 establishes a reliable conununication stream
that he desires to perform real-time transactions. When Web
perform real-time transactions, the request is handed over to
between a pair of systems, dealing with errors such as lost packets, duplicate packets, packet reordering and fragmentation. Session layer 305 offers services above uie simple communication stream provided by transport layer 304. 1bese 15 services include dialog conlrol and chaining. Presentation
an exchange component. Thus, from Web page ios, for

example, user iOO can select button 500, entitled "Traisactions" and Web server 104 hands user 100's request over to the exchange component. The button and tlie title can be replaced by any mechanism that can instruct a Web server to
hand over the consumer's request to the exchange component. FIG. 5B ilustrates exchange 501. Exchange 501 comprises Web page 505 and point-of-service (POSvc) applications
layer 306 provides a means by which OSI compliant applications can agree on representations for data. Finally, application layer 307 includes services such as fie transfer, access
and management services (FTAM), electronic mail and vir- 20 5IO. Exchange 501 also conceptully includes a switching tual terminal (V) services. Application layer 307 provides a component and an object routing component (described in means for application programs to access the OSI environmore detail below). POSvc applications 5IO are transactional ment. As described above, the present invention is impleapplications, namely applications that are designed to iiicormented to function as a routing switch in application layer porate and take advantage oftlie capabilities provided by the
307. Application layer routing creates an open channel for
management, and the selective flow of data from remote

databases on a network.
tiie 25
A. Overview FIG. 4A illustrates conceptually the user value chain as it

exists today. The user value chain in FIG. 4A depicts the
present invention. Although exchange 501 is depicted as residing on Web server 104, tiie exchange can also reside on a separate computer systcm that resides on the Internct and has an Internet address. Exchange 501 may also include
operator agent 503 that interacts with a management manager
of transactions that are perfiinned ioday, and lhe chanels
types 30
though which the transactions are performed. A "transaction" for the purposes of the present invention includes any
other type of typeof commercial or want to perform. Examples of trsactions
interaction that a user may

include a deposit 35
into a bank account, a request for a loan from a bank, a

with fincing from 2 bank. A large variety of other transactions are also possible.
purchase of a car from a car dealership or a purchase of a car
(described iii more detail below). Exchange 501 creates and allows for the managemenl (or distributed control) of a service network, operating witlnn the boundaries of an lP-based facilities network. Thus, exchange 501 and a management agent component, described in more detail below, under the headings "VAN Switch and Object Routing," together prform the switching, object routing, application and service management functions according to one cmbodimcnt ofthc
present invention.
interacting with a live ban teller, or automated teller machine (ATM) softwar applications. Alternatively, user 100 can per-
Exchange 501 processes the consumer's request and disA typical user transaction today may involve user iOO 40 plays an exchange Web page 505 that includes a list ofPOSvc walking into a ban or driving up 10 a teller maclne, and applications 510 accessible by exchange 501. A POSvc application is an application that can execute the type of trsac-
tion that the user may be interested in performng. The POSvc
100 is a Web user, however, there is no curent mechanism for performing a robust, real-time transaction with the bank, as
form the sae transaction by using a personal computer (PC), list is displayed via the graphical user interface component. activating application softare on his PC to access his bank 45 One embodiment of the present invention supports Hyperaccunt, and dialing into the bank via a modem line. If user Text Markup Language as the graphical user interface component. Virtual Reality Markp Language and Java TM are also
supported by this embodiment. A varety of otlier grplucal
ilustrted in FIG. 4A. CGI scripts provide only luited two-
way capabilities, as described above. Thus, due to this lack of 50

