1 :: What Is MATLAB? MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing.

It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include: * Math and computation * Algorithm development * Modeling, simulation, and prototyping * Data analysis, exploration, and visualization * Scientific and engineering graphics * Application development, including Graphical User Interface building 2 :: What are the MATLAB System Parts? The MATLAB system consists of five main parts: * The MATLAB language. * The MATLAB working environment. * Handle Graphics. * The MATLAB mathematical function library. * The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API). 3 :: Explain The MATLAB language? This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the large" to create complete large and complex application programs. 4 :: Explain The MATLAB working environment? This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer. It includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and importing and exporting data. It also includes tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files, MATLAB's applications. 5 :: Explain Handle Graphics in Matlab? This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB applications. 6 :: Explain The MATLAB mathematical function library? This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

7 :: Explain The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)? This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files. 8 :: how to Add noise to an image in Matlab? The function noise.m, now installed on ashland too, adds Gaussian, uniform, salt and pepper, additive or multiplicative noise to an image. 9 :: What can we use Matlab for? Simple calculations 2. Plotting and analyzing mathematical relationships (2D and 3D) 3. List & Matrix Operations 4. Writing script files (a type of programming) 5. Symbolic manipulation of equations 6. Advanced visualization, animation and GUI interface tools 10 :: Vectorization What is that in Matlab? How to do it ? Thinking is terms of full matrices/vectors and also some related functions for that * Use of filter(), which works beautifully for some time series models 11 :: On what machines Matlab should be run? We will run it from sthelens, and only if sthelens is down, from cher, orsay or tiree. It works on other machines too, but some of the other machines have older versions of the OS and core dump upon exiting from matlab. Some other local machines with new setups work fine. Try your local machine. Matlab is blocked from running on the servers 12 :: Explain LaTeX in Matlab? Matlab already handles naturally simple LaTeX encodings that allow introducing Greek lettters or modifying the font size and appearance in plots. 13 :: Can we run Matlab without graphics? Sometimes you may want to run scripts which contain plotting commands without displaying the plots and without going into the script to comment out the commands. An example: if you're working from home and it's too slow to run graphics over the network. You can play a simple UNIX trick: % setenv DISPLAY /dev/null % matlab 14 :: How to correctly apply the graphics patches in Matlab? Open a LOCAL MACHINE window and type: xhost +ashland # Add the following code sequence just before the plot command that was giving you problems: figure; set(gcf,'renderer','zbuffer'); [s,w] = unix('echo $DISPLAY'); set(gcf,'XDisplay',w); 15 :: How to call matlab in batch mode?

This can be done from the command line or from a makefile. You need a script (filename.m). Just type at the command line, or include in the makefile: matlab<filename.m where filename.m can write to disk a figure, a binary, an ascii file, anything you want. 16 :: Explain about stress analysis in Matlab? People working on these areas as a aerospace engineers should have familiarity and exposure to NASTRAN and MATLAB with knowledge on space environment and modeling of flexible dynamics. These aerospace engineers will be responsible to conduct stress analysis on metallic and composite structures. NASTRAN, IDEAD, Oracle and PATRAN proficiency level is required. Their duties also include on aircraft which are metallic and composite structures. This includes and understanding of control surface stiffness and loop calculations, finite element modeling (FEM), fatigue testing requirement and analysis. Electronics Questions and Answers: 1 :: 6dB pad introduces how much attenuation? If you are talking about power, a 3db gain cuts the signal in half and another 3db gain, for a total of 6 cuts the signal in half again for a total attenuation of 75%. 2 :: How to check the Mobile Battery charge status? You can tell the state of charge on a 9V battery by touching both poles across your tongue. If it tingles, the battery still has life. If not, throw it away. 3 :: What is the exactly meaning of manual testing? Exact meaning of Manual testing is,testing the software or any application by manually without use of automation tools. 4 :: What is the Buffer size of transmission buffer or rectiption buffer in TM,UM and AM of RLC? The pay load size is of 32kb 5 :: Explain negative test cases for testing mobile phones? Negative test cases for testing mobile phones: 1.removing the SIM card and made a call 2.by invalid phone number 3.made a call at which there is no tower signal 4.Made a call after removing the battery or at no power in battery and also we can add some more points...

6 :: What is the difference between TDMA and FDMA? TDMA: Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium (usually radio) networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using his own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity. TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), IS-136, Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones. It is also used extensively in satellite systems, and combat-net radio systems. FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channel access method used in multipleaccess protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, allowing them to utilize the allocated radio spectrum without interfering with each other. Multiple Access systems coordinate access between multiple users. The users may also share access via different methods such TDMA, CDMA, or SDMA. These protocols are utilized differently, at different levels of the theoretical OSI model. 7 :: What will be the common test case for SMS and Mp3 player applications? There might be many common test cases: Here are 2 I) 1. For SMS: It uses UDP protocol 2. for MP3: Audio streaming also uses UDP protocol II) 1. for SMS: For entering text for SMS, you need to open Text editor. 2. for MP3: For entering/editing play list names, text editor should be opened. So, the test cases written for text editor can be used for both applications. 8 :: How many memory locations can be addressed by a microprocessor with 14 address lines? no of memory locations that can be addressed is 2 to the power of no. of address lines i.e. 2 power 14 9 :: Which type of architecture 8085 has? CISC Architecture 10 :: How do you make a memory card of mobile phone? A memory chip stores bits and mounted in a card with electrical contacts so a computer or camera can send data to be stored. There is not much more to it than that.