a robusi mechansm by which real-time Web lninsactions can be performed the ban is unable to be a true "Web merchant,"
user interface standas can also be utilized to implemenl the
namely a merchant capable of providing complete transactional services on the Web.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, as 55 ilustrted in FIG. 4B, each merchant that desires 10 bea Weh
grphical user interface. An example of a POSvc application list is ilustruied in FIG. 5C. User 100 can thus select trom POSvc applications Bank 510(1), Car Dealer 510(2) or Pizzeria 510(3). Nwnerous other POSvc applications can also be included in this selection. lfuser 100 desires to perform a nUllberofbankng
transactions, and selects tbe Bank applicaiion, a Bank POSvc
merchant can provide rel-time transactional capabilities to users who desire to access the merchants' services via lhe Web. Ths embodiment includes a service network iung on top of a facilities network, namely the Internet, the Web or 60 e-mail networks. For the purposes of this application, users
are described as utilizing PC's to access the Wcb via Web
application will bc activated and presented to user 100, as illustrated in FIG. 5D. For the puroses of ilustration, exchange 50I in FIG. 50 is shown as rul1ng on a different computer system (Web server 104) from the computer systems of the Web inerc!nts running POSvc applications (computer system 200). Exchange 501 may, however, also be on the same computer system as one or more of the computer
systems of the Web merchants.
Once Bank POSvc application 510 has been activated, user 100 will be ahle III connecl to Rank services anJ utilize ihe
server "switching" sites. (Switching is described in more

detail below). Users may also utilize other personal devices
such as network computers or cellular devices to access the 65
merchants' services via ppnipriate switching siies. These

switching sitcs includc non. Web nctwork computcr sitcs and
application to pcrlonii banking transactions, thus accessing,
5/
US 8,108,492 B2
7
data from a host or data repository 575 in the Bank "Back Offce." The Ban Back Offce comprises legacy databases and other data repositories that are utilized by the Ban to
store its data. Ths connection between user iOO and Bank
8
for the integtion of other trditional security mechanisms,
including RSA securty mechansms.
cation 5IO(l) for cxample, and Ban services, an operator agent on Web server 104 may be activated to ensure the
availability of distributed functions and capabilities.
One embodiment ofthe preent invention utilizes TMP and distrbuted on-line service information bases (DOLSIBs) to serices is managed by exchange 501. As illustrated in EG. 5 perform object routing. Alternatively, TMP can incorporate 50, once the connection is made between Bank POSvc applis-HTl, Java, the WinSockAPI or ORB with DOLSIBs to
perform object routing. OOLSlBs are virtal information