11 :: Why do I not see the battery and capacitor combination for power backup? There are "super capacitors" that are used for power backup - they are efficient for short-term power take-over, but they are leaky and are not good for long term. Batteries tend to die slowly, more slowly than the leakage on a power backup capacitor, so the capacitor does not do any good. Regular capacitors store so little energy they cannot really be a power source. 12 :: When recording infrasound waves or microwaves how do they differ from one another? What is the best way to read them? By microwaves, do you mean radio signals, like in a microwave oven? These have nothing to do with sound. There is no way to "record" microwaves really. Sure, you can build a microwave transmitter with lots of power, enough to cook everyone in a building if you wanted to. The military has a microwave gun that heats up your skin painfully at a good distance (of course, all you do is wear aluminum foil and it does not affect you at all). 13 :: How can we prove that radio waves are sine waves? What makes them sine? Fourier says that only a sine wave has no harmonic content. The math works out that if you have any wave shape other than a sign wave, you can break it down into a group of sine waves of different harmonic frequency, phase, and amplitude. All those harmonics go to zero when the wave shape is a pure sine. We can tell that radio waves behave like a sine, you can run them through a narrowband filter, and no energy is lost. Maxwell's equations predict propagation and fields based on a sine wave, and anything other than that propagates as if it is multiple frequencies, which do not propagate energy as well. So mathematically, radio waves work as they measure to work only if you assume they are sine waves. 14 :: Is it possible to reverse the order of a Variable Frequency Drive? Ex: I want to be able to create 120v power from a variable speed engine, with at least 6kw of power. You say many alternators, but really, you need only one. The more I think about this, the more I think it is not so hard to do. If you have a 6KW alternator, it's possible that it has some kind of voltage regulation, maybe the rotor is not a permanent magnet, but an electromagnet with ring brushes, and there's a regulator circuit that drives this to keep the voltage constant regardless of frequency. If this is the case, what I would do (not many would try this) is rectify this to make 150 volts DC with a simple rectifier bridge and filter cap (total maybe $30). Then buy some 1KW inverters, and tap into them after the DC-DC converter (the part where it takes in 12VDC and steps it up to 150 VDC), drive the 150VDC in at that point, then let it switch this to AC for you. You could put 6 of these all running from the same alternator, so you could run 6 1KW loads. Now taking this idea a step further, I would realize that the DC-DC converter is most of what you are paying for in the inverter, and it is the source of inefficiency in the inverter. So you are wasting a lot of money and watts, and so I would copy the circuit out of it that does the switching (4 power FETs and a 60 cycle driver) and have my inverter done much cheaper. 15 :: Why does charging batteries take lengthy periods? What can be done to quicken the speed?

Batteries work through a chemical process, some kind of ion exchange where the battery contains two elements that want to combine ions and give up an electron to cause current flow. They do this energy release all by themselves with no energy added, it wants this exchange to happen it is more stable after the reaction. Therefore, to charge the battery you are forcing things to go backwards, which the reaction does not like. By adding a current, you are making the reaction reverse. This is not an efficient process, and usually takes more energy than is given back, like more than twice as much takes (depends on the battery type). Where does the extra energy go? It is into heat mostly. Therefore, the problem with fast charging is you cannot put so much energy back that you get the battery too hot and melt it down. You can charge a battery at a much higher rate than you discharge it, so you can make the charge cycle take less time than the discharge (this depends on the discharge rate as well, of course). However, you are limited by the heat, so a 1-minute charge of your electric car just is not possible. 16 :: What do mean by "flow of electron"? Flow of electrons is just what it says - electrons flow down a wire that is what current, is. Good conductors like copper and silver and aluminum have free electrons in their outer shells, and they jump from atom to atom down a wire. It is somewhat similar to water flowing down a pipe. It's kind of amazing that you can force this to happen with a battery or a magnet, and that you can transfer energy this way, but that's what it does. 17 :: What are encoder and the decoder? What are the uses of these two devices? Also, write about how it works with circuit diagram. There are zillions of things in electronics called encoders. You can look up LCDs and NAND gates as well and this is really basics. 18 :: Do you have any ideas how to make a ping-pong ball launcher that reloads automatic and shoots automatically? Air cannon is probably the simplest, PVC pipe from Home Depot and shoots things very far, can make any size you want, need a tire pump or air compressor to power it. It is also called Potato Cannons for obvious reasons. I shot a potato over 1000 feet with 60 psi and 2" pipe. 19 :: Is it possible to build an AC or DC variable-speed generator with a variable field current, controlled by a signal from a torque sensor connected to the shaft of the generator (i.e., net torque = 0)? You can control the field with anything, but why would you do it with torque? Why do you say net torque=0? What is the significance of variable speed? I am trying to think of why you would do this. If the torque were low, you could increase the field to generate more energy, which would make the torque go up. That is positive feedback, but maybe it is constant power into a resistive load (voltage would go up). If you did negative feedback, that would mean the field would reduce as the torque went up, reducing the torque, so you would have a torque regulator. This would probably be good for a wind generator, as you