stores optimized for networking. All information entries and
attibutes in a OOLSIB virtal iiiornialon store are associidentity identifies the infonnation entres and attributes in the
it would like to offer its clients. In this example, if Bank decided to include in their POSvc application access to
Each Web merchant may choose the types of services that 10 ated with a networked object identity. 1be networked object
checking and savings accounts, user 100 will be able to perfonn real -time trnsactions against his checking and savings addres is assigned based on the LP address of the node at accounts. Thus, if user iOO moves $500 from his checking 15 which the networked object resides. account into his savings account, the trnnsaction will he perFor example, in FIG. SA, Weh server 104 is a node on the formed in real-tie, in the same mancr the transaction Internet, with an IP address. AlI networked object associated would have been pedormed by a live teller at the bank or an with Web server 104 will therefore be assigned an Internet ATM machine. TIierefore, unlike his prior access to his address based on the Web server 104's IP address. TIiese account, user iOO now has the capability to do more than 20 networked objects thus "branch" from the node, creating a browse his bank account. Theability to perform these types of hiemrchieal tre structure. The Internet address for each nelrobust, real-time transactions from a Web client is a signifiworked object in the tree essentially establishes the individual cat aspect of the present invention. object as an "IP-reachable" or accessible nodeou the Internet. Bank can also decide to provide other types of services in TMP utilizes ths Internet address to uniquely identify and POSvc application 510(1). For example, Bank may agree 25 access the object from the OOLSIB. FIG. 6B illustrates an with C.ardealership to allow Bankcustomen; to purchase a car example of this hierarchical addressing tree structure. from that dealer, request a ear loan from Bank, and have the Each object in the OOLSIB has a name, a syntax and an entire transaction pedormed on the Web, as illustrated in FIG. encoding. TIie name is au administratively assigned object ID 5E. In this instance, tiie transactions are not merely two-way, specifying au object type. TIie object type together with the between the user and Ban, but three-way, amongst the con- 30 object instance serves to uniquely identify a specific instansumer, Bank and Car dealership. According to one aspect of tiation orthe object. For example, ifohject 610 is information the present invention, tiiis three-way transaction can be about models of cars, then one instance of that objcct would expanded to n-way transactions, where n represents a predeprovide user 100 with infonnation about a specific model of termined nwnberof merchants or other service providers who the car while another instance would provide inforniation
have agreed to cooperate to provide services to users. The 35
about a different model of
OOLSIB as individual networked objects. and each networked object is assigned an Internet address. The Internet
present invention therefore allows for "any-to-any" communication and transactions on the Web, thus facilitating a large, flexible variety of robust, real-time transactions on the Web. FinalIy, Bank may also decide to provide intra-merchant or intra-ban services, together with the inter-merchant services 40 described above. Forexample, if Bank creates a POSvc appli-
the ear. TIie
syntax of an object type
defines the ahstract data structure corresponding to that object
type. Encoding of objects defines how the object is represented by the object type syntax while being transmitted over
the network.
C. Management and Administrtion
cation for use by the Bank Payroll deparment, Bank may provide its own employee with a meas for submi tting tiiecads for payrolI processing by the Bank's Hwnan Resources
As described above, exchange 501 and managemem ageni 601 together constitute a VAN switch. FIG. 7 ilIustratcs conceptually the layered architecture of VAN switch 520. Spe-
cificalIy, boundar service 701 provides the interfaces
(HR) Deparent. Ali employee selects the Ban HR POSvc 45 between VAN switch 520, the Internet and the Web, and application, and submits his timecard. The employee's timemulti-media end user devices such as PCs, televisions or cad is processed by accessing the employee's payroll infortelephones. Bowidar servicc 701 also provides the intedace mation, slored in the Bank's Back Offce. The transaction is to the on-line service provider. A user ean connect to a local thus processed in real-time, and the employee receives his application, namely one accessible via a local VAN switch, or paycheck imediately. 50 be routed or "switched" to an application accessible via a
B. Van Switching and Object Routing .-.
remote VAN swiILh.
As described above, exchange SOI and management agent 601, ilustrated in FIG. 6A, together constitute a value-added
SwiIChing service 702 is an OSI application layer switch.

Switching service 702 thus represents the core of the VAN
switch. It performs a number of tasks including the routing of user connections to remote VAN switches, described in the paragraph above, multiplexing and priori tization of requests, and flow control. Switching service 702 also lcilitates open
network (VAN) switch. These two elemeuts may take on

different roles as necessary, including peer-to-peer, c1ient- 55
serer or master-slave roles. Management manager 603 is

ilustrted as residing on a separate computer systcm on tiie
Internet. Management manager 603 can, however, also reside on the same machine as exchange 50L Management manager
603 interacts with the operator agent 503 residing on 60
systems' connectivity with both me Internet (a public

switched network) and private nel\vorks including back offce networks, such as bankng networks. Interconnected application layer switches fomi the application network backbone. These switches areonesignificant:ispect of the present invention.
exchange 501.
y'AN switch 520 provides multi.protocol object routing, depending upon the specific VAN services choseu. 11s multi-protocol object routing is provided via a proprietar
inclJrpordles the saiie security leatures as t1ie IrdiiioiiaJ Simple Nct\\Iork Man:igcl1cnt Protocol, SNllP. It also allows
Management service 703 contains tools such as liionnaprotocol, TransWeb Management Protocol (TMP). TMP 65 tion Management Services (lMS) and application Network
Management Services (NMS). These tools are used by the end users to mmiage network resources, including \ZAN
s~:i
US 8,108,492 B2
9
switches. Management service 703 also provides applica-
10
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the VAN switch is an application layer switch in the application layer of the OSI
tions that pedorm Operations, Admnistration, Maintenance & Provisionig (OAM&P) functions. These OAM&P funcmodeL. tions include security mangement, fault management, con3. The system of claim 1, wherein the VAN switch enables figuation management, pedormance management and bill- 5 the switching to Web merchant services in response to a Weh ing management. Providing OAM&P functions for server's receipt of a selection of one of the point-of-service applications in ths mancris another signcant aspect of the Web applications corrsponding to the Web merchant serpresent invention. vices from the point-of-service application list on the Web Finally, application service 704 contains application propage. grams that deliver customer services. Application service 704 i 0 4. The system of claim 1, wherein each Web merchant includes POSvc applications such as Bank POSvc described
above, and ilustrated in FIG. 6A. Other examples of
offered as a VAN service, utilizing the VAN switch. services include multi-media messaging, archival/retrieval S. TIie system of claim I, wherein each Web application of management, directory services, data staging, conferencing, fiancial services, home banking, risk management and a 15 the one or more Web applications is a value-added network varety of other vertcal services. Each VAN service is (VAN) service or online service atop the Web, utilizing the
designed to meet a paricular set of requirements related to
VAN
VAN
service includes one of the one or more Web applications
switch.
performance, reliability, maintenance and ability to hadle
6. TIie system of claim 1, wherein the service network
expected traffc volume. Depending on the type of service, the includes the one or more Web applications and wherein the characteristics of the network elements wil differ. VAN ser- 20 service network manages the flow of real-time Web trasacvice 704 provides a number of funciions including commutions from the one or more Web applications and includes the nications services for both management and end users of the VAN switch. network and control for the user over the user's environment. 7. TIie system of claim 1, wherein the Web server is conFI G. 8 is a flow diagram illustrting one embodiment of the figured to receive a Web transaction request and wherein the present invention. A user connects to a Web server running an 25 Web transaction request is a request to pedorni one of the exchange component in step 802. In step 804, the user issues
a request for a trnsactional application, and the web server
real-time Web transactions from one of
the one or more Web
hands off the request to an exchange in step 806. TIie exchange activates a graphical user interface to present user with a list of POSvc application options in step 808. In step 30 810, he user makes a selection from le POSvc application list. In step 812, the switching component in the exchange switches the user to the selected POSvc application, and in step 8I4, the object routing component executes the user's request. Data is retrieved from the appropriate data repository 35 via TMP in step 816, and finally, the user may optionally continue the transaction in step 818 or end the transaction.
Thus, a confgurable value-added network switching and
applications, utilizing the VAN switch.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a computer system executing a back-end transactional
application for processing the transaction request in

real-time, wherein said computer system includes a data repository, wherein the data repository is a data repository to store bankng data, and wherein retrieving data includes retrieving banking data to complete a real-time
Web baning transaction as one of the real-time Web transactions from a banking Web application as one of
the one or more Web applications.
object routing method and apparatus is disclosed. l1iese spe9. The system of claim 1, furter comprising the one or cific arrangements and methods described herein are merely 40 more Web applications offered as software-as-a-service atop iJlustrdiive of the principles of the present invention. Numerthe Web. ous modifications in fann and detail may be made by those of 10. A metIiod for pedonlUng real-time Web transactions ordin skill in the art without deparing from the scope of from a Web application, comprising: the present invention. Although ths invention has been shown receiving a request at a Web server, including a procssor
in relation to a particular preferred embodiment, it should
not 45
be considered so limited. Rather, the present invention is limited only by the scope of the appended claim.
What is claimed is:
and a memory, for a real-time Web traaction from a