want to control the torque to match the wind speed to get maximum energy out, but this would also vary the output of the generator a lot. Maybe if you were heating water this would work. 20 :: What is the significance of "4-20 mA" signal in hart protocol? The HART protocol is an old Frequency Shift Keying way of sending data, typically from highway sensors. This is a very old standard by today's standards there are so much better ways to send data. Of course, 4-20 ma loops are even older, dating back over 50 years, and still in common use. Must be something good about it - it is simple. 4-20 ma loops are a way to send an analog value, like temperature or position, over a pair of wires. It is simple on the surface, 4 mA is the minimum, and 20 mA is the maximum of the range. The cool thing about this is that it is constant current, not a voltage, so line resistance does not matter. Anything, constant current looks like an open circuit, so it is supposedly immune to noise (though in reality it still has noise pickup problems). However, why not 0 to 20 mA the cool thing is you can power the remote sensor. You are running a current through the remote you have a voltage at the driving end why not use some of that power to run the electronics in the sensor? Therefore, if the sensor pulls less than 4 ma and you make the range 4-20, you always have enough current to power the remote at the same time. 21 :: The current through a resistor of 50 ohms in an AC circuit at t = 0.008 s is 65% of the peak value. The smallest possible frequency of the generator delivering the current is If it is then this is easy, you take the arcsine of 65% that gives you what angle you are at in the sine cycle, take the ratio of that to 360, and multiply that by 8mS to get the time of a full cycle, and then take one over that to get frequency. This will be the lowest frequency. Note that the 50 ohms has nothing to do with it, other than implying it is an RF circuit where 50 ohms is common. You say "smallest possible frequency" which also is not very clear I will assume you mean lowest frequency. There is no highest frequency you can meet this requirement with an arbitrarily high frequency. 22 :: What is the difference between Photodiode and Solar cell? A photodiode is made to detect light quickly a solar cell is made to collect energy from light. They are both typically silicon diodes, but modified to meet their different requirements. A photodiode has to be fast, which means low capacitance, which means small area of silicon. Therefore, it is not very sensitive, and cannot generate much power from light. A solar cell has as large an area as you can afford to buy, getting watts per square inch. There are other differences in the way they are made, and how the PN junction is grown, but they all relate to this difference in purpose. 23 :: Can you explain electricity at atom level and if possible show some diagrams please If you look at the classic Bohr model of the atom (from 1913), you have electrons orbiting around a nucleus of protons and neutrons. Normally there are as many electrons (negative charge) as protons (positive charge), so the net charge of the atom is zero. The various shells or orbit radii of the model have different characteristics as to how many electrons they are happy having orbiting in them. The first shell likes 2 max, the 2, and 6, etc. If there is one less electron that what the outermost used shell considers full, it will happily take on another electron, even if this

unbalances the charge. If it has just one electron in a shell, it would happily give it up even if it unbalances the charge. Copper, one of the best conductors of electricity, has 29 electrons, which means in its 4th orbit, it has one electron. It is easily taken away by something pulling on it. In fact, if you put a bunch of copper atoms together, there is a cloud of electron sharing with that one electron moving from atom to atom, and others taking its place. 24 :: How can the electromagnetic can travel in air and not lose any information contained in them? There is a limit to how far you can get television signals. The power is spreading out the farther you are away from the source. At some distance, you reach a point where the noise in the atmosphere becomes greater than the signal, and you can no longer extract all the information from the signal. Digital television has much error correction, many bits are sent just so corrections can be made when there are errors. This helps on the fringe, but even this fails when the signal gets weak enough. However, error correction makes the signal perfect until you hit that exact point where the correction fails. Thus, digital TV has a sharp cutoff point - you get a perfect picture, or it goes away completely. Therefore, electromagnetic waves do lose information. Think of someone aiming a flashlight at you. The person walks further and further away from you. At some point, you are just not going to be able to tell. What if there were fogs or lots of pollution in the air? Alternatively, 20 other flashlights and you had to pick out just the one. It is easy and 100% when they are close. 25 :: How is the transmission of a signal in a computer over x number of clock cycles translated into binary? All computer logic today uses FETs as switches. A FET is a switch with gain, meaning that a small signal change on its input (the Gate) causes a bigger signal in the Drain. Bigger does not mean bigger voltage, it usually means more current at the same voltage, so it can drive many other inputs after it. Two FETs can be connected together to make a logic gate, like an AND function. In addition, gates can be connected together to make flip-flops and counters and adders, etc. Logic "1" is usually a higher voltage than logic "0", and logic 0 is usually zero volts. In newer processors, the high voltage is less than a volt, since the FETs are so small that 1.5V will blow them up. Therefore, it is not the presence of a signal or the lack of one; it is a high voltage and a low voltage. There is nothing that the computer translates, that voltage is it, throughout the computer. That is what binary means, one of two voltages. There is no clock involved to make something binary all signals in the computer are all binary logic with a voltage. Even a clock is just a logic signal that goes between 1 and 0 at a periodic rate. 26 :: Can we calculate the resistor if it is installed in circuit board? You can measure a resistor in a circuit but the circuit will most likely affect the value read (usually making it look lower in resistance). A simple example would be if there were two resistors in parallel in the circuit. If you measure one, you will get the resistance of the two in parallel, and maybe other effects of the rest of the circuit. Most resistors have markings on them, and they rarely fail unless they are cooked by too much