Web application on a Web page, wherein tbe Web server is confgured to hand over the request to a Value Added Network (VAN switch; offering a plurality of Web applications including the Web
a Web server, including a processor and a memory, for offerig one or more Web applications as respective
1. A system, comprising: 50
application on a Web page, upon recpt from a Web

server a selection of the Web application from the
point-of-service applications in a point-of-service application list on a Web page; each Web application of the one or more Web applications 55 for requesting a real-time Web transaction; a value-added network (VAN) switch ruiuing on top of a facilities network selected from a group consisting of the World Wide Web, the Internet and an e-mail nern'ork, the VAN switch for enabling the real-time Web trnsactions 60 from the one or more Web applications; a service network nJuiing on top of tiie lilcilities network
offere Web applications, the Web application corresponding to a respective back-end transactional applica-
tion, wherein the back-end trasactional application is an application ruing at tiie back-offce server of one or more Web merchants or at Ihe back--nd;
receiving a request for Web merchant services upon receipt by a Web serer a selection of the Web application,
wherein the request for Web merchant services is a

request to connect to the selected back-end transactional application to pedorin an interactive real-time Web transaction Irom the Web application, wherein the transactional application is an on-line service provided by one or more Web merchants or the back-end: switching utilizing the VAN switch 10 the back.end trans.
actional application in response to receiving ihe reeuest
for coiuecting through the Web server to a back--nd

transactional application: and
a computer system executing the Back-end transactional 65
application for processing the transaction reeuest in
real-time.
IrOtn thc Web server;
53
US 8,108,492 B2
11
providing distnbuted control of a service network, operat-
12
a list of one or more point-of-service employee Web applications on a Web page offered by the business entity that operates the portal, said portal allowing access to the one or more point-of-service applications on the Web page from said list, and wherein the portal offers the one or
ing with the boundaes of an IP-based facilities network;

connecting to specified ones of
the Web merchant services
or to back-end services. wherein the connection to the Web merchant services' or back-end transaclional sermore point-of-service applications as on-line services vices is managed; on the Wcb pagc, and furer wherein the portal is operaccessing data from a host or data repository coupled to the ated by the business entity over a service network runback offce server of one or more Web merchants or to ning on top of a facilities network, tiie facilities network the back-end transactional application, wherein the back 10 being selected from a group consisting of the World offce server or back-end is coupled to legacy databases Wide Web, the Internet and email networks, said service and other data repositories that are uiilized by the one or network including a VAN Switch; more of the Web merchants or the back-end transacone or more back-end trsactional applications nuiingat tional application to store data; and one or lUore back -end host computers, corresponding, completing the rel-iimc Wcb transactions from thc Wcb 15 respectively to the one or more point-of-service appliapplication. cation~ accessed, to complete a real-time Web trasac11. The methd of claim iO, wherein the real-time Web tion from the Wcb application on the Web pagc. transactions are Web transactions from the Web application 13. The portl of claim 12, wherein the one or more Web accessing a value-added network service. applications include a plurality of point-of-service applicaI2. A computer-implemented system, operated by a busi- 20 tions on the Web page, wherein the business entity and the ness entity comprising: sub-entiiies offer Web applications which are selected from a
a Web application network portal, wherein the portl

includes memory and a
sub-entities of the business entity who have agreed to cooperate to provide on-line Value Added Nctwork (VAN) services atop the Web for access by employees of tiie business entity;
resources Web applications, expense report Web applications, applications offered respectively by one or more Web time card Web applications, travel Web applications, vacation mcrchants or othcr scrvicc providcrs, or by multi pIc 25 Web applications, financial Web applications and sales com-
processor and one or more Web
group consisting of payroll Web applications, human
mission Weh applications.

*
51
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

NOTICE OF ASSIGNMENT TO UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUGE FOR DISCOVERY
This case has been assigned to District Judge George King and the assigned discovery
Magistrate Judge is Charles Eick.
The case number on all documents filed with the Court should read as follows:
CV12- 4036 GHK (Ex)

the United States District Court for the Central Distrct of California, the Magistrate Judge has been designated to hear discovery related motions.
Pursuant to General Order 05-07 of
All discovery related motions should be noticed on the calendar of the Magistrate Judge
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A copy of this notice must be served with the summons and complaint on all defendants (if a removal action is fied, a copy of this notice must be served on all plaintiffs).
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CV-18 (03/06)
NOTICE OF ASSIGNMENT TO UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE FOR DISCOVERY
Andre Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1 E. Jardini, Esq. (State Bar Nr 71335) aej com ckpclega1.
KNAPP, PETERSEN & CLAR