power. That is the easy way. If they are not marked, you want to know the value, and it is in a circuit, then it is hard to figure out the value. It might be easier to unsolder one end of it and then measure it. 1 :: What is a Microprocessor? Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor are single- chip devices. 2 :: What are the flags in 8086? In 8086 Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary carry flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag, Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and Sign flag. 3 :: Why crystal is a preferred clock source? Because of high stability, large Q (Quality Factor) & the frequency that doesnt drift with aging. Crystal is used as a clock source most of the times. 4 :: In 8085 which is called as High order / Low order Register? Flag is called as Low order register & Accumulator is called as High order Register. 5 :: What is Tri-state logic? Three Logic Levels are used and they are High, Low, High impedance state. The high and low are normal logic levels & high impedance state is electrical open circuit conditions. Tri-state logic has a third line called enable line. 6 :: What happens when HLT instruction is executed in processor? The Micro Processor enters into Halt-State and the buses are tri-stated. 7 :: Which Stack is used in 8085? LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085.In this type of Stack the last stored information can be retrieved first 8 :: What is Program counter? Program counter holds the address of either the first byte of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of a multi byte instruction, which has not been completely fetched. In both the cases it gets incremented automatically one by one as the instruction bytes get fetched. Also Program register keeps the address of the next instruction 9 :: What are the various registers in 8085? Accumulator register, Temporary register, Instruction register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter are the various registers in 8085 10 :: What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? The processor made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits. 11 :: Name the processor lines of two major manufacturer? High-end: Intel - Pentium (II, III, 4), AMD - Athlon. Low-end: Intel - Celeron, AMD Duron. 64-bit: Intel - Itanium 2, AMD - Opteron. 12 :: Whats the speed and device maximum specs for Firewire? IEEE 1394 (Firewire) supports the maximum of 63 connected devices with speeds up to 400 Mbps. Wheres MBR located on the disk? Main Boot Record is located in sector 0, track 0, head 0, cylinder 0 of the primary active partition. 13 :: Where does the CPU Enhanced mode originate from? Intels 80386 was the first 32-bit processor, and since the company had to backwardsupport the 8086. All the modern Intel-based processors run in the Enhanced mode,

capable of switching between Real mode (just like the real 8086) and Protected mode, which is the current mode of operation. 14 :: How many bit combinations are there in a byte? Byte contains 8 combinations of bits. 15 :: Have you studied buses? What types? There are three types of buses. Address bus: This is used to carry the Address to the memory to fetch either Instruction or Data. Data bus : This is used to carry the Data from the memory. Control bus : This is used to carry the Control signals like RD/WR, Select etc. 16 :: What is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086? 5 Mhz is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086. 17 :: What is meant by Maskable interrupts? An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer is known as Maskable interrupt. 18 :: What is Non-Maskable interrupts? An interrupt which can be never be turned off (ie. disabled) is known as Non-Maskable interrupt 19 :: What are the different functional units in 8086? Bus Interface Unit and Execution unit, are the two different functional units in 8086. 20 :: What are the various segment registers in 8086? Code, Data, Stack, Extra Segment registers in 8086. 21 :: What does the EU do? Execution Unit receives program instruction codes and data from BIU, executes these instructions and store the result in general registers. 22 :: Which Stack is used in 8086? k is used in 8086? FIFO (First In First Out) stack is used in 8086.In this type of Stack the first stored information is retrieved first. 23 :: What are the major flags in 8086? In 8086 Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary carry flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag, Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and Sign flag. 24 :: What is SIM and RIM instructions? SIM is Set Interrupt Mask. Used to mask the hardware interrupts. RIM is Read Interrupt Mask. Used to check whether the interrupt is Masked or not. NETWORKING : What is an Object server? With an object server, the Client/Server application is written as a set of communicating objects. Client object communicate with server objects using an Object Request Broker (ORB). The client invokes a method on a remote object. The ORB locates an instance of that object server class, invokes the requested method and returns the results to the client object. Server objects must provide support for concurrency and sharing. The ORB brings it all together. 2 :: What is a Transaction server?

With a transaction server, the client invokes remote procedures that reside on the server with an SQL database engine. These remote procedures on the server execute a group of SQL statements. The network exchange consists of a single request/reply message. The SQL statements either all succeed or fail as a unit. 3 :: What is a Database Server? With a database server, the client passes SQL requests as messages to the database server. The results of each SQL command are returned over the network. The server uses its own processing power to find the request data instead of passing all the records back to the client and then getting it find its own data. The result is a much more efficient use of distributed processing power. It is also known as SQL engine. 4 :: What are the most typical functional units of the Client/Server applications? User interface Business Logic and Shared data. 5 :: What are all the Extended services provided by the OS? Ubiquitous communications Network OS extension Binary large objects (BLOBs) Global directories and Network yellow pages Authentication and Authorization services System management Network time Database and transaction services Internet services Object- oriented services 6 :: What are Triggers and Rules? Triggers are special user defined actions usually in the form of stored procedures, that are automatically invoked by the server based on data related events. It can perform complex actions and can use the full power of procedural languages. A rule is a special type of trigger that is used to perform simple checks on data. 7 :: What is meant by Transparency? Transparency really means hiding the network and its servers from the users and even the application programmers. 8 :: What are TP-Lite and TP-Heavy Monitors?

TP-Lite is simply the integration of TP Monitor functions in the database engines. TP-Heavy are TP Monitors which supports the Client/Server architecture and allow PC to initiate some very complex multiserver transaction from the desktop. 9 :: What are the two types of OLTP? TP lite, based on stored procedures. TP heavy, based on the TP monitors. 10 :: What is a Web server? This new model of Client/Server consists of thin, portable, "universal" clients that talk to super fat servers. In the simplest form, a web server returns documents when clients ask for them by name. The clients and server communicate using an RPC-like protocol called HTTP. 11 :: What are Super servers? These are fully-loaded machines which includes multiprocessors, high-speed disk arrays for interview I/O and fault tolerant features. 12 :: What is a TP Monitor? There is no commonly accepted definition for a TP monitor. According to Jeri Edwards' a TP Monitor is "an OS for transaction processing". 13 :: TP Monitor does mainly two things extremely well. They are Process management and Transaction management? They were originally introduced to run classes of applications that could service hundreds and sometimes thousands of clients. TP Monitors provide an OS - on top of existing OS - that connects in real time these thousands of humans with a pool of shared server processes. 14 :: What is meant by Asymmetrical protocols? There is a many-to-one relationship between clients and server. Clients always initiate the dialog by requesting a service. Servers are passively awaiting for requests from clients. 15 :: What are the types of Transparencies? The types of transparencies the NOS middle ware is expected to provide are:Location transparency Namespace transparency Logon transparency Replication transparency Local/Remote access transparency Distributed time transparency Failure transparency and Administration transparency. 16 :: What is the difference between trigger and rule?

The triggers are called implicitly by database generated events, while stored procedures are called explicitly by client applications. 17 :: What are called Transactions? The grouped SQL statements are called Transactions (or) A transaction is a collection of actions embused with ACID properties. 18 :: What are the building blocks of Client/Server? The client The server and Middleware. 19 :: Explain the building blocks of Client/Server? The client side building block runs the client side of the application. The server side building block runs the server side of the application. 20 :: The middleware building block runs on both the client and server sides of an application. It is broken into three categories? Transport stack Network OS Service-specific middleware. 21 :: What are all the Base services provided by the OS? Task preemption Task priority Semaphores Interprocess communications (IPC) Local/Remote Interprocess communication Threads Intertask protection Multiuser High performance file system Efficient memory management and Dynamically linked Run-time extensions. 22 :: What are the roles of SQL? SQL is an interactive query language for ad hoc database queries. SQL is a database programming language. SQL is a data definition and data administration language. SQL is the language of networked database servers SQL helps protect the data in a multi-user networked environment. Because of these multifacted roles it plays, physicists might call SQL as "The grand unified theory of database".

23 :: What is Structured Query Langauge (SQL)? SQL is a powerful set-oriented language which was developed by IBM research for the databases that adhere to the relational model. It consists of a short list of powerful, yet highly flexible, commands that can be used to manipulate information collected in tables. Through SQL, we can manipulate and control sets of records at a time. 24 :: What are the characteristics of Client/Server? Service Shared resources Asymmetrical protocols Transparency of location Mix-and-match Message based exchanges Encapsulation of services Scalability Integrity Client/Server computing is the ultimate "Open platform". It gives the freedom to mix-and-match components of almost any level. Clients and servers are loosely coupled systems that interact through a message-passing mechanism. 25 :: What is Remote Procedure Call (RPC)? RPC hides the intricacies of the network by using the ordinary procedure call mechanism familiar to every programmer. A client process calls a function on a remote server and suspends itself until it gets back the results. Parameters are passed like in any ordinary procedure. The RPC, like an ordinary procedure, is synchronous. The process that issues the call waits until it gets the results. Under the covers, the RPC run-time software collects values for the parameters, forms a message, and sends it to the remote server. The server receives the request, unpack the parameters, calls the procedures, and sends the reply back to the client. It is a telephone-like metaphor. 131 :: How do we convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like globalguideline.com? Below line will convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like globalguideline.com String hostname = InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostName(); 126 :: What is subnet in Networking? A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats. 127 :: What is point-to-point protocol? A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

128 :: What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs? 10Base2An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments 10Base5An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment. 10BaseTAn Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling. 129 :: What are the possible ways of data exchange? (i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex. 130 :: What are the two types of transmission technology available? Two types of transmission technology available are: (i) Broadcast (ii) point-to-point. 121 :: What is mesh network? A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel. 122 :: What is RAID? A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives to get backups of data. 123 :: What is a Management Information Base (MIB)? A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device's status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP. 124 :: What is cladding in Networking? A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable. 125 :: What is subnet? A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router. 116 :: What is virtual path? Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.

117 :: Explain the function of Transmission Control Block? A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection. 118 :: What is a DNS resource record? A resource record is an entry in a name server's database. There are several types of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files. 119 :: What is a pseudo tty? A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place. 120 :: What is the Network Time Protocol? A protocol that assures accurate local timekeeping with reference to radio and atomic clocks located on the Internet. This protocol is capable of synchronizing distributed clocks within milliseconds over long time periods. It is defined in STD 12, RFC 1119. 111 :: What is the range of IP addresses in the classes of internet addresses? range of IP addresses in the classes of internet addresses are as under... Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255 112 :: What are the important topologies for networks? BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line. Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend. STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub. Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems. RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop. Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it. 113 :: Difference between bit rate and baud rate?