550 North Brand Boulevard, Suite 1500 Glendale, CA 91203
Telephone: (818) 547-5000
Facsimile: (818) 547-5329

Attorneys for Plaintiff
Pi-Net International, Inc.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRA DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CASE NUMBER

P LAINTIFF(S)
c V 12~. Oi~ 036~\~)
v.
AVIS BUDGET GROUP, INC., AN AVIS BUDGET CAR RENTAL LLC

DEFENDANT(S).
SUMMONS
TO: DEFENDANT(S):
A lawsuit has been fied against you.
Within 21 days after service of
this summons on you (not counting the day you received it), you
the Federal Rules of
must serve on the plaintiff an answer to the attached is complaint D _ amended complaint
Civil Procedure. The answer or motion must be served on the plaintiffs attorney, Knapp, Petersen & Clarke, whose address is 550 North Brand Boulevard, Suite 1500, Glendale, CA 91203. If you fail to do so, judgment by default will be entered against you for the relief demanded in the complaint. You also must file your answer or motion with the court.
D counterclaim D cross-claim or a motion under Rule 12 of
Clerk, U.S. Distri

Dated:
MAY - 9 2012
By:
Use 60 days if
the defendant is the United States or a United States agency, or is an offcer or employee of
the United States. Allowed
60 days by Rule 12(a)(3)j
CV-01A (10/11
SUMMONS
Ainericiin LegalNel, Inc. A. ,...w,... Fqnns\\nrk
Fk)\\ cm ~
Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1 CENTRA DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, Filed 05/09/12 Page 59 of 60 Page ID #:60
CIVIL COVER SHEET
I (a) PLAINTIFFS (Check box if you are representing yourself
0)
DEFENDANTS
A VIS BUDGET GROUP, INC., AND A VIS BUDGET CAR
RENTALLLC
(b) Attorneys (Finn Name, Address and Telephone Number. if
yourself, provide same.)
you are representing
Attorneys (If Known)
Andre E. Jardin, Esq. (State Bar No. 71335 KNAPP, PETERSEN & CLARK 550 North Brand Boulevard, Suite 1500 Glendale, CA 91203
Tel: (818) 547-5000; Fax: (818) 547-5329
11. BASIS OF JURISDICTION (Place an X in one box only.)
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(Place an X in one box for plaintiff
and one for defendant.)
J i U.S. Government Plaintiff
rg 3 Federal Question (U.S.
PTF DEF
Citizen oflliis State
Government Not a Part
PTF DEF
of
o I 0 I Incorporated or Principal Place
Business in this State
04 04
J 2 U.S. Government Defendant 0 4 Diversity (Indicate Citizenship Citizen of Another State of Parties in Item II)
o 2 0 2 Incorporated and Principal Place 0 5 0 5

of Business in Another State
Citizen or Subject of a Foreign Country 0 3 0 3 Foreign Nation

IV. ORIGIN (Place an X in one box only.)
~ I Original 0 2 Removed from 0 3 Remanded from o 4 Reinstated or 0 5 Transferred from another distrct (specify): 0 6 Multi-
06 06
o 7 Appeal to District
Judge from
Proceeding State Court Appellate Court
Reopened District
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Litigation
Magistrate Judge
:LASS ACTION under F.R.C.P. 23: 0 Yes ~ No 0 MONEY DEMANDED IN COMPLAINT: $
400 State Reapportionment 110 Insurance
J 410 Antitrust 0 120 Marine J 430 Banks and Banking 0 130 Miller Act J 450 Commerce/ICC 0 140 Negotiable Instrument Rates/etc. 0 150 Recovery of
3 I 0 Airplane
o 315 Airplane Product
510 Motions to Vacate Act
7 i 0 Fair Labor Standards
370 Other Fraud Sentence Habeas 0 720 Labor/Mgmt.
Liability
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J 470 Racketeer Influenced Enforcement of
Slander
o 330 Fed. Employers'
o 340
and Corrupt Judgment
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Product Liabili Other 0 740 Railway Labor Act
o 550 Civil Rights 0 790 Other Labor
tJ 22 Appeal 28 USC
Organizations 0 151 Medicare Act
Liability Marine
Liability
J 480 Consumer Credit 0 152 Recovery of Defaulted
o 345 Marine Product
J 490 CablelSat TV Student Loan (Excl.
555 Prison Condition Litigation