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits. baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift. 114 :: What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it? Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access. 115 :: What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open? An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client. A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client. 106 :: What is Brouter? Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers. 107 :: What is frame relay, in which layer it comes? Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer. 108 :: What is External Data Representation? External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent. 109 :: What is Bandwidth? Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth. 110 :: What protocol is used by DNS name servers? DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP. 101 :: What is the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways? Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the organization to the outside world.

102 :: What is MAU? In token Ring , hub is called Multi station Access Unit(MAU). 103 :: Explain 5-4-3 rule? In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated. 104 :: What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission? In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously. 105 :: What is ICMP? ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages. 96 :: What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol? It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers. 97 :: What is Project 802? It is a project started by IEEE to set standards that enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for inter connectivity of major LAN protocols. It consists of the following: 802.1 is an inter networking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols. 802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is nonarchitecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs. Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5). 802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs. 98 :: What is silly window syndrome? It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

99 :: What is a Multi-homed Host? It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host. 100 :: What is autonomous system? It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol. 91 :: What is Mail Gateway? It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols. 92 :: What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)? It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers. 93 :: What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)? It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session. 94 :: What is source route? It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header. 95 :: What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)? It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol). 86 :: What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)? It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system 87 :: What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)? It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system. 88 :: What is OSPF? It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.

89 :: What is Kerberos in Networking? It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files. 90 :: What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)? It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line. 81 :: What is logical link control? One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection. 82 :: What is traffic shaping? One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping. 83 :: What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI in Networking? NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications. NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by Microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets. 84 :: Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model? It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design. 85 :: What is Proxy ARP? is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router. 76 :: What is the difference between routable and non - routable protocols? Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router. 77 :: What is REX? Request to Exit (REX) - A signal that informs the controller that someone has requested to exit from a secure area.

78 :: What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices? Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link. Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipient and control congestion. Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission. Gateways: They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model. 79 :: What is redirector in Networking? Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer. 80 :: What is packet filter in Networking? Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped. 71 :: What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes? Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer. 72 :: What are the types of Transmission media? Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories:Guided Media: These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light. Unguided Media: This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony. 73 :: What are major types of networks and explain?

Server-based network. Peer-to-peer network. Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources. Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration. 74 :: What is SAP? Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack is called SAP. 75 :: What is multicast routing? Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing. 66 :: What is attenuation? The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation. 67 :: What is Protocol Data Unit? The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame). 68 :: What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite? The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media. 69 :: What is difference between ARP and RARP? The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address. 70 :: What is MAC address in Networking?

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique. 61 :: What does the Mount protocol do? The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a requested file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after reception of a client's request. 62 :: What are Diagrams and Trigrams? The most common two letter combinations are called as diagrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion. 63 :: What is the HELLO protocol used for? The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an alternative to the Routing Information Protocol. 64 :: What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram? The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes. 65 :: What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks? The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between the PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X". 56 :: What is virtual channel? Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit. 57 :: Difference between the communication and transmission? Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock etc. Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media. 58 :: What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols? The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information. 59 :: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables? The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each machine's table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table's contents can change without the administrator being aware of the change. 60 :: What is Beaconing? The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks. 51 :: What is ACID property? ACID is a term coined by Andrew Router in 1983, which stands for Atomicity, Consistence, Isolation and Durability. 52 :: What are Stored procedures? A stored procedure ia s named collection of SQL statements and procedural logic that is compiled, verified and stored in a server database. It is typically treated like any other database object. Stored procedures accept input parameters so that a single procedure can be used over the network by multiple clients using different input data. A single remote message triggers the execution of a collection of stored SQL statements. The results is a reduction of network traffic and better performance. 53 :: What is wide-mouth frog? Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol. 54 :: What is passive topology? When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they dont amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus 55 :: What is routing region?

When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions. 46 :: What is a File server? File servers are useful for sharing files across a network. With a file server, the client passes requests for file records over network to file server. 47 :: What are the five major technologies that can be used to create Client/Server applications? Database Servers TP Monitors Groupware Distributed Objects Intranets. 48 :: What is Client/Server? Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together over a network to accomplish a task. Many systems with very different architectures that are connected together are also called Client/Server. 49 :: List out the benefits obtained by using the Client/Server oriented TP Monitors? Client/Server applications development framework. Firewalls of protection. High availability. Load balancing. MOM integration. Scalability of functions. Reduced system cost. 50 :: What are the services provided by the Operating System? Extended services - These are add-on modular software components that are layered on top of base service. 41 :: What are called Fat clients and Fat servers? If the bulk of the application runs on the Client side, then it is Fat clients. It is used for decision support and personal software. If the bulk of the application runs on the Server side, then it is Fat servers. It tries to minimize network interchanges by creating more abstract levels of services. 42 :: What is meant by Horizontal scaling and Vertical scaling?

Horizontal scaling means adding or removing client workstations with only a slight performance impact. Vertical scaling means migrating to a larger and faster server machine or multiservers. 43 :: What is Groupware server? Groupware addresses the management of semi-structured information such as text, image, mail, bulletin boards and the flow of work. These Client/Server systems have people in direct contact with other people. 44 :: What are the two broad classes of middleware? General middleware Service-specific middleware. 45 :: What are the types of Servers? File servers Database servers Transaction servers Groupware servers Object servers Web servers. 36 :: What is meant by Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP)? It imposes hierarchy and a division of labor among processors. Only one designated processor, the master, controls (in a tightly coupled arrangement) slave processors dedicated to specific functions. 37 :: What is OLTP? In the transaction server, the client component usually includes GUI and the server components usually consists of SQL transactions against a database. These applications are called OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) OLTP Applications typically, Receive a fixed set of inputs from remote clients. Perform multiple pre-compiled SQL comments against a local database. Commit the work and Return a fixed set of results. 38 :: What is meant by 3-Tier architecture? In 3-tier Client/Server systems, the application logic (or process) lives in the middle tier and it is separated from the data and the user interface. In theory, the 3-tier Client/Server systems are more scalable, robust and flexible. Example: TP monitor, Web. 39 :: What is meant by 2-Tier architecture? In 2-tier Client/Server systems, the application logic is either buried inside the user interface on the client or within the database on the server. Example: File servers and Database servers with stored procedures. 40 :: What is Load balancing?

If the number of incoming clients requests exceeds the number of processes in a server class, the TP Monitor may dynamically start new ones and this is called Load balancing. 31 :: What is meant by Middleware? Middleware is a distributed software needed to support interaction between clients and servers. In short, it is the software that is in the middle of the Client/Server systems and it acts as a bridge between the clients and servers. It starts with the API set on the client side that is used to invoke a service and it covers the transmission of the request over the network and the resulting response. It neither includes the software that provides the actual service - that is in the servers domain nor the user interface or the application login - that's in clients domain. 32 :: What are the functions of the typical server program? It waits for client-initiated requests. Executes many requests at the same time. Takes care of VIP clients first. Initiates and runs background task activity. Keeps running. Grown bigger and faster. 33 :: What is meant by Symmentric Multiprocessing (SMP)? It treats all processors as equal. Any processor can do the work of any other processor. Applications are divided into threads that can run concurrently on any available processor. Any processor in the pool can run the OS kernel and execute user-written threads. 34 :: What are Service-specific middleware? It is needed to accomplish a particular Client/Server type of services which includes:Database specific middleware OLTP specific middleware Groupware specific middleware Object specific middleware Internet specific middleware and System management specific middleware. 35 :: What are General Middleware? It includes the communication stacks, distributed directories, authentication services, network time, RPC, Queuing services along with the network OS extensions such as the distributed file and print services. 26 :: What are the main components of Transaction-based Systems? Resource Manager Transaction Manager and Application Program. 27 :: What are the three types of SQL database server architecture?

Process-per-client Architecture. (Example: Oracle 6, Informix ) Multithreaded Architecture. (Example: Sybase, SQL server) Hybrid Architecture (Example: Oracle 7) 28 :: What are the Classification of clients? Non-GUI clients - Two types are:Non-GUI clients that do not need multi-tasking (Example: Automatic Teller Machines (ATM), Cell phone) Non-GUI clients that need multi-tasking (Example: ROBOTs) GUI clients OOUI clients 29 :: What are called Non-GUI clients, GUI Clients and OOUI Clients? Non-GUI Client: These are applications, generate server requests with a minimal amount of human interaction. GUI Clients: These are applications, where occasional requests to the server result from a human interacting with a GUI (Example: Windows 3.x, NT 3.5) OOUI clients : These are applications, which are highly-iconic, object-oriented user interface that provides seamless access to information in very visual formats. (Example: MAC OS, Windows 95, NT 4.0) 30 :: What is Message Oriented Middleware (MOM)? MOM allows general purpose messages to be exchanged in a Client/Server system using message queues. Applications communicate over networks by simply putting messages in the queues and getting messages from queues. It typically provides a very simple high level APIs to its services. MOM's messaging and queuing allow clients and servers to communicate across a network without being linked by a private, dedicated, logical connection. The clients and server can run at different times. It is a post-office like metaphor. TELE COMMUNICATION 1 :: How to explain what is ss7? Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 (i.e., SS7 or C7) is a global standard for telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). The standard defines the procedures and protocol by which network elements in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) exchange information over a digital signaling network to effect wireless (cellular) and wireline call setup, routing and control. 2 :: What is a matrix in Telecommunication? It is a rectangular table of elements, which may be any abstract quantities that can be added an multiplied i.e m*n where m is row and n is columns. 3 :: What is the best Rx power and Tx power at good RF Conditions?