791 Empl. Ret. Inc.
158
o 423 Withdrawal 28
J 810 Selective Service Veterans)
o 350 Motor Vehicle

o 355 Motor Vehicle
Security Act
J 850 Securities/Commoditiesl 0 i 53 Recovery of
Exchange Overpayment of
USC 157
Product Liability
o 360 Other Personal
J 875 Customer Challenge 12 Veteran's Benefits

J 890 Other Statutory Actions 0 190 Other Contract
USC 34 i 0 0 160 Stockholders' Suits
Injury
o 362 Personal Injury-
0441 Voting
o 442 Employment
J 891 Agricultural Act 0 195 Contrct Product J 892 Economic Stabilization Liability .
Act 196 Franchise
J 893 Environmental Matters

J 894 Energy Allocation Act
J 895 Freedom of Info. Act

J 900 Appeal of
0443 HousinglAcco.. Med Malpractice mmodations Injury- 0444 Welfare 365 Personal Product Liability o 445 American with 368 Asbestos Personal Disabilities Injury Product Employment Liabili
o 446 American with
Disabilities -
Fee Detenni- 0230 Rent Lease & Ejectment . _.
nation Under Equal 0 240 Torts to Land 0 462 Natu~ahzation Access to Justice 0 245 Tort Product Liability ApphcatlOn
Other
o 440 Other Civil
J 950 Constitutionality of State 0 290 All Other Real Propert 0 463 Ha~eas Coi:us-
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Actions
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1.1 (05/08)
CIVIL COVER SHEET

American LegalNel, Inc.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, CENTRA DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL COVER SHEET
VIII(a). IDENTICAL CASES: Has this action been previously fied in this court and dismissed, remanded or closed? ~ No 0 Yes
Jfyes, list case number(s):

VIII(b). RELATED CASES: Have any cases been previously fied in this court that are related to the present case? 0 No ~ Yes
Jfyes, list case number(s): CV12-03970 PSG (JEMx)

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(Check all boxes that apply) 0 A. Arise from the same or closely related trnsactions, happenings, or events; or ~ B. Call for determination of the same or substantially related or similar questions of law and fact; or
Dc. For other reasons would entail substatial duplication oflabor if heard by different judges; or
~ D. Involve Ihe same patent, trdemark or copyrght, and one of the factors identified above in a, b or c also is present.
IX. VENUE: (When completing the following information, use an additional sheet if
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resides.
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this box is checked, go to item (b).

this District; State, if other than California; or Foreign Country
County in this District:. California County outside of
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:b) List the County in this Distrct; California County outside of this Distrct; State if other than California; or Foreign Countr, in which EACH named defendant resides. the government, its agencies or employees is a named defendant. Jfthis box is checked, go to item (c). :J Check here if
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California County outside of
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~. SIGNATURE OF ATTORNEY (OR PRO PER):
Date May 8, 2012
pleadings or other papers as required by law. This fonn approved by the Judicial Conference of the United State in September 1974, is required pursuant to Loal Rule 3 -i is not filed
but is used by the Clerk of the Court for the puipose of statistics, venue and initiating the civil docket sheet. (For more detailed instrctions, see separate instrctions sheet.)
Notice to Counsel!arties: The CV-71 (JS-4) Civil Cover Sheet and the i t n contained herein neither replace nor supplement the fiing and serice of
:ey to Statistical codes relating to Social Security Cases:
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861 HIA
All claims for health insurance benefits (Medicare) under Title i 8, Part A, of the Social Security Act, as amended. Also, include claims by hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, etc., for certification as providers of services under the
program. (42 U.S.c. 1935FF(b))
862 BL
863 DIWC 863 DIWW
All claims for "Black Lung" benefits under Title 4, Part B, of
the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969.
(30 U.S.c. 923)

All claims fied by insured workers for disability insurance benefits under Title 2 of
the Social Security Act, as
amended; plus all claims fied for child's insurance benefits based on disability. (42 U.S.c. 405(g))
All claims fied for widows or widowers insurance benefits based on disability under Title 2 of
Act, as amended. (42 U.S.c. 405(g))
the Social Security
864 ssm 865 RSI

V-71 (05108)
All claims for supplemental security income payments based upon disability filed under Title 16 of the Social Security Act, as amended.
All claims for retirement (old age) and survivors bene/its under Title 2 otthe Social Security Act, as amended. (42 U.S.c. (g))
CIVIL COVER SHEET
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Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1

Filed 05/09/12 Page 1 of 60 Page ID #:2

Andr E. Jardini (State Bar No. 71335)

2 K.L. Myles (State Bar No. 243272)

klmkpclegal.com KNAPP, PETERSEN & CLARK

550 North Brand Boulevard, Suite 1500

4 Glendale, California 9 i 203-1922 Telephone: (818) 547-5000

Facsimile: (818) 547-5329

V..r'-0 _"-" : :.-- -~ ,._,

7 JOSEPH FARZAM LA W FIRM 1875 Century Park East, Suite 1345

Los Angeles, CA 90067

Facsimile: (310) 226-6891

10 Attorneys for Plaintiff

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

15 PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

COMPLAINT FOR PATENT

DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL

PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC., fies this complaint for patent

PI-NET INTERNATIONAL, INC. ("PI-NET") is a California

business in Menlo Park, California. PI-NET has been

Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1

Filed 05/09/12 Page 2 of 60 Page ID #:3

3 imitation, the Internet and the World Wide Web.

7 ime, two-way transactional capabilities on the Web. The examples of

Defendants AVIS BUDGET GROUP, INC. and AVIS BUDGET CAR

JURISDICTION AND VENUE

the United States, Title 35, United

16 ver the action pursuant to 28 U.S.c. sections 1331 and 1338(a).

19 alifornia and this judicial distrct, including:

Operating a vehicle rental business by use of Internet transaction

Regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent

24 courses of conduct; and/or

Deriving substantial revenue from products and/or services provided to

26 individuals in California and in this judicial district.

Venue is proper in this

judicial district under 28 U.S.c. sections 1391(b) (c)

28 nd (d) and 28 U.S.c. section 1400(b).

Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1

Filed 05/09/12 Page 3 of 60 Page ID #:4

the '500 patent is attached to the complaint as exhibit A.

the '492 patent is attached to the complaint as exhibit B.

13 10. The '500 patent is valid and enforceable.

14 11. The '492 patent is valid and enforceable.

vehicle, and other detailed information. This real-time two-way

Defendants infringe the '492 patent directly, contrbutorily and/or by active

vehicle, and other detailed information. This real-time two-way

Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1

Filed 05/09/12 Page 4 of 60 Page ID #:5

Wi!l~ :......1 ,.!o- ~'~., : .... .. ... .. ..: :A..W_JJn(AWDi_.._e-

OO-~O!'''~;s.) '~~lRf. ..STi_Jof~OOY_a~"Wi_BE

Defendants' infringing acts have been without express or implied license by

20 I-NET, and/or in violation of

S rights or claims for relief.

21 FIRST CLAIM FOR

22 INFRIGEMENT OF THE '500 PATENT

PI-NET incorporates by reference each and every allegation in paragraphs 1

24 hrough 15, as though fully set forth herein.

26 nd/or contributing to the infringement of

f equivalence, by conducting real-time two-way transactions on the Web in connection

Case 2:12-cv-04036-GHK-E Document 1

Filed 05/09/12 Page 5 of 60 Page ID #:6

6 500 patent will continue unless enjoined by this Court.

10 atent by operation of at least 35 U.S.C. section 287.