If u r talking in the sense of Satellite then it is 6 GHz uplink that is for transmitter and 4 Ghz for downlink frequency that is receiver frequency. 4 :: Buffering is? a) the process of temporarily storing the data to allow for small variation in device speeds b) a method to reduce cross talks c) storage of data within transmitting medium until the receiver is ready to receive. d) a method to reduce routing overhead. storage of data within transmitting medium until the receiver is ready to receive. in my opinion the following procedure buffering follws so ans is c not a. The following procedure follows:1 An alarm is written into the buffer. 2The alarm is read from the buffer, sent, and re-sent until it successfully reaches the destination(receiver). 3 The alarm is removed from the buffer. 5 :: When a C function call is made, the order in which parameters passed to the function are pushed into the stack is? a) left to right b) right to left c) bigger variables are moved first than the smaller variables. d) smaller variables are moved first than the bigger ones. e) none of the above. (b) 6 :: To send a data packet using datagram , connection will be established? a) before data transmission. b) connection is not established before data transmission. c) no connection is required. d) none of the above. (c) 7 :: A 2MB PCM(pulse code modulation) has? a) 32 channels b) 30 voice channels & 1 signaling channel. c) 31 voice channels & 1 signaling channel. d) 32 channels out of which 30 voice channels, 1 signaling channel, & 1 synchronization channel. Answer is D. A 2Mb PCM line has 32 channels out of which 30 voice channels, 1 signaling channel, & 1 synchronization channel(time slot 0). 8 :: Memory allocation of variables declared in a program is? a) allocated in RAM. b) allocated in ROM. c) allocated on stack. d) assigned to registers. a)allocated in RAM.

stack memory is used at the time of dynamic memory allocation ex:- malloc(); 9 :: What is TCSM ? TRANSCODER SUBMULTIPLEXER 10 :: Time taken for 1 satellite hop in voice communication is? a) 1/2 second b) 1 seconds c) 4 seconds d) 2 seconds 1/2 second 11 :: Line of sight is? a) Straight Line b) Parabolic c) Tx & Rx should be visible to each other d) none of the above The line of sight is the distance or the path up to which the the TX and the RX is visible to each other because for the proper transmission there should be a ink or connectivity b/w the TX and the RX e.g. at the RF transmission the microwave links are required for the connectivity and data transmission. 12 :: What is the need of CPG message in ISUP protocol? Consider any call forwarding scenario.As soon as switch receives Setup, it checks that the Called_Party has forwarded option activated and so tries to forward the call. Meanwhile, Switch sends CPG message towards originator saying that Call is in Progress. 13 :: Purpose of PC(Program Counter) in a Microprocessor is? a) To store address of TOS(Top Of Stack) b) To store address of next instruction to be executed. c) count the number of instructions. d) to store base address of the stack. To store address of next instruction to be executed. 14 :: Conditional results after execution of an instruction in a micro processor is stored in? a) register b) accumulator c) flag register d) flag register part of PSW(Program Status Word) flag register part of PSW(Program Status Word) 15 :: What is the nominal voltage required in subscriber loop connected to local exchange a) +48 volts b) -48 volts c) 230 volts d) 110 volts 48 volts. This -48 volts is required by the copper wires to prevent it from corroded & eluded. 16 :: The status of the Kernel is? a) task b) process

c) not defined. d) none of the above. The status of the Kernel is process 17 :: What is the maximal decimal number that can be accommodated in a byte? a) 128 b) 256 c) 255 d) 512 ITS 256. SINCE, 1 BYTE=8 BITS

THE LOGIC IS 2^8=256(2 TO THE POWER OF 8) 18 :: Frequency at which VOICE is sampled is? a) 4 KHz b) 8 KHz c) 16 KHz d) 64 KHz The voice signals have a bandwidth of 4Khz (300hz-3400hz signal bandwidth + 450*2hz guard bands= 4000hz) according to Nyquist criteria, the sampling rate must be at least double of this total bandwidth. thus sampling rate= 2*4Khz = 8Khz. this is the required sampling rate to avoid loss of voice signals in transmission. 19 :: What is the type of signaling used between two exchanges? a) inband b) common channel signaling c) any of the above d) none of the above. Type of signaling used between two exchanges is inband 20 :: A software that allows a personal computer to pretend as a computer terminal is ? a) terminal adapter b) bulletin board c) modem d) terminal emulation Software that allows a personal computer to pretend as a computer terminal is Terminal Emulation 21 :: How many T1 facilities the company needs between its office and the PSTN if it has 47 digital telephones, each operating at 64kbps 3 low-speed video machines, each operating at 384kbps 1 interactive video system, requiring 1.536 mbps. Need 4 T1's. Each T1 47 speed can accomodate digital V.machines at 28 384 channels. channels kbps.

3 low =384/64=6channels

 1 =153664=24 So each T1 requires So 4 Total=89+8=97

interactive

video

systemat

1.536mbps. channels. signalling channels channel. channels. channels.

total=47+6+24=89 synchronizing channel T1 requires

&

1 8

4T1's =112 channels-96 channels=15 channels(remains free) 22 :: What action is taken when the processor under execution is interrupted by a non-maskable interrupt? a) Processor serves the interrupt request after completing the execution of the current instruction. b) Processor serves the interrupt request after completing the current task. c) Processor serves the interrupt request immediately. d) Processor serving the interrupt request depends upon the priority of the current task under execution. Processor serves the interrupt request after completing the execution of the current instruction. 23 :: Word alignment is? a) aligning the address to the next word boundary of the machine. b) aligning to an even boundary. c) aligning to a word boundary. d) none of the above. Word alignment is aligning the address to the next word boundary of the machine. 24 :: Max number of satellite hops allowed in voice communication is: a) only one b) more han one c) two hops d) four hops Max number of satellite hops allowed in voice communication is two hops